Olympic Victor Monuments and Greek Athletic Art

by Walter Woodburn Hyde

FOOTNOTES

[1] Cf. Gardiner, pp. 8–9.

[2] See infra, p. 228 and n. 2.

[3] B. S. A., XI, 1904–5, fig. 7 and pp. 12–14. The horse also appears on clay documents from Knossos with royal chariots and also on tombstones and fragmentary frescoes of Mycenæ; for the latter, see Arch. Eph., 1887, Pl. XI. On the Libyan origin of the first horses introduced into Greece, see W. Ridgeway, The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse, 1905, p. 480.

[4] See the bull depicted on a seal from Praisos, to be mentioned below: Angelo Mosso, The Palaces of Crete, 1907, p. 218, fig. 98. The Italian Mission found at Hagia Triada the bones of a gigantic bull, and Mosso (cf. p. 216, n. 1) found the remains of one at Phaistos.

[5] B. S. A., VII, 1900–1, pp. 94 f. and VIII, 1901–2, p. 74; Mosso, op. cit., pp. 216–218; H. R. Hall, Anc. History of the Near East, 1913, Pl. IV., 2; Mrs. R. C. Bosanquet, Days in Attica, 1914, Pl. II; Richter, Hbk. of the Classical Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1917, p. 23, fig. 13. As Dr. Evans’ Atlas has not yet appeared, the plate in the text is taken from a watercolor by Gilliéron, in the museum of Liverpool.

[6] It has often been pictured and described: e. g., Schliemann, Tiryns, 1885, Pl. XIII; Schuchhardt, Schliemann’s Excavations, 1891, pp. 119 f. and fig. 111; Tsountas-Manatt, The Mycenæan Age, 1897, p. 51, fig. 12; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, p. 887, fig. 439; Mosso, op. cit., p. 220, fig. 100; H. B. Walters, The Art of the Greeks, 1906, Pl. LIX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 113, fig. 242; Tiryns, Die Ergebn. d. Ausgrab. d deutsch. Instituts in Athen, II, 1912, Pl. XVIII.

[7] On analogy with the Knossos fresco this figure, because of its white skin, should be that of a woman and not of a man, as the usual color of the latter is red. However, the charioteers painted white on frescoes discovered at Tiryns in 1910, which represent a boar hunt (see Rodenwaldt, A. M., XXXVI, 1911, pp. 198 f. and fig. 2, p. 201, restored; see also Tiryns, II, Pl. XII, in color) are regarded by Hall as youths and not women. He remarks that in Egypt young princes, who led the “sheltered life,” were often represented on monuments as pale, though red was the more usual color: see Hall, op. cit., p. 58 and n. 1; id., Aegean Archæology, 1914, p. 190 and fig. 74 on p. 192. Rodenwaldt interprets them as female: l. c.

[8] XV, 679 f. F. Marx, Jb., IV, 1889, pp. 119 f., on the analogy to certain coin types, saw in this fresco a representation of river divinities.

[9] Mosso, op. cit., p. 298, fig. 98.

[10] See Mosso, p. 311, fig. 153.

[11] Here the paved space measures only about 30 by 40 feet and the two tiers of seats would seat only 400 to 500 spectators: B. S. A., IX, 1902–03, p. 105, fig. 69; see Mosso, p. 315, fig. 154, and Baikie, The Sea Kings of Crete, 1913, Pls. XXI (before restoration), XXII (restored).

[12] See Burrows, The Discoveries in Crete, 1907, p. 5. The one at Knossos maybe the “choros” wrought by Daidalos for Ariadne: Iliad, XVIII, 590–2.

[13] B. S. A., VIII, 1901–2, pp. 72–4, fig. 39 (arm); Pls. II, III; Baikie, op. cit., Pl. XIX; H. R. Hall, Aegean Archæology, Pl. XXX, 2; Mosso, op. cit., p. 222, fig. 102; cf. Burrows, op. cit., p. 21; Bulle, p. 49, fig. 7; Springer-Michaelis, p. 103, fig. 228.

[14] Remains of copper wire with gold foil twisted around it still adhere to the head of one statuette.

[15] See Mosso, op. cit., p. 221, fig. 101; B. S. A., VII, 1900–01, p. 88.

[16] Hall, Aegean Archæology, pp. 55–6. Though discovered in 1889 in a bee-hive tomb near Sparta, these famous cups are obviously importations from Crete, the work of an artist of the late Minoan I period. Similarly, the lion-hunt on the dagger-blade from Mycenæ is akin to Cretan art, if not its product. These cups have been often pictured: e. g., Arch. Eph., 1889, Pl. IX; Schuchhardt, Pl. III (App., pp. 350 f.); B. C. H., IV, 1891, Pls. XI-XII (in color), XIII-XIV; Tsountas-Manatt, op. cit., pp. 227–8, figs. 113–114; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, Pl. XV (in color) and pp. 786–7, figs. 369–370; H. B. Walters, op. cit., Pl. V; Mosso, op. cit., pp. 223 f., figs. 103, a, b, and 104, a, b, c; Hall, op. cit., Pl. XV. 1, and cf. id., Ancient History of the Near East, pp. 54–5, n. 1; Springer-Michaelis, pp. 104–5, figs. 230 a, b; J. H. Breasted, Ancient Times, 1916, fig. 140, opp. p. 234.

[17] This interpretation of the scene has been compared with the design of a lion and goat on the short sword-blade from the chieftain’s grave at Knossos: see Burrows, op. cit., p. 88 and cf. pp. 136–7. Here there are two successive scenes; first the agrimi (wild goat) is startled and springs away; then the lion is represented triumphant at the end of the chase with one paw on the beast’s hind quarter and the other raised to strike: see Evans, Prehistoric Tombs of Knossos, 1906, p. 57, fig. 59; cf. also bronze inlaid dagger-blade from Mycenæ, showing hunting scenes on each face; Perrot-Chipiez, VI, Pl. XVII, 1 (panther hunting wild ducks, in color), XVIII, 3–4, (lion-hunt by men and lions chasing gazelles, in color); cf. Tsountas-Manatt, op. cit., pp. 200–2; Springer-Michaelis, Pl. V, 2a, b, 3; Schuchhardt, op. cit., p. 229, fig. 227; cf. Burrows, op. cit., p. 136.

[18] Op. cit., pp. 224–5.

[19] See Boeckh, p. 319, on Pyth., II, 78. The same word occurs also in an inscription on a late relief from Smyrna, which shows horsemen pursuing bulls, leaping on their backs and seizing their horns; C. I. G., II, 3212; also in an inscription from Sinope: ibid., III, 4157 (line 5); an inscription from Aphrodisias calls such men ταυροκαθάπται; ibid., II, Add., 2759b. The evidence shows that Gardiner, p. 9, n. 2, is wrong in connecting the taurokathapsia with the hunting-field instead of with the circus. He cites the Smyrna relief above mentioned (in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, no. 219), which, however, should be interpreted as an acrobatic scene. See J. Baunack, Rhein. Mus., XXXVIII, 1883, pp. 293 f., who discusses bull-fighting in Thessaly and Rome and quotes five inscriptions of Hellenic times to show that beast fights were common in Asia Minor.

[20] Cf. Mosso, op. cit., pp. 214–215.

[21] Iliad, XVIII, 605–6 (= Od., IV, 18–19).

[22] Iliad, XVI, 742–50.

[23] Hdt., VI, 129.

[24] No. 243; see Salzmann, Le Nécropole de Cameiros, Pl. LVII; Gardiner, p. 245, fig. 39.

[25] E. g., on one found at Knossos in 1903: B. S. A., IX, 1902–3, p. 57, and fig. 35 on p. 56. Here the attitude of the boxer is almost identical with that on the pyxis to be described below. A fuller design of the same sort may be seen on a seal from Hagia Triada mentioned in B. S. A., IX, p. 57, n. 2.

[26] Hall, Aegean Archæology, p. 33 (c. 1600 B. C.); for description, ibid., pp. 61–2.

[27] Op. cit., p. 211. In this respect it should be compared with the relief on the archaic (sixth-century B. C.) Attic tripod vase from Tanagra, now in Berlin, which shows scenes of boxing, wrestling, and running: A. Z., III, 1881, pp. 30 f. and Pls. III, IV.

[28] P., V, 8. 1, says Klymenos came from Crete fifty years after Deukalion’s flood and held games at Olympia; cf. VI, 21.6. Aristotle assigns the whole political and educational system of Sparta to a Cretan origin: Politics, II, 10f., 1271b., f.

