S.
Saab.
African: name for Hottentot. More especially applied to the Bushman.
Saamen, see [Semian].
Saar, Saarwerden.
Teutonic: sub-dialect of High-German. See “Sammlung,” &c., by Schwalb, Saarbrück, 1833; Journal für Deutschland, 1788.
Sabine, Sabellian.
Extinct language of ancient Italy, closely allied to Oscan. See Mommsen’s “Unteritalischen Dialekte,” Leipsig, 1851.
Sable, see [Ostiak].
Sabme, see [Suomelaini].
Sabuja, Sabuyah.
American: spoken in Bahia.
⁂ Allied to the Pygmean or Negrito of the Andamans, Shoshoni, Mayoruna, Darien, Gonga, and Ge. H. C. See [Kiriri].
Sac, Sake, or Sauk.
American: allied to Fox-Indians. See [Kikkapu].
Sachsisch, under [Saxon].
Sacramento.
American: Indians of California. See Mag-R.
Sagzi, see [Segzi].
Sahaptin.
American: spoken in Oregon; they are called Nez-percées by Canadians. The class may, perhaps, be extended so as to include the Cayus, Lutuami, Paduca, Palaik, Shasti, Shoshone, &c. R. G. L.
Sahidic, Sahitic.
Coptic dialect of Thebes in Upper Egypt, closely allied to Bashmuric. See Tattam’s “Grammar,” London, 1863.
Saho, see [Shiho].
Sahoe.
Malayan: dialect of N. Gilolo. Vocaby. in Wallace’s “M. Arch.”
Saint-Omer.
Romance: patois of French. See “Mém. de la S. des Antiq.” vol. 3.
Sak.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah, allied to Kami, &c. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Sakalaves.
Aborigines of Madagascar.
Sakarran.
Dayak of Borneo.
Sakatu.
African: dialect of Fulah. See Lyon’s “Narrative,” London, 1821.
Saki, Sakewi, see [Sac].
Sala.
African: dialect of Bomba. See Douville’s “Voyage au Congo,” &c. Paris, 1832.
Salawatti.
Negrito: Papuan dialect of New Guinea.
Salayer.
Malayan: small Is. S. of Celebes. Wallace’s “Malay Arch.”
Salbin.
Turkee: dialect of Koibal.
Saldanha Bay.
African: dialect of Hottentot.
Salibaboo.
Malayan: dialect of Talaut. Wallace: “Malay Arch.”
Salish, see [Selish].
Saliva, Salivi.
American: spoken on the R. Orinoco, in Venezuela, Brazil, and New Granada. The Ature, Maco, Piaroa, and Quaqua, are called Saliva dialects. R. G. L.
Salong, see [Silong].
Salor.
Tatar tribe of Central Asia: classed as Turcomans.
Salteaux, Sauteux.
American: Eastern Chippeways; Ojibois Indians at Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg. Spoken on the Saskatchewan R. line. Butler’s “Gt. Lone Land,” London, 1873.
Salzburg.
Teutonic: classed as High-German.
Sam, see [Sanscrit].
Samang or Semang.
Malayan: spoken by races of Negro origin, in the peninsula of Malacca. Sub-dialects are known as Semang-Jan and Semang-Juru. See [Kedah].
Samarang.
Malayan: sub-dialect of Java.
Samaritan.
Semitic: extinct dialect of Aramaic, closely allied to Hebrew, and by some regarded as an older form of that tongue than the Biblical Hebrew, being uninfluenced by Chaldee. It is written in an alphabet similar to the Phœnician, but of more ornate character. An ancient version of the Pentateuch in Samaritan is still preserved at Nablous, the ancient Shechem. Grammar by Nicholls, London, 1858.
Samboe, under [Z].
Samen, see [Suomelaini].
Samnite.
Archaic dialect of ancient Italy, known only by inscriptions. See [Oscan].
Samoan.
A dialect of Eastern Polynesia; spoken by the natives of Samoa, or the Navigator’s Islands; a group situated in 13° to 15° S. lat., and 168° to 173° W. longitude. This is the only dialect of Eastern Polynesia which has a sibilant. W. G. L.
Samogitian.
Lithuanian of Wilna, a Russian government in the Baltic provinces. It is also called Polish-Lithuanic.
Samoiede, Samoyed, or Samojedic.
Ugrian: dialect classed as Fin, spoken by Tatar tribes along the Frozen Ocean in N. Siberia. Divisions are known as: (1) Nisovi, North of the Beresov. (2) Verkhovi, dialects of the Obi. Grammar by Castrén, St. Petersburg, 1854. See [Soyotes].
Samuca or Zamuca.
American: Indians of Chiquitos. Dialects are Caipotorade and Morotoco.
San.
American: “San” Spanish for Saint, Sanctus; prefix to several Missions.
San-Antonio, in California. Vocaby. by Sitjar, 1861.
Santa-Barbara. See “Jour. Roy. Geo. Soc.,” 1841. See [Pueblo].
Sanangdi, see [Sunghai].
Sandan.
Moghol: Tungoos dialect of Manchuria.
Sandangan.
Javanese: Vowel signs in written characters of the native alphabet.
Sandeh.
African: language of the Nile regions. The people are cannibals with saw teeth, reputed to have a deformity of the os coccygis. They are commonly called Nyanya. The language has affinities to Tasmanian and to some words of Australasia. There is a vocabulary and a grammar by Dr. S. Schweinfurth, Berlin, 1873; and some words in Petherick’s “Egypt, the Soudan, &c.,” 1861. This language is of very ancient type. H. C.
Sandwich Is., see [Kanaka].
Sanese.
Italic: dialect of Siena. Vocaby. by Gigli, Siena, 1797.
Sangara.
Moghol: Tungus dialect of Manchuria.
Sangiang.
Malayan: priestly dialect of Borneo, largely influenced by Sanscrit.
Sangij, Sangir.
Malayan: dialect of Menadu.
Sangouw.
Dayak of Borneo: allied to Biajuk.
Sang-pang.
Non-Aryan: dialect of E. Nipal, belonging to the Kiranti group. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Sanguir.
Malayan: group adjoining Celebes; dialect allied to Menadu. Wallace: “Malay A.”
Sankikani.
American: old dialect of Algonkin, spoken by Ogibways of New Sweden, now New Jersey.
Sansanding, see [Sunghai].
Sanscrit, Sanskrit.
Indo-European: typical dialect of Indian, and parent of Bengali, Hindi, Gujeratti, Hindustani, Mahratti, Oriya, Punjabi, and Sindhi; it is closely allied to Zend and other languages of the Iranic branch, and though no longer vernacular, is preserved in the Vedas and other sacred writings of the Brahmins. The word Sanskrit means “polished, refined,” der.: sam, “together,” krita, “made perfect” = Samskrita, “made euphonic.” The alphabetic character is called Devanagari, “city of the gods,” from Benares, sacred city of the Brahmins; and it is read from left to right like European languages.
The term Old Sanscrit is applied to an early numismatic alphabet found on coins of Kabul. See [Prakrit].
Santali, see [Sontali].
Sanwar, Sunwur.
Bhot: dialect of the Sunwars of E. Nipal, classed as Thibetan. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
Saparua.
Malayan: dialect of the Moluccas.
Sapiboconi.
American: tribes of Moxos Missions in Bolivia.
⁂ It belongs to the Guarani and Agaw class; and is allied to Movima and Apiaca. H. C. ☞
Saque, see [Sac].
Sarabaya, see [Surabaya].
Sarakholle, see [Seracolet].
Saramacca.
American: Creolese of Surinam, called Djoe-Tongo. It is said to be derived from Portuguese Jews, who were among the settlers in the colony, and meant Jews’ language. See Trübner’s “Ludewig,” p. 56.
Sarar.
African: spoken on the N.W. coast, and closely allied to Bagnon, Bolar, Bulanda, &c.
Saraveca.
American: nearly extinct. Christian tribes of the Santa Anna Mission, Chiquitos. It belongs to the Agaw group. H. C.
Sarawasti, see [Prakrit].
Sarawi.
Name of the people and language of the Passumah valleys in the interior of Palembang in Sumatra. It is a Malay dialect, with a considerable infusion of Javanese, and is written with the Palembang or Renchong alphabet. P. J. V.
Sardegna, Sardinian.
(1) Archaic: known only from inscriptions, and assumed to be derived from Lybian.
(2) Romance: dialect of Italian. Grammar by Porru, Cagliari, 1811.
Sarik, Saryk.
Tatar tribe of Central Asia; classed as Turcomans.
Sarmatian.
General name for the Slavonic family of languages.
Saroinsoig.
Malayan: dialect of Menadu.
Sart.
Tatar tribe of the Khanate of Khiva.
Sasak.
Malayan: dialect of Salaparang, somewhat allied to Sumbawa. See [Lombok].
Sassanian.
Properly a dynasty of Persian monarchs, dating from Ardshir (Artachetr) circa 220-240 A.D. Used sometimes as a name for the language employed by these monarchs on their coins and inscriptions. But the language is better termed Pehlevi or Huzvaresh. G. R. See [Goopta].
Saste, under [Sh].
Sastrosworo.
Javanese: accents used to produce alphabetic equivalents for Arabic letters.
Satahuan, Satawal, Setawal.
Micronesian of the Carolines: allied to Chamori.
Saterland.
Teutonic: dialect of Frisic. See Hoche’s “Reise,” Bremen, 1800.
Satrahe.
American: same as Aricara. See [Riccari].
Satsika.
American: “Blackfeet;” tribes of Algonkin in N.W.
Sauki, Sawkee, see [Sac].
Sausenberg.
Teutonic: classed as High-German.
Sauteux, see [Salteaux].
Savage Is., see [Nieue].
Savakot.
Ugrian: dialect of Karelian.
Savaneric.
American: Panama Indians, near Las Palmas.
Savara.
Khond dialect of the Sour in Souradah. Ganjam circar, British India. Vocabulary in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” The numerals resemble the Thug and Koriak in some respects. H. C.
Savoy.
Romance: mingled dialects of French and Italian.
Savu, Sawu.
Malayan: dialect of Negrito character, spoken in an island W. of Timor. Diss.: Crawfurd’s “Malay Grammar.”
Sawanno, see [Shawanoe].
Saxon (Sachsisch).