[29] See R. Paribeni, Rendiconti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, XII, 1903, fasic. 70, p. 17; F. Halbherr, ibid., XIV, 1905, pp. 365 f., fig. 1; Burrows, op. cit., Pl. 1; Mosso, op. cit., p. 212. fig. 93; Hall, Aegean Archæology, Pl. XVI (from cast in Museum of Candia, whence our plate); cf. id., Anc. Hist. Near East, Pl. IV., 5. A copy is in the Metropolitan Museum, New York: see Hbk. of Classical Collection, p. 16, fig. 8.

[30] Detail of zone, Mosso, p. 213, fig. 94. The acrobat wears just such striped boots and bracelets as the man and women on the fresco from Knossos. The man binding the legs of the bull on the Vapheio cup wears similar apparel. Similar scenes of gymnasts vaulting over a bull’s back are seen on the seal of a bracelet found at Knossos in 1902: B. S. A., VIII, 1901–2, p. 18, fig. 43; Mosso, p. 214, fig. 95a; also on the intaglio of a ring in Athens: Mosso, p. 215, fig. 95b. Scenes of gymnasts with bulls at rest are common on seal impressions: e. g., on one from Mycenæ in Athens, Mosso, p. 217, fig. 97; on the one in Candia already mentioned, ibid., fig. 98; cf. Bosanquet, Excavations at Praisos, B. S. A., VIII, p. 252, who believes the bull has been surprised by a hunter.

[31] Iliad, XXII, 308 f.

[32] XXIII, 673.

[33] B. S. A., VII, 1900–1, fig. 31, pp. 95 and 96; copied by Gardiner, p. 10, fig. 1.

[34] We should bear in mind that the civilization pictured in the Homeric poems antedates 1000 B. C.

[35] The Iliad,² 1900, II, p. 468.

[36] Od., VIII, 158 f. (translated by Butcher and Lang).

[37] Gardiner, p. 15, points out that there is no mention of a chariot-race in the Odyssey, merely because Ithaca was not a land “that pastureth horses,” nor had it “wide courses or meadowland.” The plains of Thessaly and Argos, the homes of Achilles and Agamemnon respectively, were, however, famed for their horses, and the plain of Troy was large enough for the chariot-race. The only other chariot-races mentioned in the Iliad are held in Elis: XI, 696 f.; XXIII, 630 f.

[38] E. g., on certain sarcophagi: see Murray, Sarcophagi in the British Museum, Pls. II, III (one from Klazomenai).

[39] The true hoplomachia described by Homer and later practised by the Mantineans and Kyreneans (cf. Athenæus, IV, 41, p. 154) should not be confounded, as Gardiner, p. 21, n. 3, remarks, with the later competition of the same name held at the Athenian Theseia and taught in the gymnasia, which was a purely military exercise like fencing: Plato, Laches, 182B and passim; Gorgias, 456D; de Leg., 833E; cf. Dar.-Sagl., s. v. Hoplomachia.

[40] E. g., Leaf, in his Companion to the Iliad, 1892, p. 380; id., The Iliad, II, p. 417, note on line 621.

[41] Iliad, XXIII, 634 f.; ibid., 621–3, where Achilles gives Nestor a prize because he will never again be able to contend in boxing, wrestling, hurling the javelin, or running. In Od., VIII, 103 and 128, leaping is substituted for chariot-racing.

[42] E. g., Iliad, XXII, 163–4: “The great prize ... of a man that is dead”; XXIII, 630 f., where Nestor recalls victories in the games held by the Epeians at Bouprasion in Elis at the funeral of the local hero Amarynkeus. Bouprasion is also mentioned in Iliad, XI, 756, in Nestor’s story of the war between the Pylians and Epeians and of the war waged by his father Neleus on Augeas, for stealing four horses which had been sent to Elis to contend for a tripod.

[43] Examples of panegyric games in honor of gods are found also in the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, I, 146 f.; in Pindar, Ol., IX. 6 (Zeus); P., VIII, 2.1 (Zeus) and schol.; and Hdt., I, 144 (Apollo) and schol.; etc.

[44] P., VIII, 4.5. For other examples of funeral games, see references in Krause, p. 9, n. 3. He also shows that musical contests were funerary in character.

[45] The scholiast on Pindar, Nem., Argum., Boeckh, p. 424 B, and Isthm., Argum., p. 514, calls the Nemean and Isthmian games funerary; Clem. Alex., Protrept., Ch. II, 34, 29 P. (quoted by Eusebios, Praep. evang., II, 6, 72 b. c.) says that all four great games were funerary in origin.

[46] P., I., 44.8; Clem. Alex., Strom., I, Ch. 21, 137, 401 P.

[47] P., II, 15.2–3; Apollod., III, 6, 4; Hyginus, Fab., 74; schol. on Pindar’s Nem., Argum. Here the umpires wore mourning garments because of the origin of the games; see Gardiner, p. 225.

[48] Aristotle, Peplos, frag. = F. H. G., II, p. 189, no. 282; Clem. Alex., Protr., Ch. I, 2, 2 P. and Ch. II, 34, 29 P.; Hyg., Fab., 140. For a different story of the founding (to appease Apollo for not protecting the temple when Delphi was invaded by Danaos), see Augustine, de Civ. Dei, XVIII, 12; cf. schol. on Pind., Pyth., Argum.; Ovid, Met., I, 445f. The Pythia were reorganized by the Amphictyons as a funeral contest in honor of the soldiers who fell in the first Sacred War.

[49] Cf. P., V, 13.1–2; Clem. Alex., l. c.

[50] V, 7.6–9.

[51] See Strabo, VIII, 3.30 (C.354–5); Pindar, Ol., II, 3 f.; VI, 67 f.; X, 25 f.; Diod., IV, 14 and V, 64. According to Pindar, ll. cc. and the scholiast on Ol., II, 2, 5, and 7, Boeckh, pp. 58–9, Herakles, the son of Zeus, instituted the games in honor of Zeus; but Statius, Theb., VI, 5 f., Solinus, I, 28 (ed. Mommsen), Hyg., Fab., 273. Clem. Alex., Strom., I, Ch. 21, 137, say it was in honor of Pelops. On the traditional connection of Herakles with Olympia, see E. Curtius, Abh. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, philos.-histor. Kl., 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, Griech. Gesch², 1893, I, pp. 240 f. On legends of the early history of Olympia, see Krause, Olympia, oder Darstellung der grossen olympischen Spielen, 1838, pp. 26 f.

[52] Cf. Frazer, II, pp. 549–50; Krause, p. 9, n. 3; from these two many of the following examples are taken. Cf. also Rouse, pp. 4 and 10; Koerte, Die Entstehung der Olympionikenliste, Hermes, XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, 1841, pp. 9 f. (Pythian), 112 f. (Nemean), 170 f. (Isthmian); Gardiner, pp. 27 f.; see also Ridgeway, Origin of Tragedy, 1910, pp. 36, 38, and cf. J. H. S., XXXI, 1911, p. XLVII. Since the simple theory of the origin of the Olympic Festival in the funeral games in honor of Pelops does not explain all the legends of the games nor all the peculiar customs of the festival, and because of the inadequate character of the literary evidence (the earliest mention of it being a Delphic oracle quoted by Phlegon, F. H. G., p. 604; cf. Clem. Alex., Protrept, II, 34, p. 29), it has been attacked by F. M. Cornford (in Miss Harrison’s Themis, pp. 212 f.) and others. These scholars have tried to find the origin of the Olympic games rather in a ritual contest of succession to the throne, the honors extended to a victor being held to prove his kingly or divine character. The theory was first proposed by A. B. Cook, The European Sky God, Folk Lore, 1904, and has recently been elaborated by Frazer in his Golden Bough,³ III, pp. 89 f., who has attempted to harmonize it with his earlier funeral theory. The inadequacy of the newer theory has been shown by E. N. Gardiner, The Alleged Kingship of the Olympic Victor, B. S. A., XXII, 1916–18, pp. 85 f. For a review of his paper, see also J. H. S., XXXVIII, 1918, pp. XLVII.

[53] V, 13.2.

[54] According to the same scholiast, on 1. 149; Boeckh, p. 43.

[55] Cf. C. I. G., II, 1969, ἀγὼν ... ἐπιτάφιος θεματικός.

[56] Hdt., VI, 38.

[57] P., III, 14.1.

[58] Thukyd., V, 11.

[59] Plut., Timoleon, 39; Diod. Sic., XVI, 90.1.

[60] Aulus Gellius, X, 18.5.

[61] Arrian, Anabasis, VII, 14. Games were held every four years in honor of Antinoos, the favorite of Hadrian, at Mantinea: P., VIII, 9.8.

[62] Strabo, XIV, 1.31 (C. 644.)

[63] P., IX, 2, 5–6; he says that they were celebrated every fourth year and that the chief prizes were for running.

[64] Philostr., Vit. Soph., II, p. 624; Heliod., Aethiop., I, 17; Aristotle, Constit. of Athens, 58; cf. P., I, 29.4. Games were also held in the Academy in honor of Eurygyes: Hesych., s. v. ἐπ’ Εὐρυγύῃ ἀγών.

[65] Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria,³ 1883, I, p. 374 (Corneto); II, pp. 323 and 330 (Chiusi).

[66] On the Etruscan origin of the ludi funebres, see Val. Max., II, 4.4; Tertullian, de Spect., 12; Servius ad Virg., Aen., X, 520. For the Etruscan origin of the munera gladiatorum, see Tertull., op. cit., 5; Athenæus, IV, 39 (quoting Nikolaos of Damascus); cf. Strabo, V, 4.13 (C. 250). They were first introduced into Rome in 264 B. C. in honor of D. Junius Brutus; Livy, XVI (Epit.); and are frequently mentioned: e. g., by Livy, XXIII, 30, 15; XXXI, 50, 4; XXXIX, 46, 2; XLI, 28, 11; Polyb., XXXII, 14, 5; Serv., ad Aen., III, 67 and V, 78; Suetonius, Julius, 26; etc. See Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, pp. 1384 f., 1563 f.

[67] Page 28; he quotes P. W. Joyce, Social History of Ireland, II, pp. 435 f.

[68] V, 17.5–19.10. The description of the throne (P., III, 18.9 f; cf. Apollodoros, I, 9.28) is merely summary, as Pausanias only mentions the games represented on it without describing them in detail.

[69] The best reconstruction of the scenes on the chest is by H. Stuart Jones: J. H. S., XIV, 1894, pp. 30–80 and Pl. I (repeated by Frazer, III, Pl. X, opp. p. 606). See also Robert, Hermes, XXIII, 1888, pp. 436 f.; Pernice, Jb., III, 1888, pp. 365 f.; Studniczka, Jb., IX, 1894, pp. 52 f., n. 16; Collignon, I, pp. 93–100; Furtw., Mw., pp. 723–32.

The best attempt to reconstruct the scenes on the throne is by Furtwaengler: Mw., fig. 135, opposite p. 706; text, pp. 689–719; cf. the best of the older attempts by Brunn, Rhein. Mus., N. F., V, 1847, p. 325; id., Kunst bei Homer, pp. 22 f.; id., Griech. Kunstgesch., 1893, I, pp. 178 f. Cf. also Klein, Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr.-Ungarn, IX, 1885, pp. 145 f.; against Klein, see Pernice, as above, p. 369. Cf. Collignon, I, pp. 230–2; Murray, I, pp. 89 f.

[70] If we followed Pausanias’ account that this was the very chest made to save the infant Kypselos, father of Periandros and future tyrant of Corinth, and that it was dedicated at Olympia by the Kypselid family (for the story, see Hdt., V, 92), the chest would belong to the eighth century B. C., and must have been dedicated before 586–5 B. C., when the Kypselid dynasty ended at Corinth; see Busolt, Griech. Gesch.,² I, pp. 638 and 657. However, the chest at Olympia had nothing to do with the legendary one, but was merely a richly decorated offering to the gods, the work of a Corinthian artist of the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C., and one who knew the epic poems well.

[71] Vasen, 1655; Perrot-Chipiez, IX, p. 637, fig. 348 (departure of Amphiaraos); p. 639, fig. 349 (chariot-race); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3; Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; Baum. I, fig. 69; and see Robert Annali, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f.; Mon. d. I., X, 1874–1878, Pls. IV, V. The discovery of this vase at Cerveteri (Caere) in 1872 proved the Corinthian workmanship of the chest.

[72] Micali, Monumenti per servire all’historia degli antichi popoli Italiani², 1833, Pl. XCV; described by Jahn, Archaeol. Aufsaetze, pp. 154 f. (quoted by Frazer, III, p. 610). For scenes representing the departure of Amphiaraos and a four-horse chariot-race, see also an Attic-Corinthian vase in Florence: Perrot-Chipiez, X, pp. 109 and 111, figs. 78, 79 ( = Thiersch, Tyrrhenische Amphoren, Pl. IV); the latter also gives us the oldest representation of a Greek stadion.

[73] A. Z. XLIII, 1885, Pl. VIII; Gardiner, p. 30, fig. 4 (one side).

[74] Cited by Gardiner, pp. 30–31; Inghirami, Mon. Etr., 1821–1826, III, 19, 20; Schreiber, Bilder-atlas, Pl. XIII, 6; M. W., I, Pl. LX, fig. 302b.

[75] Reproduced by Gardiner, p. 21, fig. 2.

[76] Cf. on this topic, Gardiner, pp. 31–2; cf. B. S. A., XXII, 1916–18, p. 86, where, in speaking of the disputed origin of the custom of funeral games, he says: “It is at least conceivable that it originated from different causes in different places and among different peoples.”

[77] See a list of twenty-five local Olympia in Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities,³ 1891, II, pp. 273 f., s. v. Olympia, taken from Krause, Olympia, pp. 202 f. Dar.-Sagl., IV, i, pp. 194 f., list 34 local Olympia. Most of these lesser Olympia are known to us only from inscriptions and coins. Peisistratos appears to have founded annual Olympia at Athens, when he began to build the Olympieion; Pindar seems to allude to them in Nem. II, 23 (cf. schol. ad loc.); they were reorganized magnificently by Hadrian in A. D. 131; Spartianus, Vit. Hadriani, 13. Cf. Gardiner, p. 229.

[78] Lysias, Paneg., notes this fact, when he says that Herakles restored peace and unity by instituting the games. Pausanias speaks similarly of the restoration of the games by Iphitos and Lykourgos: V, 4.5 f.

[79] P., V, 1.3; 3.6; Strabo, VIII, 3.33 (C.357).

[80] The decree governing the festival was inscribed on a diskos, which dates probably from the seventh century B. C., and was preserved in the Heraion down to the time of Pausanias. On it the names of Iphitos and Lykourgos were legible down to Aristotle’s day: P., V, 20.1; Plut., Lycurgus, I. 1. Phlegon, F. H. G., III, p. 602, and a scholion on Plato, de Rep., 465 D, mention Kleosthenes; cf. Louis Dyer, Harvard Classical Studies, 1908, pp. 40 f.; Gardiner, p. 43, n. 1.

[81] For a discussion of the sources and history of this register, originally compiled near the end of the fifth century B. C. by Hippias of Elis (Plut., Numa, I, 4; cf. Mahaffy, J. H. S., II, 1881, pp. 164f.), and revised by various later writers from Aristotle and Philochoros to Phlegon of Tralles and Julius Africanus, see Juethner, Ph., pp. 60–70. From it a complete list of stade-runners was copied by the church-historian Eusebios from Africanus, who had brought it down to 217 A. D.

[82] V, 8.6.

[83] Mentioned by P., V, 4.6 and elsewhere; for the mythical account see P., V, 7.6–8.5 (from Herakles to Oxylos); V, 8.5, and V, 9.4 (revived under the presidency of Iphitos and the descendants of Oxylos). Phlegon, F. H. G., III, p. 603, says that the games were discontinued for 28 Olympiads from the time of Herakles and Pelops to that of Koroibos. Velleius Paterculus, I, 8 (ed. Halm), dates the revival under Iphitos, 793 B. C. Strabo, quoting Ephoros, says that the Achæans controlled Olympia to the time of Oxylos; for his mythical account of the games, see VIII, 3.33 (C. 357). On presidents of the games being elected from the Eleans, see P., V, 9.4–6.

[84] Especially by Xenophon, Hell., III, 2.31; VII, 4.28. Pausanias omits all evidence of the part played by Kleosthenes in the truce. See Gardiner, pp. 44 f.

[85] See Doerpfeld, A. M., XXXIII, 1908, pp. 185 f.

[86] Recently E. N. Gardiner has argued that the worship of Zeus came directly from Dodona to Olympia before it had reached Crete and that Cretan elements in the cult first appear at Olympia in the VIII century B. C. He believes that the worship of Hera reached Olympia from Argos later than that of Zeus, toward the end of the VIII century B. C., when he supposes the Heraion was built as a joint temple to both deities; B. S. A., XXII, 1916–18, pp. 85–86.