Teutonic: name for typical dialect of old Low-German, now extinct, formerly spoken in Schleswig and Holstein, and thence brought to England; it was closely allied to Gothic and Allemannic. Upper Saxon is a dialect of High-German. See “Gedichte,” by Döring, Leipsig, 1835. See Anglo-Saxon.
The literary remains, or stages of language, run thus:—
(1) Old Low-German, or Old Saxon, extinct in 9th century, but represented by the “Evangelian Harmony.”
(2) Low-German of middle ages, represented by the story called “Reynard the Fox.”
(3) Modern Low-German: (a) Saxon, of Lower Saxony. (b) East-Saxon (Brandenburg, Pomerania). (c) West-Saxon, i.e., Westphalian.
⁂ Saxon is classed by French philologists as Cimbrian. See [Misnian].
Sayanic.
Turkee of the Upper Yenesei.
Scandinavian (Skanskt).
Teutonic: class name for Norwegian and allied dialects, including Old Norse, Icelandic, and the modern languages of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
Schabbi, see [Shabun].
Schan, see [Shan].
Schleswig (Sleswick).
Dialect of Low-German. See “Karte,” &c., by Geerz, Eutin, 1838.
Schonen.
Sub-dialect of Sweden. Lexicon by Klinghammer, Helsingborg, 1841.
Schwaben, see [Swabian].
Schweiz, see [Swiss].
Scinde, see [Sindhi].
Sclavic.
Same as Slavonian; Greek form from Σχλαβηνοι. See [Slavonic].
Scotch or Scottish.
(Of the Lowlands). Dialect of English, as spoken in that part of the old district of Northumbria which lay to the N. of the Tweed. See Murray: “Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland,” 1873. Dicty. by Jamieson.
Old Scottish: Glossary by Ruddiman, Edinburgh, 1710; Pinkerton’s Poems, London, 1792. A vocabulary of Scottish Gipsy is given in the “Life of Bamfylde Moore Carew.” See [Gaelic].
Scott’s-River Indians.
American: English name for the T-ka Indians. See [Iddoa].
Scythian.
Word used for Nomadic; anciently applied to Tatars, and other tribes speaking Turanian dialects in Central Asia.
⁂ The few ancient Scythian words resemble Manchu. H. C.
Sea-Gipsies, see [Bajau].
Sechuana.
African: same as Bechuana; classed as S.E. Bantu. Dr. Bleek writes “Setshuana.”
Secqlapi.
African: dialect of Kaffir.
Secumne, see [Sekumne].
Segzi.
Iranic: early Persian dialect of Seistan or Segistan.
Sehuac, see [Tehuelet].
Sekumne.
American: Indians of U. California, closely allied to Tsamak.
Seldschuk, Seljuk.
Alatyan: a dialect of Turkish.
Selenga.
Turanian: dialect of Moghol, closely allied to Aimauk.
Selish.
American: tribe of Atnah, or Flatheads. The Flatheads are sometimes called Chin-Indians, because the boards used to compress the forehead serve to thrust the chin forward. Also called Shoushwap. Grammar by Mengarini, New York, 1861. See [Tshihaili].
Semian.
Sub-Semitic: a dialect of Amharic.
Seminole.
American: Indians of E. Florida. Their language belongs to the Creek or Muskogulgee class. R. G. L.
Semitic.
A word formed from the name of the patriarch Shem or Sem. Same as Syro-Arabic; class name for the Arabic, Aramaic, Mesopotamian, and Canaanitish groups of languages, taken collectively.
(1) Arabic, with its affiliations, includes Ethiopic and Amharic.
(2) Aramaic is represented by Syriac.
(3) Mesopotamian includes ancient Assyrian, Babylonian, and the modern language of the Chaldees of Kurdistan.
(4) Canaanitish includes Phœnician and Hebrew.
The primitive Semitic alphabet consisted of seventeen letters only. “Sem” is the equivalent for “Chem” by a natural law of speech. ☞
Semitic (Sub), see [Hebræo-African].
Sena.
African: dialect of the Mozambique.
Senaar, see [Shilluk].
Seneca, Seneka.
American: Iroquois dialect of Buffalo and Niagara. See “Hymn-book,” New York, 1852.
Sephardim.
Hebrew word; name for Spanish Jews.
Seracolet, Serahuli, Serawulli.
African: dialect of true Negro.
⁂ Under the names Azeriye, Aswarek, and Swaninke, Barth gives great importance to this class, though now its area is greatly diminished through the encroachment of the Arabic. It is probable the three languages just named may, along with the Fulah, be brought within the same class. R. G. L.
Serawatty.
Small group of the Sunda Islands. Dialects are distinguished in Baba, Kisser, and Sermatte.
Serb or Servian.
Slavonic: native speech of Servia, closely allied to Polish and Russian, and written in Cyrillic characters. Grammar by Jordan, Prague, 1841; by Schmaler, Bautzen, 1852. See [Illyrian].
Sereres (Seraires).
African: dialect of Cape Verd, closely allied to Sarar and Serawulli.
Sergu, see [Surga].
Sermatte.
Malayan: native name of the Serawatte Is.
Seroci.
Negrito: dialect of Papuan.
Serpa.
Bhot: dialect of E. Nipal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
Serpent, Serpens.
American: Snake Indians; same as Shoshones. See [Naga].
Serrano.
American: Spanish name for Tehuelhet.
Sersken, Serskish.