[87] On his cult see P., V, 13.2, and scholion on Pindar, Ol. I, 146 and 149, Boeckh, p. 43. After being reduced to the rank of hero, Pelops still kept his own precinct in the Altis throughout antiquity.

[88] On the history of Olympia, see Gardiner, pp. 38 f.

[89] For the legends connected with the origin of the three, see Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, and the various articles in Dar.-Sagl.

[90] Schol. on Pindar, Pyth., Argum., Boeckh, p. 298.

[91] On the Sacred or Krisaian War (590 B. C.), see Bury, History of Greece, 1913, pp. 158–9. The first Pythiad was reckoned from 586 (not from 582 as Bury and others state): see Frazer, V, p. 244; Boeckh, Explic. ad Pind., Ol., XII, pp. 206 f.

[92] See Strabo, IX, 3.10, (C. 421); P., X, 7.4–5; schol. on Pind., Pyth., Argum., Boeckh, p. 298. Ovid’s idea (Met., I, 445) that boxing, running, and chariot-racing existed from the first, is wrong. On the Pythian games, see Gardiner, pp. 208 f.

[93] On the Nemean games, see Gardiner, pp. 223–6. As no proper excavations have been made on the site, our knowledge of the games is confined almost entirely to literary evidence.

[94] P., II, 15.3, and VI, 16.4, mentions a winter celebration. The scholiast on Pindar’s Nem., Argum., Boeckh, pp. 424–5, says that it was a τριετής held on the 12th of the month Panemos, and so it was a summer and not a winter celebration. On theories of two celebrations, see Frazer, II, pp. 92–3.

[95] They were not held in midsummer as some have maintained: see Thukyd., VIII, 9–10; Unger, Philologus, XXXVII, 1877, 1–42; Nissen, Rhein. Mus., XLII, 1887, pp. 46 f. On the Isthmian games, see Gardiner, pp. 214 f.

[96] For the nine-day celebration of the Great Panathenaia, see A. Mommsen, Feste der Stadt Athen, 1898, p. 153; cf. Gardiner, pp. 229 f.

[97] See Mommsen, op. cit., pp. 278 f., and Heortologie, 1864, pp. 269 f. In recent years victor lists of the Theseia have been found: C. I. G., II, 444–450, esp. 447; for two other fragments, see A. M., XXX, 1905, pp. 213 f, and Beilag, a and b (c = C. I. G., above). For other lists of victors of local games, see A. M., XXVIII, 1903, pp. 338 f. (Oropos, Samos, Larisa). For vase-paintings of the athletic exploits of Theseus, see Harrison, Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, 1890, pp. XCVIII f.

[98] See Ol., IX, 89; XIII, 110; Pyth., VIII, 79.

[99] Iliad, XXIII, 262–70; cf. XXII, 163–4, where the prizes were slave women and tripods.

[100] Ibid., 700–5.

[101] Ibid., 653–6.

[102] Ibid., 740–51.

[103] Op., 653–9; cf. Scut., 312–13.

[104] Iliad, XI, 700; XXIII, 264; Hesiod, Scut., 312. It is thus represented on a Dipylon vase: Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XXXIX, 2; on the Corinthian vase representing the funeral games of Pelias and Amphiaraos: ibid., X, Pl. V B; on the François vase, and on many others.

[105] Iliad, XXII, 164; cf. Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII.

[106] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVI.

[107] On an amphora by Nikosthenes: Klein, Griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen,² 1887, Pl. XXXI.

[108] Iliad, XXIII, 702, as above.

[109] Hdt., I, 144.

[110] Ion, ap. P., VII, 4.10.

[111] Aristeid., I, p. 841 (ed. Dindorf).

[112] Polemon ap. schol. on Pindar, Ol., VII, 153, Boeckh, pp. 180–1.

[113] On the above-mentioned Corinthian vase: Mon. d. I., X, Pls. IV, V; on the chest of Kypselos: P., V, 17.11.

[114] In the Iliad, as above.

[115] P., III, 18.7–8.

[116] A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 333; B. C. H., VI, 1882, p. 118.

[117] B. C. H., IX, 1885, p. 478.

[118] P., IX, 10.4; Hdt., I, 92.

[119] See Carapanos, Dodone et ses Ruines, 1878, pp. 40, 41, and 229, and Pl. XXIII, 2.2 bis, 3, 4.

[120] P., X, 7.6.

[121] P., IV, 32.1.

[122] On the tripod, see Reisch, pp. 6–7 and 58–9; Rouse, pp. 150–1 and 355; most of the above examples have been taken from these writers.

[123] Nem., X, 45 f.; cf. schol. on Ol., VII, 153, Boeckh, pp. 180–1.

[124] C. I. A., II, 2, 965. On the value of bronze, cf. Reisch, p. 6.

[125] Schol. on Pindar, Ol., VII, 152, Boeckh, p. 180.

[126] Ibid., Ol., VII, 156, Boeckh, p. 181.

[127] Pindar, Ol., IX, 89–90.

[128] Ibid., Nem., IX, 51; X, 43 f.

[129] Ibid., Nem., X, 44; schol. on Ol., XIII, 155 and VII, 156, Boeckh, pp. 288 and 156, and Explic. ad Olymp., IX, 102, p. 194.

[130] C. I. A., III, 1, 116.

[131] Schol. on Pindar, Nem., X, 64, Boeckh, p. 504; cf. C. I. A., II, 2, 965.

[132] A. G., XIII, 8.

[133] I. G. A., 525; B. M. Bronzes, 257.

[134] For many of these examples, see Reisch, pp. 57 f. (and notes), and Rouse, pp. 150–1.

[135] At the Panathenaia a golden crown was given the victorious harpist, a hydria to the torch-racer, and an ox to the victor in the pyrrhic chorus: C. I. A., II, 2, 965. Weapons were given at Delos: C. I. G., II, 2360; a golden crown was given at the Pythian games in Delphi to the city which furnished the finest sacrificial ox: Xenophon, Hell., IV, 4.9; here also golden crowns and arms were presented for soldiers’ contests: Xenophon, ibid., III, 4.8 and IV, 2.7.

[136] VIII, 48.2.

[137] Foerster, 7.

[138] Frag., (= F. H. G., III, p. 604).

[139] V, 7.7; cf. Pindar, Ol., III, 24 f.

[140] Ol., III, 13 f.

[141] Pseudo-Aristot., de mirab. Auscult., 51; schol. on Aristoph., Plutus, 586; Suidas, s. v. κοτίνου στεφάνῳ.

[142] P., V, 15.3; cf. Theophrastos, Hist. Plant., IV, 13, 2; Pliny, H. N., XVI, 240.

[143] Schol. on Pindar, Ol., III, 60, Boeckh, p. 102.

[144] Pseudo-Aristot., l. c.; schol. on Pindar, Ol., III, 60, and VIII, 12, Boeckh, pp. 102 and 189.

[145] Weniger, Der heilige Oelbaum in Olympia, 1895.

[146] P., X, 7.5; Marmor Parium, 53 f. On the reason why the laurel was the prize for a Pythian victory, see P., X, 7.8; cf. VIII, 48.2 (as above); schol. on Pindar, Pyth., Argum., Boeckh, p. 298. On the Delphian laurel, see also Pliny, H. N., XV, 127; Dio Cass., LXIII, 9. Virgil crowns his victors with laurel: Aen., V, 246 and 539.

[147] Aelian, Var. Hist., III, 1; schol. on Pindar, Pyth., Argum., Boeckh, p. 298.

[148] See Gardiner, p. 208, fig. 27, a coin in the British Museum: B. M. Coins, Delphi, 38.

[149] Anacharsis, 9; see also C. I. A., III, 116; Kaibel, Epigrammata graeca, 1878, no. 931.

[150] Nem., IV, 88; Ol., XIII, 32 f.; Isthm., II, 16, VIII, 64.

[151] Schol. on Pindar, Nem., Argum., Boeckh, p. 426.

[152] E. g., P., VIII, 48.2; cf. Plut., Qaest. conviv., V, 3.3; Timoleon, 26.

[153] Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, pp. 197 f.; schol. on Isthm., Argum., Boeckh, p. 514.

[154] See B. M. Coins, Corinth, 509–12; 564; 602–3 (603 = Gardiner, p. 214, fig. 28); 624; cf. I. G., II, 1320, and Gardiner, p. 222, n. 2.

[155] P., II, 1.7. Curtius, Peloponnesos, II, p. 543, believes that the pine was not a fir, but the Pinus maritima; Philippson, in the Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. fuer Erdkunde zu Berlin, XXV, 1890, pp. 74 f., believes that it was the Pinus halepensis Mill.

[156] See Droysen, Hermes, XIV, 1879, p. 3; Head, Historia Nummorum, pp. 146 f.; Imhoof-Blumer and O. Keller, Tier- und Pflanzenbilder auf Muenzen und Gemmen, Pl. VI, 8; VII, 2; IX, 9–12; XXV, 19.

[157] VIII, 48.2.

[158] See Tarbell, Class. Phil., III, pp. 264 f.; he traces its origin to Delos and its popularity to the restoration of the Delian festival by the Athenians in 426 B. C.

[159] Mentioned by Phanias, ap. Athen., VI, 21 (232 c.)

[160] Op., 654 f.; cf. P., IX, 31.3. The spurious epigram in A. G., VII, 53, may have been engraved on this tripod set up in the temple on Mt. Helikon.

[161] P., X, 7.6.

[162] C. I. A., IV, 373⁷⁹; another is mentioned ibid., I, 493.

[163] Hdt., V, 60.

[164] Hdt., I, 144.

[165] Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 72 f.

[166] See Rouse, pp. 153 f.

[167] V, 12.8.

[168] VI, 19.4.

[169] Cf. Rouse, p. 160 and Reisch, p. 62 and n. 1.

[170] See Rouse, l. c.; for the inscription, I. G. A., 370.

[171] II, 29.9.

[172] I. G. A., XIII, 449; see discussion of both stones in J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, pp. 2 f.

[173] In Ol. 255 ( = 241 A. D.); Foerster, 739; Inschr. v. Ol., 240–1.

[174] See Bronz. v. 0l., p. 179.

[175] E. g., the inscribed lead weight of the seventh or sixth centuries B. C., found at Eleusis and dedicated by Epainetos: C. I. A., IV, 2, 422⁴; cf. Arch. Eph., 1883, pp. 189–91.

[176] Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., p. 180; Tafelbd., Pl. LXV, 1101 a.; cf. another from the Cyrenaica in the British Museum: B. M. Bronzes, no. 326.

[177] C. I. G., I, 243; C. I. A., III, 1, 124; Rhein. Mus., XXXIV, 1879, p. 206; on prize torches, see A. G., VI, 100, and cf. Kaibel, Epigr. gr., 1878, 943.

[178] Kallim., XLIX; A. G., VI, 311; cf. Reisch, pp. 62 and 145–6, figs. 13, 14; Rouse, pp. 162–3.

[179] See Reisch, p. 62, and n. 4. The flutist Straton dedicated his flute at Thespiai in the third century B. C.: C. I. G. G. S., I, 1818; a harpist his harp at Athens: C. I. A., III, 112.

[180] P., VI, 10.6–7.

[181] P., VI, 9.4.

[182] P., VI, 12.1

[183] P., VI, 10.8.

[184] P., VI, 16.9.

[185] P., V, 12.5; the monument consisted of bronze horses only.

[186] P., VI, 16.6.

[187] E. g., chariots and drivers, Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 248, 248a, 249, 250; Textbd., pp. 39–40; chariots without drivers, ibid., Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 252, 252a, 253; Textbd., p. 40; charioteers without chariots, ibid., Pl. XVI, 251; Textbd., p. 40; horses belonging to two-wheeled chariots, ibid., Pl. XVI, 254, 254a; Textbd., pp. 40–1.

[188] Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXV, 498 f.; Textbd., p. 68.

[189] Bronz. v. Ol., l. c.; he is followed by Reisch, p. 61; Rouse, p. 166, however, thinks that they would have been an “artistic blunder.”

[190] E. g., Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXV, 503 f.; Textbd., p. 69.

[191] Ibid., Pl. XXV, 510; some are older than the date of the introduction of the mule-car race, Ol. 70 ( = 500 B. C.), and some may have been used as bases for animal figures: e. g., Pl. XXV, 509; Textbd., p. 69.

[192] Rouse, p. 165, suggests, though without evidence, that they may have been offered before the contest with a propitiatory sacrifice.

[193] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 71.

[194] Ibid., XXXIV, 78: fecit et quadrigas bigasque, etc.

[195] Ibid., XXXIV, 63 and 64: fecit et quadrigas multorum generum.

[196] P., VI, 12.1.

[197] Either in Ol. 69 ( = 504 B. C.) or 70 ( = 500 B. C.) or before 67 ( = 512 B. C.): Hyde, 126; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[198] P., VI, 14.4.

[199] The father won κέλητι in Ol. 66 or 67 ( = 516 or 512 B. C.): Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129 and 149a; P., VI, 13.9; the sons won in the same event in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): Hyde, 121, and pp. 50–51; Foerster, 152; P., VI, 13.10.

[200] VI, 2.1–2; he won in the heavy-armed race and in charioteering in Ols. (?) 83, 84, ( = 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211a; Foerster believes that the two statues represented Lykinos and his charioteer, and that they stood in the chariot, which is not mentioned by Pausanias.

[201] So Foerster, l. c.; see also Robert, O. S., p. 176; Rutgers, p. 144; and Klein, Archaeol.-epigr. Mitt, aus Oesterr.-Ungarn, VII, 1883, p. 70. For an improbable view, see Brunn, I, p. 479.

[202] P., VI, 12.1.

[203] Pliny, H. N., XXIV, 75.

[204] Ibid., XXXIV, 78.

[205] Ibid., XXXIV, 19.

[206] Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XV, 255–7; XVI, 258; Textbd., p. 41; terra-cotta horses, ibid., XVII, 267–75; Textbd., pp. 43–4.

[207] See Rouse, p. 167.

[208] Pindar, Pyth., V, 34 f.

[209] C. I. A., IV, 2, p. 89, 373⁹⁹; cf. Arch. Eph., 1887, p. 146 (inscribed base reproduced).

[210] Mentioned by the pseudo-Plutarch, Vit. X Orat., IV (Isokrates), 42, p. 839 c

[211] Pindar’s Pyth. XII celebrates the victory of Midas of Akragas in flute-playing; he won in Pyth. 24 and 25 ( = 490 and 486 B. C.)

[212] H. N., XXXV, 58; both at Corinth and Delphi.

[213] Strabo, VIII, 6. 20 (C. 378); Aristeid., Isthm., 45; Livy, XXXIII, 32. Dio Chrysostom has graphically described the crowds of spectators who still frequented the Isthmia in the first century A. D.: Orat., VII (Διογένης ἢ περὶ ἀρετῆς); VIII (Διογένης ἢ Ἰσθμικός); cf. Gardiner, p. 173.

[214] Plutarch, Solon, 23; Diog. Laert., 1, 55: etc.

[215] For a list of victors, see Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen und Isthmien, pp. 209 f.

[216] See Julian, Epist., XXXV.

[217] See Monceaux on the excavation of the temple of Poseidon, Gaz. arch., IX, 1884, pp. 358 f.

[218] Lucian, Nero, 2, says Olympia was the “most athletic” of all; Bacchylides, XII, emphasizes the athletic character of Nemea.

[219] The boys’ pentathlon was introduced in the fifty-third Nemead ( = 467 B. C.) and the pankration for boys earlier: cf. Pindar, Nem., V (in honor of the boy pancratiast Pytheas of Aegina; cf. Bacchylides, XIII); VII (in honor of the boy pentathlete Sogenes of Aegina, who won in Nem. 54); IV and VI (in honor of two Aeginetan boy wrestlers). The horse-race for boys is mentioned by P., VI, 16.4. Races in armor were also important: Ph., 7.

[220] See Gardiner, pp. 223 f.; list of victors in Krause, op. cit., pp. 147 f.

[221] X, 9.2 (Frazer’s transl.).

[222] See Foucart and Wescher, Inscriptions recueillies à Delphes, 1863, no. 469; Haussoulier, B. C. H., VI, 1882, pp. 217 f.; Couve, ibid., XVIII, 1894, pp. 70–100. One is in honor of the Corinthian singer Aristonos, who composed a hymn to Apollo, found at Delphi: ibid., XVII, 1893, pp. 563 f. A Samian flutist, Satyros, gained a prize without contest and recited a choral ode called Dionysos in the stadion, and played an air from Euripides’ Bacchae on the lyre; ibid., XVII, pp. 84 f. Native towns erected statues to musical victors: C. I. G., I., nos. 1719–20. One inscription records the rules to be observed by runners, who could not drink new wine, etc.: J. H. S., XVI, 1896, p. 343 and Berliner Philolog. Wochenschr., XVI, 1896, p. 831 (June 27); cf. Frazer, V, p. 260. The base of a statue of a boy wrestler has been found: A. Z., XXXI, 1874, p. 57.