Wendic: the Sorb of Lower Lusatia.
Servian, see [Serb].
Sesuto.
African: dialect of Bechuana Kaffirs.
Setawal, see [Satawal].
Sette-Communi.
Teutonic: local dialect of Italy, classed as High-German. See [Tredeci].
Severnovzi.
American: tribe of Olamentke in New California. Vocaby. in “Beiträge zur Kenntniss,” St. Petersburg, 1839.
Sgau.
Monosyllabic: Burmese dialect of Karen. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Shabun.
African: dialect of Kordovan.
Shaga.
African: same as Agag; a form of Angola.
Shahaptin, see [Sahaptin].
Shalcha.
Lesgian: Mizdzhedzhi dialect of the Caucasus.
Shamaiten, see [Sarmatian].
Shan, Shyan.
Indo-Chinese: Thay race of Burmah; used also for a division of Siamese. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Shandoo.
Indo-Chinese: tribe of N. Arracan. A. C.
Shangalla, Shankali.
African: name applied by true Abyssinians to Negro races on the hills; as Dizzela and Tacazze.
⁂ It is an Agaw language. H. C. See [Galla].
Shanghai.
Local dialect of Chinese. Grammar (1868), Vocaby. (1869), by Edkins.
Shara.
American: name for Shyennes.
Sharaigol.
Tatar: same as Sharra, or Eastern Moghol of Mantchuria.
Shasti, also Saste, Shasta.
American: dialect of Oregon and U. California, allied to Palaik, to Kulanapa, and Oregones.
⁂ The native name is “Wee-o-how,” i.e., “Stone-house,” a retreat in the famous lava-beds at Lake Clamets, in Siskyon County, California. They are, however, a race alien to the Modocs, and speak a different language. For the Chasta-Butte Indians, see Yeka.
Shawanoe.
American: also Shawhay, Shawnee, Shawnoe; S. branch of Algonkin; originally of Kentucky, they are now to be found west of the Mississippi. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 113; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vol. ii., p. 470.
Shawi, see [Showiah].
Sheba, see [Sheva].
Shebayi.
American: Carib of French Guiana.
Sheffield.
One of the provincial dialects of English belonging to Yorkshire. See Bywater’s “Sheffield Dialect,” 1839. See [Halifax].
Shekak.
Unclassed: N. dialect of Kurdish.
Shekawatty.
Indian: Hindi dialect of Rajpootana.
Shellu, see [Shilha].
Shen.
Dravidian: archaic dialect of Tamil, called High-Tamil.
Shendu.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Burmah; same as Heuma.
Shenvi.
Indic: Marathi dialect of Bombay. Allied to Konkani.
Sherbro-Bullom.
African: Mandingo of the Banana Islands. See [Bullom].
Sheshatapoosh.
American: Algonkin of Labrador, closely allied to Narragansetts. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii., p. 108. See [Skoffi].
Sheva, Sheba.
Semitic: local dialect of Amharic.
Shia-push, or Siah-posh.
Sanskritic: spoken by the Kafirs of Hindu-Kush. See [Pushtoo].
Shibboleth, Sibboleth.
Hebrew term, used as a test-word; peculiarities of speech; thence applied to distinguishing creeds and dogmas of religion or politics. See Judges xii. 6.
Shienne, see [Shyenne].
Shighnis.
Tatar: tribes of Badakshan.
Shiho, Shiko.
Abyssinian: tribe of Danakil; Edo and Gumeddo are thus classed.
Shikan.
African: Nigritian of the Gaboon.
Shikastah.
Cursive form of Talik characters, used in Persian as a running hand.
Shilha.
The language of the Shilouh (Fr. Chelouh) probably represents to us that of the ancient Mauritanians and western Gætulians. It is now spoken in the highlands and outlying districts of Morocco. Though immensely overrun by Arabic, it preserves its ancient grammar as a Libyan tongue. The pronominal system distinguishes it from the kindred languages. In the “Journal of the Asiatic Society” (1847) a long specimen of this language was printed in the Arabic character (“The Narrative of Sidi Ibrahim”), with a tentative interlineary Latin translation and some Notes by Professor Newman. F. W. N. See [Libyan].
Shilluk.
African: dialect of Kordovan, closely allied to Denka.
Shimagac, see [Zapara].
Shina.
Indian: dialect of Sanskrit, used by the S. W. Dards of Dardistan.
Shinicook.
American: Indians of Long Island, allied to Montak.
Sho, Shou.
Indo-Chinese: also called Pwo, Karen dialect of Burmah. See [Khyen].
Shoshone.
American: Serpens; Snake Indians; classed as Paducan. Also called Radigeurs, or Root-diggers. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; Schoolcraft’s “Indian Tribes,” vols. ii., iv.
⁂ It belongs to the Pygmean or Negrito group, and is related to Andaman, Kiriri, Sabuja, Gonga, &c. H. C. See [Maradiços].
Shoulah, see [Shilha].
Shoushwap, Shushwap.
American: same as Atna. See [Selish].
Showiah.
(Fr. Chaouia), one of the Berber or Libyan languages. The name Kabâil, or Kabyle, is given by the Arabs. It is exceedingly mixed with Arabic, yet retains its own forms of grammar. The Arabic article “El” (or the letter L initial) is often imported with an Arabic noun, as with us in the words “Alcoran,” “Alcohol”; and feminine nouns take T at each end: as “Tamdint,” from Arabic Medina(t), city. The language is spoken chiefly in the highlands of Mount Atlas, towards Algiers, especially in the province of Constantine. There is little doubt that it represents to us the ancient Numidian, and one branch of the Gætulian. Brosselard’s Dictionary, “Français-Berbère,” whatever its value to a traveller, disappoints a philologer; for by far the greater part of it is Arabic in disguise. Hanoteau’s “Grammaire Kabyle,” gives a large mass of pure words: he has selected the Zouave dialect by preference. It is rougher than that of Bougie, into which Sadi Hamet translated the book of Genesis and the four Gospels for the Bible Society. F. W. N. See [Libyan].
Shyan, see [Shan].
Shyenne.
(Fr. Cheyenne). American: Algonkin dialect of the Kansas, allied to Arrapaho. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.
Siah-Posh, see [Shia-push].
Siamese.
Indo-Chinese: a monosyllabic language, called, in full, Sa-yame-phasa, also Tai, or T’hai; founded on Chinese, it contains many elements of Malay; its alphabet resembles Pali. Grammar by Pallegoix, Bangkok, 1850; Dicty., Paris, 1854.
Siau.
Malayan: group of islands adjoining Celebes. Wallace’s “M. Archip.”
Siberian.
Ugrian: a geographical term, embracing dialects of Turk or Tatar, with the Finnish, as Ostiak and Samoied. It is sometimes applied especially to the languages of the Yakuts on the Lena.
Sibnow.
Dayak of Borneo: allied to Biajuk.
Sibsagan.
Non-Aryan: Miri dialect of E. Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Sicaunie.
American: tribe of Tacullies. See [Sikanni].
Sicilian.
Sub-dialect of Italian. Dicty. by Biundi, Palermo, 1857.
Siculan.
Primitive language of S. Italy, classed by some with Etruscan. See Müller’s “Etrusker,” Breslau, 1828. See [Szekler].
Sideia.
Malayan: language of Tai-wan, the island of Formosa, using an alphabet conformable to the Chinese.
Siebenburgisch.
Teutonic: Saxon dialect of Transylvania, classed as Low-German.
Siena, see [Sanese].
Sifan.
Chinese word for “Western Barbarians;” the languages are unclassed. ☞
Signs, Language of.
American: described in the “Philosophical Transactions,” Philadelphia, 1804.
⁂ Signs are used by the mutes of the Seraglio and the aristocracy at Constantinople. H. C.
Sikanni.
American: Athabascan dialect of N. Caledonia; also called Tsikanne. Vocaby. by Howse. See [Takulli].
Sikh (Punjabi).
Indic: dialect of Sanskrit, deduced from Sarewasti or Pracrit, and much influenced by Arabic and Persian. The word Sikh means “disciple,” or follower of the fakir Nanak, a Saint of Lahore, A.D. 1469-1539. Its alphabetic character resembles Hindi, and it is the vernacular speech of the Punjab, or “Country of the five” waters or rivers. Grammar (1866), Dictionary (1854), Ludiana.
Sikkim, see [Lepcha].
Silesian (Schlesien).
(1) Teutonic: classed as High-German; local dialect of Upper Silesia, &c.
(2) Slavonic: sub-dialect of Polish. See [Glatz].
Silla.
American: language of San Felipe Mission, New Mexico.
Silong.
Malayan: dialect of the Mergui Archipelago, Tenasserim.
Similaton.
American: Lenca dialect of Honduras.
Simisenchi.
American: name for the Piros or Chuntaquiros.
Sina, Sinologist.
Used for Chinese, and any profound student of that language and its literature. “S” is the invariable equivalent for “ch” in Semitic languages.
Sinaitic.
Epigraphic: name for certain inscriptions at and near Wady-Mukatteb, or “written valley,” in the peninsula of Sinai.
The language of these inscriptions is Arabic, with a slight Aramaic influence. The character is peculiar, but allied to the Aramaic, the Palmyrene, and the modern Arabic. The view of the inscriptions taken by the Rev. C. Forster (“Voice of Israel,” London, 1860) is not generally endorsed by Semitic scholars, who assign the inscriptions to a time a little earlier and a little later than our era. See Beer: “Inscriptiones veteres ad Montem Sinai servatæ,” Leipzig, 1840-3. Also “Zeitschrift d. Deutsch. Morgenländ. Gesellschaft,” 1849, pp. 129-215. G. R.
Sind.
One of the multitudinous names for Gipsy, probably = “dark”; but Sindh means “sea, ocean, water.” Hence applied to the Indus (Sindus) river.
Sindhi.
Indian: dialect of Hindi spoken in Scinde. Two alphabets are in use—viz., the Arabic and the Gurmukhi. Dicty. by Stack, Bombay, 1849-55; Grammar, 1849.
Sindonga.
African: allied to Otyiherero.
Singhalese, Sinhalese.
The language of Ceylon. Elu, or high-Sinhalese, is Dravidian, and closely resembles Tamil; its written characters, however, are more like Canarese. Colloquial Sinhalese is largely modified by Sanskrit; Pali is the religious language of Buddhists in Ceylon. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” See [Cingalese].
Singhbhum.