[223] X, 9.2–3; on Phaÿllos, see Foerster, 794 (undated).

[224] H. N., XXXIV, 59.

[225] Ibid., §57.

[226] On Pyth., IX, Argum., Boeckh, p. 401 B.

[227] XXIV, 7.10.

[228] To be discussed infra, in Ch. V.

[229] II, 1.7.

[230] I. G. B., nos. 120, 133, 148.

[231] C. I. G., II, 2888.

[232] P., VIII, 38.5; cf. Reisch, p. 39, n. 1.

[233] P., I, 23.9; C. I. A., I, 376; I. G. B., 39.

[234] P., I, 23.10.

[235] P., I, 24.3; cf. Reisch, p. 39.

[236] Pseudo-Plutarch, Vit. X Orat., already mentioned.

[237] P., I, 18.3 and IX, 32.8; cf. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 79.

[238] Contra Leocr., p. 51 (ed. Reiske, p. 176.)

[239] Cf. Furtwaengler, A. M., V, 1880, pp. 27 f.

[240] C. I. A., I, 419; he won in Ol.77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[241] C. I. A., II, 3, 1303.

[242] Aelian, Var. Hist., IX, 32. Reisch, p. 39, ascribes these to the monument of the older Kimon, who won in chariot-racing three times at Olympia: Hdt., VI, 103; Plut., Cato Major, 5; Foerster, 124 and 132.

[243] C. I. A., II, 3, 1300.

[244] Ibid., 1301; cf. C. I. G., I, 233.

[245] Ibid., 1305, 1312.

[246] Ibid., 1302.

[247] Ibid., 1304.

[248] Ibid., 1323.

[249] Ibid., 1313.

[250] Ibid., 1314.

[251] Ibid., 1318–20.

[252] The Ἑλλανοδίκαι, mentioned by P., V, 9. 4 f. and elsewhere; sometimes he calls them merely οἱ Ἠλεῖοι: e. g., VI, 13.9.

[253] E. g., P., VI, 13.9, says that the Eleans allowed Pheidolas to dedicate a statue of his mare; in VI, 3.6, he says that they allowed the wrestler Kratinos to set up a statue of his trainer.

[254] XXXIV, 16. See infra, pp. 54 and 354.

[255] VI, 1.1.

[256] Inschr. v. Ol., p. 236.

[257] Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 19 f. (nude youths with lost attributes so that they can not be named with certainty); Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, 47 (the oldest); VII, 48 = F. W., 352 (Apollo, following Overbeck, Gr. Kunstmytk., III, Apollon, p. 35, fig. 6); VIII, 49 = F. W., 353; VIII, 51–4 and 57 (the latter is a boxer of the fifth century B. C. = Fig. 2 in text); VI, 50; VI, 59 (right arm of a fifth-century B. C. diskobolos); VI, 63 (right lower leg). Purgold, Annali, LVII, 1885, pp. 167 f., makes these diskoboloi decorative in character.

[258] De Ridder, no. 747.

[259] Ibid., no. 746.

[260] Ibid., no. 636.

[261] Carapanos, Dodone et ses Ruines, 1878, Pl. XI, 1 and 1 bis (probably not Atalanta, as Carapanos suggests on p. 31, no. 4).

[262] B. C. H., XXI, 1897, Pls. X and XI.

[263] A. M., XV, 1890, p. 365.

[264] Jb., I, 1886, pp. 163 f., and Pl. IX; II, 1887, pp. 95 f.

[265] Carapanos, op. cit., Pl. XIII, 1.

[266] E. g., see E. von Sacken, Die antiken Bronzen des k. k. Muenz- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, Pl. 37, fig. 4, and Pl. 45, fig. 1; cf. J. H. S., I, Pl. V, fig. 1, text, pp. 176–7. See lists, from which many of the above examples are taken, in Reisch, p. 39, and Rouse, pp. 172 f.

[267] The seven fragments collected by Treu, which are two-fifths to two-thirds life-size: Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2, (= Fig. 78, infra) and Textbd., p. 216, no. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3, 4 and Textbd., p. 216, n. 4 and fig. 242.

[268] V, 27.2–3.

[269] Reisch, pp. 39 f., gives examples of these for chariot victories at the Panathenaia and the games at Oropos, which latter were imitated from the Panathenaia.

[270] V, 16.3: καὶ δὴ ἀναθεῖναί σφισιν ἔστι γραψαμέναις εἰκόνας. Rouse, p. 167, n. 9, shows that these words do not mean “statues of themselves with their names engraved on them,” as Frazer translates, but painted reliefs.

[271] Benndorf, Griech. und Sicil. Vasenbilder, I, Pl. IX, pp. 13 f.

[272] I, 22.7. Reisch, p. 40, believes this represented a Panathenaic victor.

[273] H. N., XXXV, 99. Cf. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Kuenstler, 1883, p. 35.

[274] Ibid., §75.

[275] Ibid., §63.

[276] Ibid., §141.

[277] Ibid., §106.

[278] Ibid., §71.

[279] Ibid., §130.

[280] Ibid., §144.

[281] P., VI, 14.13. He won the pentathlon twice some time between Ols. 126 and 132 ( = 276 and 252 B. C.): Hyde, 139; Foerster, 451 and 456; the inscription on one has been recovered: Inschr. v. Ol., 176.

[282] P., VI, 3.11. His victories in running races occurred in Ols. (?) 95, (?) 97 and 99; ( = 400, 392 and 384 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316. The inscription from the base of one is preserved in A. G., XIII, 15.

[283] P., VI, 2.1–2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211a.

[284] P., VI, 15.10; he won the pankration and wrestling match in Ol. 142 ( = 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[285] P., VI, 1.4; he won in the two- and four-horse chariot-races in Ols. 102, 103 ( = 372 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345; for the inscription on its base, see Inschr. v. Ol., 166. P. Gardner, in J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 245, infers that he had only one victory, in 372 B. C.

[286] P., VI, 2.2; he won in Ols. (?) 86, 87 ( = 436, 432 B. C.): Hyde, 13; Foerster, 250, 256.

[287] P., VI, 14.12; Inschr. v . Ol., 170; ibid., no. 154 belongs to the victory mentioned by Pausanias. He won κέλητι in Ol. (?) 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327.

[288] E. g., Deinomenes set up a chariot-group to his father Hiero: P., VI, 12.1; Glaukos had a statue dedicated by his son: VI, 10.3; Menedemos set up a statue to his father of the same name: Inschr. v. Ol., 214; the sons of Hiero II, the son of Hierokles, of Syracuse, set up in honor of their father two statues by the Syracusan statuary Mikon, one on horseback, the other on foot: P., VI, 12.2 f.; Hyde 105a and pp. 44–5; another of the same Hiero was set up at Olympia by his sons: VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147a; these latter, however, are “honor” and not victor statues.

[289] E. g., Hermokrates dedicated a statue to his son Kleitomachos of Thebes: P., VI, 15.3 f.; he won in pankration and boxing in Ols. 141 and 142 ( = 216, 212 B. C.): Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476. The epigram by Alkaios (= Minor) of Messenia is preserved in A. G., IX, 588. For inscriptions after the time of Augustus, see Inschr. v. Ol., 215 (Menedemos to his son of the same name); 216 (Aristodemos to his son Lykomedes of Elis); Foerster, 550; Inschr. v. Ol., 218 (Timolas to his son Archiadas of Elis); Foerster, 535; etc.

[290] E. g., Klaudia Kleodike to her son M. Antonios Kallipos Peisanos of Elis: Inschr. v. Ol., 223; Foerster, 568.

[291] E. g., Diodoros to his brother Nikanor of Ephesos: Inschr. v. Ol., 227; he won the pankration in Ol. 217 ( = 89 A. D.): Foerster, 666.

[292] E. g., Loukios Betilenos (= Vetulenus) set one up to T. Klaudios Aphrodeisios of Elis (?): Inschr. v. Ol., 226. He won κέλητι in Ol. 208 ( = 53 A. D.): Foerster, 634; two Eleans set up statues, one, M. Antonios Peisanos, to Germanicus Caesar, adopted son of the Emperor Tiberius (Foerster, 612), the other, Gnaios Markios, to Tiberius or Germanicus: Inschr. v. Ol., 221 and 222.

[293] E. g., Mikon the trainer to an unknown Samian boxer: P., VI, 2.9; Hyde, 19 and pp. 29–30; Foerster, 804.

[294] P., VI, 3.8; cf. VII, 17.6 and 13 f.; Afr.; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6.

[295] P., VI, 6.2; he won some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 ( = 408 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355.