Same as Kol; Non-Aryan language of Central India. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Singhpo or Singpho.
Singh = “lion.” Indo-Chinese: large class of dialects spoken by hill-tribes of Burmah and Assam. See “Asiatic Journal of Bengal,” 1837; and Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Singkal.
Malayan: Batta dialect of Sumatra.
Sioux.
American: Dacotah Indians, closely allied to Iowa, and sometimes classed as Iroquois. They are also called Issati and Nadowessier; and the Assineboines have been classed with them. Vocabularies by Hayden, Philadelphia; Grammar and Dictionary by Biggs and Turner.
Siraiki.
Indic: dialect of Sindhi.
Sirang, see [Ceram].
Siranian, Sirenian, Sirjenic.
Ugrian: same as Zirianian; Finnish dialect of Vologda, in Russia. Grammar by Castrén, Helsingfors, 1844.
Sisuta, see [Sesuto].
Sitcha, Sitka, Sitska.
American: names for Kolush.
Situfa, Situga.
American: Indians of New Granada, classed as a dialect of Betoi.
Siwah.
African: allied to the Berber of Morocco; it is the dialect spoken in Wady Sywah, or Great Oasis of Oum Beida, formerly the temple of Jupiter Ammon. Vocaby. by Minutoli, Berlin, 1824-7.
Skipetar.
Illyric: native name of the Albanians. Mr. Vaux suggests that the word Skipétar is of Turanian origin. ☞
Skittegat.
American: dialect of the Haidah.
Skoffi.
American: put for “Escopie,” name for Sheshatapoosh.
Skwally.
American: same as Nasqually. Classed by Hale as Atnah or Selish. Scouler’s name is Squallyamish.
Slang.
Vulgar or Colloquial English of the sporting classes and lower orders, especially those of large towns. See Hotten’s “New Dictionary,” “Slang,” &c.
Slavic, Slavonic, or Slavonian.
Word of uncertain derivation, used as designating one branch of the Indo-European family. Professor Senkovski derives it from slov = man (Russ, cheloväku; Polish, czlowiek); others derive it from “sru,” “slu,” “famous”; or from “slovo”: “word,” the people being “slovenie,” “the speakers.” Also called Venidi, Winidi, Wends.
Slavonic.
(1) The typical dialect of Sarmatian, from which Russian has been formed, first written A.D. 850. (Modern Slavonia is a province of Austria.) Grammar by Miklosich, vols. i.-iii., Vienna, 1852-6.
(2) Class name for a division of Wendic, comprising Old Bohemian, Polatian (extinct), Eccl. Slavonic (extinct), Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Illyrian, Lusitanian, Polabian, Polish, Russian, Ruthenian, Servian, Slovack, Slovenian, Sorabic.
They have two forms of alphabetic character:—(1) The Cyrillic, (2) the Glagolitic, which is by some called a modified Cyrillic, by others attributed to St. Hieronymus, of Dalmatia, A.D. 331.
Sleswick, see [Schleswig].
Slovack.
Slavonic of Hungary. Dicty. by Loos, Pesth, 1870. See [Hungarian].
Slovenian.
Slavonic of Illyria, Styria, and Carinthia. Sprachlehre, by Murko, Grätz, 1832. See [Servian].
Small-robes.
American: tribe of Blackfeet.
Snake Indians.
American: tribe of Shoshones. See [Naga].
Soahili, under [Ki].
Soana.
Romance: dialect of Franco-Italian.
Sobo.
African: closely allied to Bini.
Society’s Islands, see [Tahitian].
Socotra, see [Sokotran].
Soerabayan, see [Surabaya].
Soerikong.
American: dialect of Carib.
Sofala.
African: dialect of the Mozambique.
Sogdi.
Iranic: dialect of ancient Sogdiana, now Bokhara.
Sohili, under [Ki].
Soiony, Soiot.
Ugrian: Siberian dialects, sometimes classed as Turkee, sometimes called Samoied; allied to Koibal.
Sok, Sokpa.
Non-Aryan dialect of N. Thibet. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.”
Sokha, Sokhala.
Turkee: classed as Yakut.
Sokko, Asokko.
African: class-name for a division of Mana or Mandingo. ☞
Sokna.
African: dialect of Tuarik.
Sokotran.
Semitic: Arabic dialect of the Island of Socotra, in the Arabian Gulf.
Soledad (La).
American: Indians of California, on River Salinas. Same as Mutsun.
Soli.
Indian: wandering tribes of Korawa.
Solimani.
Name for Affghans.
Solomon Islands.
Polynesian: dialects are Bauro and Guadalcanar.
Solor.
Javanese, with Negrito elements. Solor is an island of the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.
Somauli.
Abyssinian: division of the Galla class. It is spoken from about Zeyla, where it touches the Adaiel frontier, to 70° N. lat. inland, and to Capa Garolafuri E. Berbera is the chief Somauli town.
It is allied to Agaw. H. C.
Somerset.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossary in Brayley’s “Illustrations,” London, 1834; also by Jennings.
Sonder.
Malayan: dialect of Menadu.
Songai, see [Sunghai].
Songo.
African: dialect of Kaffir.
Songpu.
Indo-Chinese: Naga dialect of Burmah, closely allied to Koreng.
Soninke.
African: same as Swaninke. See [Seracolet].
Sonora, see [Pima].
Sontali (Santali).
Indian: remarkable tribe inhabiting the Sontal Purgunnahs of the Bhagulpur district in Bengal. Vocaby. in Hunter’s “Comp. Dicty.” A. C.
Sooloo, see [Sula].
Sorb, Sorabic, Sorabian.
The Slavonic of Upper Lusatia; the language of Lower Lusatia is called Serskish. See [Wendic].
Sosimilchi.
American: entered in Jülg’s edition of “Vater” as Nahuatlac.
Souaili, Sowauli, under [Ki].
Soudan, see [Nigritian].
Souletin.
One of the four literary dialects of Basque.
Souliers-Noirs.
American: French name for Ahnahaways, called “Blackfeet;” tribe of Crow Indians.
Souriquois, see [Mic-mac].
South Australian.
See Grammar, &c., by Teichelmann and Schürmann, Adelaide, 1841.
Sow.
Dayak of Borneo; allied to Biajuk.
Sowakim, Suakim.
African: same as Bishari.
Sowaulee, Sohili.
African: same as Souahili, Swahili; the language spoken along the sea-coast from the S. boundary of the Somauli, at Mogadoxo, to Mombaz. R. G. L.
Spanish.
Romance: the language of Spain, founded on Latin, with a combination of Celto-Iberian, largely augmented by Gothic and influenced by Arabic; it is spoken not only in Spain, but in various parts of America, the Philippine Islands, &c. Standard Spanish is called Castilian; other dialects are called Catalonian or Limousin, Galician (Gallego), and Aragonese. Dicty. by Velasquez, London, 1870; Grammar, 1869.
⁂ The remains of the Iberian language are known as Basque. ☞
Spartan.
Hellenic: the ancient dialect of Laconia; a form of Doric Greek, with some peculiar words.
Spokein.
American: tribe of Flat Heads.
Squallyamish.
American: same as Squally. Dialect of Puget’s Sound, spoken about 49° N. lat. “Amer. Ethnol.,” vol. ii.; “Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,” 1841.
Stages of Language.
Term used for periods in the growth of a language, it being supposed that a language may develop from Monosyllabic to Agglutinative or Incorporating, and finally become Inflectional.
Steiermarkish.
(1) Wendic: sub-dialect of Slovenian.
(2) Germanic. See Sartoris: “Neuester Reise,” Leipsig, 1811. See [Styrian].
Stickeen.
American: tribe of Kolush.
St. John’s, see [Passamaquodds].
Stockholm.
Scandinavian: dialect of Sweden. See Radloff’s “Beskrifning,” Upsala, 1805.
Stone-Indians.
American tribe of Assineboines, classed as Dakotah.
Strasburg.
Teutonic: classed as High-German. Vocaby. by Arnold, 1816.
Suabian, see [Swabian].
Suaheli, see [Swahili].
Suaken.
African: dialect of Beja, or Bishari, spoken about 19° 20′ N. lat.
Suanian, Suanic, or Swan.
Caucasian: dialect of Georgian, spoken by the Swans of Mingrelia. Grammar by Rosen. H. C.
Sub-Derat.
Abyssinian: dialect of the Adareb.
Sub-Dialects, under [D].
Subtiabo.
American: native language of Honduras; quoted as a dialect of Lenca, in the Spanish translation of Squier’s “Notes,” &c. Small Vocaby. in Dr. Latham’s “Elements,” p. 436.
Sudania, see [Nigritian].
Sudra.
Indian term: low-caste Hindoo. (Wilson.)
Suffolk.
Sub-dialect of English, classed as E. Anglian. Glossary by Moor; “Forby’s Vocabulary.” See [Hawstead].
Suisse-Romande.
Same as Rhæto-Romanic. See [Swiss].
Sula or Sulu.
Malayan: closely allied to Cajeli. See [Sultan].
Sultan.
Malayan: language of Sulu and Borneo.
Sumatra, see [Batak].
Sumba.
A smaller island than Sumbawa; it also is in the Timor group, and is peopled with Alfuru.
Sumbawa, see [Bima].
Sumchu.
Indo-Chinese: Kunawar dialect of Thibet.
Sumenap.
Javanese of Madura.
Sundanese.
The language of the western part of Java, separated from the genuine Javanese districts by the rivers Chi Losari in the north and Chi Tandooï in the south. The influence of the Hindoo colonists on this part of Java has been very limited: hence both the people and their language are less civilised than those of middle Java. The language, though equally belonging to the Malayan family, differs considerably from the Javanese, and seems to be more nearly akin to the Batta and Malay of Sumatra. There is some difference between the high and low language as in Javanese—the former being called Basa-Menak, the latter Basa-Kuring. The number, however, of distinct Menak words is not considerable, and most of them are derived from Javanese. The Sundanese was, till recently, seldom written. The natives, for writing it, make use either of the Arabic or of the Javanese alphabet, the latter with some slight modifications. P. J. V. See [Batavian-Malay].
Sunghai, Songai, Songhay.
African: dialect of Timbuctu, spoken along the River Niger, between 13° and 18° N. lat. R. G. L.
Sungnem, Sungnum.
Indo-Chinese: dialect of Kunawari.
Suntah.
Dayak of Borneo, closely allied to Sow.
Sunwar, see [Sanwar].