[296] P., VI, 17.2; he won some time between Ols. (?) 114 and 132 ( = 324 and 252 B. C.): Hyde, 172; Foerster, 354.

[297] P., VI, 17.2; two of the victories in the stade-race fell in Ols. 129 and 130 ( = 264 and 260 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 173; Foerster, 440–2; 444–5.

[298] P., VI, 17.4. He won the boys’ wrestling match some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 118 ( = 320 and 308 B. C.): Hyde, 178; Foerster, 377.

[299] For the one at Olympia, see P., VI, 8.5; for the one at Pellene, id., VII, 27.5; he won in Ol. 94 ( = 396 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286. Similarly, Hiero II, King of Syracuse, had two statues honoris causa at Olympia set up by his fellow citizens: P., VI, 15. 6; Hyde, 147a.

[300] Inschr. v. Ol., 169; cf. P., VI, 13.11; he won the pankration some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.): Hyde, 123; Foerster, 758 (undated).

[301] Inschr. v. Ol., 186; cf. P., VI, 15.6; he won twice in boxing between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 ( = 204 and 192 B. C.): Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510 and 512.

[302] Inschr. v. Ol., 224; he won the boys’ wrestling match in Roman days; Foerster, 823.

[303] P., VI, 2.2–3; Thukydides, V, 49–50; he won in Ol. 90 ( = 420 B. C.): Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270.

[304] Vol. II, p. 222.

[305] So Scherer, p. 5. His evidence is from inscriptions of imperial days (e. g., Inschr. v. Ol., 218, 223, 227), when the dedicatory formula differed somewhat from that of earlier times.

[306] Inschr. v. Ol., 147–8; cf. P., VI, 10.9; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.

[307] VI, 3.6. He won sometime between Ols. (?) 120 and 130 ( = 300 and 260 B. C.): Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433.

[308] VI, 8.3. He won the stade-race and the chariot-race in Ols. 93 and 104 ( = 408 and 364 B. C.) respectively: Afr.; Hyde, 75; Foerster, 277, 350.

[309] P., VI, 14.6; he won in wrestling matches six times in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 ( = 536–516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, 141.

[310] P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–6.

[311] P., VI, 4.6; Hyde, 41 and cf. p. 36; Foerster, 384, 392.

[312] P., VI, 5.1.; VII, 27.6; Afr.; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279.

[313] P., VI, 10.1; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster, 137.

[314] The age of boy victors at Olympia seems to have been 17–20: see Inschr. v. Ol., 56, ll. II f. (referring to the order of the Augustalia, or Σεβαστὰ ἰσολύμπια, celebrated in Naples, which were modeled after those of Olympia, cf. C. I. G., III, 5805). Archippos of Mytilene won the crown for boxing at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and on the Isthmus among the men at not over twenty years of age: P., VI, 15.1; Inschr. v. Ol., 173; he won sometime between Ols. (?) 115 and 125 ( = 320 and 280 B. C.): Hyde, 140; Foerster, 757 (undated). Since Pausanias mentions this as a remarkable record, we should suspect his statement that the boy runner Damiskos of Messene was but twelve when he won the stade-race: VI, 2.10; he won Ol. 103 ( = 368 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 20; Foerster, 343. Another victor, of unknown date, Nikasylos of Rhodes, was disqualified when eighteen years old from entering the boys’ wrestling match because of his age, and so entered that of the men: P., VI, 14.1–2; Hyde, 125; Foerster, 787. He died at twenty. Such inconsistencies in Pausanias’ account show that the Hellanodikai exercised some discretion in their judgment, taking into consideration not merely age, but size and strength.

[315] On maintenance at the Prytaneion, see Plato, de Rep., V, 465 D; Apology, 36 D; Plut., Aristeides, 27; Athenæus, VI, 32 (p. 237, quoting Timokles), and X, 6 (p. 414, quoting Xenophanes); R. Schoell, Die Speisung im Prytaneion zu Athen, Hermes, VI, 1872, pp. 14 f. (and Athenian inscription, pp. 30 f.) He concludes that this honor was given to Athenian victors only in the chariot-race at Olympia, and in gymnic contests at the other great games. Solon ordained that these meals be frugal, consisting of a barley loaf on common days and a wheaten one on festival days: see Athenæus, IV, 14 (p. 137 e).

[316] C. I. A., II, 2, 965.

[317] Dio Cassius, LII, 30, 5–6.

[318] Suet., Octav., 45; cf. Gardiner, pp. 174–5.

[319] P., VI, 13.1; Afr.; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176–7, 181–2, 187–8.

[320] P., VI, 18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323.

[321] P., VI, 3.11; Afr.; Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316.

[322] P., VI, 2.6–7; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309.

[323] P., VI, 2.2–3; Thukyd., V, 49–50; Krause, Olympia, p. 144.

[324] P., V, 21.3–4. Eupolos won in Ol. 98 ( = 388 B. C.): Foerster, 313. See Plans A and B.

[325] P., V, 21.5; Kallipos won Ol. 112 ( = 332 B. C.): Foerster, 385.

[326] P., V, 21.8 f.; on Straton, see Foerster, 570–1.

[327] P., V, 21.16–17; see Foerster, 598 (for the Elean boy wrestler Polyktor, son of Damonikos); P., V, 21.15; Foerster 684 (for the boxer Didas and his antagonist Sarapammon, both Egyptians). On cases of bribery at Olympia, see Gardiner, pp. 134–5 and 174; Krause, Olympia, pp. 144 f.

[328] P., V, 21.18.

[329] P., V, 21.12–14.

[330] Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum,² II, 689; Cavvadias (Kabbadias), Fouilles d’Épidaure, I, 1891, p. 77, no. 238.

[331] Ph., 45. He says that victories were bought and sold in his day and that the practice was encouraged by trainers. Cf. Gardiner, p. 219.

[332] Lucian, Nero, 9. Cf. Gardiner, pp. 218–219

[333] See Gardiner, p. 77.

[334] Diod., XIII, 82; Foerster, 271 and 276. Suetonius says that Nero, on arriving in Naples after his tour of Greece, made his entrance in a chariot drawn by white horses through a breach in the city wall “according to the practice of victors at the Greek games,” and that he entered Rome in the triumphal chariot of Augustus dressed in a purple tunic and a gold-embroidered cloak through a breach in the wall of the Circus Maximus: Nero, 25. Though Plutarch says that victors could tear down part of the city walls (Quaest. conviv., II, 5.2), such extravagances seem to have been introduced late and not to have belonged to the great days of Greek athletics.

[335] Cf. Waldstein, J. H. S., I, 1880, pp. 198–9.

[336] Hdt., V, 47; cf. Eustath. on Hom., Iliad, III, p. 383, 43; Foerster, 138.

[337] P., VI, 6.4 f.; Afr.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[338] P., VI, 6.7–11; Strabo, VI, 1.5 (C. 255); Ael., Var. Hist., VIII, 18.

[339] So Kallimachos apud Plin., H. N., VII, 152 (= S. Q., 494); he also states that two of his statues, one at Lokroi, the other at Olympia, were struck by lightning on the same day.

[340] P., VI, 11.8–9; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[341] P., VI, 11.2.

[342] P., VI, 9.8; cf. Suidas, s. v. Κλεομήδης; Foerster, 162; cf. Hyde, 90a (though there was no statue at Olympia).

[343] VI, 9.6–8.

[344] Thus P., VI, 11.9, says that statues of Theagenes were erected within and beyond Greece and could heal sickness. Lucian says that in his day the statues of both Theagenes on Thasos and of Polydamas of Skotoussa at Olympia cured fevers: Deorum Concilium, 12. Polydamas won the pankration in Ol. 93 ( = 408 B. C.): Afr.; his statue by Lysippos was set up later: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279. Gardiner has recently called attention to the fact that the evidence for the canonization of the five victors mentioned is mostly late, and he therefore doubts if it had anything to do with their victories at Olympia: B.S.A., XXII, 1916–18, pp. 96, 97.

[345] Ll. 1161 f.

[346] De Rep., V, 465 D. E.

[347] De Rep., 620 B.; cf. Gardiner, pp. 129–130.

[348] Xen., Hell., I, 5.19; P., VI, 7.4 f.; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[349] Damagetos won in boxing (?) in Ol. 56 ( = 556 B. C): Hermipp., fr. 14 (= F. H. G. III, p. 39); A. G., VII, 88; Pl., H. N., VII, 119; Foerster, 108.

[350] Hbk., pp. 215–216.

[351] Ap. Athenæum, X, 6 (pp. 413–14); Gardiner, p. 79, has given a translation of his protest.