Suomi, Suomelaini, Suomelaiset.
Tchudic: name for Fin. Suome = swamp, i.e., “Fenners,” or “men of the fens.”
Surabaya.
Malayan: local dialect of Java. Called Low-Malay.
Sura-Cani.
Language of the heavenly regions; local name for Sanskrit.
Surga.
African: dialect of Tuarik.
Suri-Butan.
That is, “little Thibet,” of Bultistan. Vocaby. in Vigne’s “Travels,” London, 1842. See [Bhot].
Surinam-Negro.
Creolese: mingled dialect of English and Dutch, spoken in Guiana; also called Negro-English. “Proeve, &c.,” by Van der Vegt, Amsterdam, 1844. See [Saramacca].
Sursee, Sussee.
American: tribe of Chepewyan, on the Saskatchewan river line.
Susdalish.
Slavonic: sub-dialect of Russian.
Susoo.
African: Mandingo dialect of Senegambia.
Sussex.
Provincial dialect of England. Glossary by Cooper, Brighton, 2nd edition, 1853; Works by M. A. Lower.
Sutra-renchong.
Javanese alphabet of Sumatra. See [Palembang].
Swabian (Schwabische).
(1) Sub-dialect of old High-German; typical dialect of the middle ages, representing the dynasty of Hohenstauffen. It was the dialect of the Minnesingers.
(2) Modern. Dicty. by Schmid, Stuttgart, 1831. See [Halle].
Swahili.
African: Kaffir language of Zanzibar; also called Ki-Suaheli. Handbook by Steere, London, 1870.
Swaninke, see [Seracolet].
Swauti.
Paropamisan: dialect of Dardistan, closely allied to Shina.
Sweden, New.
American: now New Jersey. See [Myncquesar].
Swedish.
Teutonic: language of the Scandinavian class, closely allied to Danish, and differing but little from modern Norwegian. The name is that of the ancient Suiones. Dialects are Gothlandic, Helsingland, Schonen, Stockholm. Lexicon by Tullberg, Stockholm, 1868. See [Dalecarlian].
Sweo-Gothic, Suio-Gothic.
A name given to Old Swedish. See Ihre’s “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols., folio, Upsal, 1769. Few books throw greater light on English Etymology. W. W. S.
Swiss (Schweiz).
(1) Teutonic: classed as High-German. See “Die Schweizerische Mundart,” Frauenfeld, 1838.
(2) Romance: patois of French. See “Histoire,” &c., by De Ladoucette, Paris, 1834.
(3) Dialects: “Stalder gives specimens of 35 in German, 16 in French, 5 in Romansch, 8 in Italian.”—Taylor’s “Words and Places,” London, 1865, p. 49.
⁂ According to Mr. Hepworth Dixon we find [1872]—384,561 families speaking German, 134,183 French, 30,293 Italian, 8,759 Romansch. See [Romana].
Sydney.
Australian: somewhat allied to Muruya.
Syllabic.
Said of alphabets with “letters that represent syllables instead of simple sounds.” See [Japanese].
Syouah, see [Siwah].
Syriac.
Semitic: typical language of the Aramaic, N. branch; closely allied to Hebrew, and written in an alphabetic character of its own; it has a considerable literature, and is spoken near Damascus and in parts of Kurdistan, on the confines of Persia and Turkey. Palmyrene is the Syriac of Tadmor: and Estrangelo is the name of its oldest written character. Grammar (Modern) by Stoddart, N. Haven, 1855; Archaic (N.T.) by Yeates, London, 1819. Dictionary by Castelli; Chrestomathia by Roediger, Halle, 1868. See [Peshito].
Syrjenic, see [Sirenian].
Syro-Arabic.
Same as Semitic.
Syro-Chaldee.
Semitic: the vernacular speech of the Nestorian Christians of Kurdistan; it is a corrupted form of Syriac, is written in a modification of the Estrangelo characters, and spoken on the borders of Asiatic Turkey and Persia.
Syrojedic.
Same as Samoied; “raw-flesh eaters.”
Szauaken, see [Suaken].
Szehleh.
African: a name for Mobba.
Szekler.
Old tribes of Magyar. Same as Siculi.
Szmudic, see [Samogitian].
ADDENDA.
Sabæans.
Semitic: indigines of S. Arabia; they have much lighter skins than the Himyarites.
Sah-issah-dinne.
American: “People of the rising Sun”; native name of the Chepewyans.
Shamanism.
Persian word: “idolatry,” as applied to the Samoieds, &c., of Siberia.
Shropshire.
A dialect of English. See Audelay’s “Poems” (Percy Soc.); and Hartshorne’s “Salopia Antiqua.” W. W. S.
Solima.
African: a language like Susoo. H. C.
Soosoo, see [Susoo].
Sour, see [Savara].
Soyotes.
Name for Chinese Samoieds.
Styrian.
Slavonic: sub-dialect of Illyrian, spoken in the Austrian province of Styria. G. R.
Suio-Gothic.
Another name for Old Swedish. See Ihre: “Glossarium Suio-Gothicum,” 2 vols. fol., Upsal, 1769. W. W. S.
Swan, see [Suanic].
Syrmian.
Slavonic: a dialect of Servian, spoken in Syrmia, a district of Slavonia, and elsewhere. G. R.