[352] Ap. Athen., X, 5 (p. 413).

[353] De Rep., 404 A.; 410 D. (cf. 535 D.).

[354] Προτρεπτικὸς λόγος ἐπὶ τὰς τέχνας. For translation, see Gardiner, p. 188.

[355] See Secchi, Mosaico Antoniniano, and Baum., I, p. 223, fig. 174.

[356] VI, 1.1: ποιήσασθαι καὶ ἵππων ἀγωνιστῶν μνήμην καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀθλητῶν.

[357] See Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol., p. 239.

[358] Pp. 272–3.

[359] P., VI, 10.8; Hyde, 99 b and p. 44; Foerster, 77–9.

[360] Inschr. v. 0l., 236; Foerster, 686. It was the custom also at Delphi to dedicate chariots; thus we have already mentioned that Arkesilas IV of Kyrene dedicated his chariot there after a Pythian victory in Ol. 78.3 ( = 462 B. C.): Pindar, Pyth., V, 34 f. An inscription tells us of a bronze wheel being dedicated to the Dioskouroi: I. G. A., p. 173, 43a.

[361] E. g., Inschr. v. Ol., 142 (Pantares); 160 (Kyniska).

[362] E. g., ibid., 143 (Gelo); 178 (Glaukon); 190 (son of Aristotle); 191 (Agilochos); 194 (son of Nikodromos); 197 (Antigenes); 217 (Lykomedes); 222 (Gnaios Markios); 233 (Kasia Mnasithea).

[363] Thus ibid., 142, 143, 236.

[364] Ibid., 178, 190 (supplied), 191 (supplied), 194, 197, 217, 227, 233 (supplied).

[365] Ibid., 160.

[366] Ibid., 177.

[367] V, 21.1.

[368] V, 25.1.

[369] A. M., V, 1880, p. 29.

[370] Inschr. v. Ol., 144; here in the renewed inscription occurs also the word ἀνέθηκεν; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[371] L. c., p. 31, n. 1; here he gives a list of the metrical exceptions of the fifth century B. C.; from inscriptions, that of Aineas, A. Z., XXXV, 1877, p. 38, no. 86; Foerster, 244 (an inscription not appearing in Inschr. v. Ol.), and Tellon, A. Z., ibid., p. 190, no. 91, and XXXVIII, 1880, p. 70 (= Inschr. v. Ol., 147–8); from Pausanias, that of Kleosthenes (wrongly Kleisthenes), VI, 10.6, and Damarchos, VI, 8.2. The list should he corrected as follows. From inscriptions: Tellon, boy boxer of Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 10.9; Inschr. v. Ol., 147–8; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237; Kyniskos, boy boxer of Ol. (?) 80 ( = 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Inschr. v. Ol., 149; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; Charmides, boy boxer of Ol. (?) 79 ( = 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Inschr. v. Ol., 156 (renewed); Hyde, 58; Foerster, 763 (undated); ... krates, boy runner, Ol. (?) 93 ( = 408 B. C.): Inschr. v. Ol., 157; Foerster, 280. From Pausanias: Damarchos, boxer, who won before Ol. 75 ( = 480 B. C.) or after Ol. 83 ( = 448 B. C.): VI, 8.2; Hyde, 74 and p. 38; Foerster, 452.

[372] E. g., the Cretan Philonides, courier of Alexander the Great, dedicated his portrait statue to the god: Inschr. v. Ol., 276; P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 154 a.

[373] Inschr. v. Ol., 144.

[374] So Dittenberger, and Furtwaengler (l. c., p. 30, n. 2), following Roehl, I. G. A., on no. 388; Roehl believed that originally the word Lokroi or the name of the victor’s father appeared as the dedicator, and later, because the victor wished to remove the expense from his city or because his father died, Euthymos himself restored it; see discussion of Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol., pp. 249–520. The original inscription has ἔστησε.

[375] Inschr. v. Ol., 264; Roehl, I. G. A., 589.

[376] So Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol., p. 241, and no. 213; I. G. B., 72; Foerster, following the earlier dating of Dittenberger (A. Z., XXXV, 1877, p. 42, nos. 49–50), dates the two victories later, in Ols. (?) 200, 203 ( = 21 and 33 A. D.); nos. 614 and 619.

[377] Inschr. v. Ol., 225, 228, 229–30, 231, 232.

[378] Op. cit., pp. 240–1.

[379] Furtwaengler, l. c., p. 30; Reisch, p. 37; Rouse, p. 167; Frazer, III, p. 624. Against the view that victor statues were first called votive in Roman days, see Purgold, A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 89, on no. 390 (= inscription of Glaukon = Inschr. v. Ol., 178; however, he was a victor in chariot-racing).

[380] E. g., by Scherer, p. 5; Kuhnert, Jahrb. fuer cl. Phil., Supplbd., XIV, 1885, p. 257, n. 7; Flasch, in Baum., II, p. 1096; cf. Dittenberger-Purgold, Inschr. v. Ol., p. 240; Frazer, III, pp. 623–4.

[381] E. g., Ziemann, de Anathematis Graecis, 1885, p. 54.

[382] Hermes, XIII, 1878, p. 437, n. 2.

[383] Pp. 35 f.; followed by M. K. Welsh, B. S. A., XI, 1904–5, pp. 33–4.

[384] E. g., Pythokles, who won the pentathlon in Ol. 82 ( = 452 B. C.), does not mention his contest on the base (Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3), nor does Pausanias give it (VI, 7.10); we learn it only from the Oxy. Pap.: see Robert O. S., p. 185; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295.

[385] On p. 36, n. 1, he points out that at Athens the usual dedication formula was omitted; e. g., in the inscription of the Isthmian victor Diophanes, C. I. A., II, 3, 1301, and in that of a Panathenaic victor, ibid., 1302. The presence of the word in an Athenian inscription referring to the Olympic victor Kallias rests on an uncertain restoration; ibid., I, 419; he won Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[386] Pp. 167 f.

[387] Both Reisch, p. 36, and Dittenberger, op. cit., p. 240, agree also in opposing Furtwaengler’s Versnoth explanation.

[388] Thus Pausanias mentions the “chariot, horses, charioteer and Kyniska herself”: VI, 1.6. Again he speaks of the “chariot and statue of Gelo”: VI, 9.4–5; in referring to the chariot of Kleosthenes by Hagelaïdas he says: “Along with the statue of the chariot and horses, he [Kleosthenes] dedicated statues of himself and the charioteer,” and even adds the names of the horses: VI, 10.6. In VI, 18.1, he mentions the group of Kratisthenes as “the chariot, Nike mounting it, and Kratisthenes”; in VI, 16.6 he speaks of “a small chariot and figure of the father of Polypeithes, the wrestler Kalliteles”; etc. Cf. Dittenberger, op. cit., pp. 239–40.

[389] He won in Ol. 255 ( = 241 A. D.): Foerster, 739: Inschr. v. Ol., 241.

[390] No dedication, however, is inscribed on it: I. G. A., 160; Bronz. v. Ol., on no. 1101, p. 180.

[391] Chionis, a famous runner from Sparta, had a tablet, which listed his victories, set up beside his statue at Olympia: P., VI, 13.2; he won in Ols. 28–31 ( = 668–656 B. C.): Hyde, 111; Foerster, 39, 41–46. His statue was erected long after his death, in Ol. 77 or 78, and so probably the stele also: Hyde, p. 48. Deinosthenes, who won the stade-race in Ol. 116 ( = 316 B. C.), had a slab set up beside his statue at Olympia, on which was inscribed the distance between it and a similar one in Sparta: P., VI, 16.8; Afr.; Hyde, 163; Foerster, 403.

[392] He won the chariot-race in Ol. 33 ( = 648 B. C.): Foerster, 51.

[393] P., VI, 19.2; on the mistake of Pausanias, see Flasch, in Baum., II, p. 1104 B.

[394] Or., XXXI, 596 R ( = 328 M).

[395] H. N., XXXIV, 17.

[396] H. N., XXXIV, 23–4. The subject of portrait honorary statues at Athens has been treated by L. B. Stenessen, de Historia variisque Generibus statuarum iconicarum apud Athenienses, Christiania, 1877; for all Greece by M. K. Welsh, Honorary Statues in Ancient Greece, B. S. A., XI, 1904–5, pp. 32–49.

[397] See list in Hyde, Index on p. V.

[398] King Hiero of Syracuse had five: Hyde, 147 a (= three) and 105a (= two); Antigonos Monophthalmos had three: Hyde, 103 d, 147 f, 151 b.

[399] Archidamas III, son of Agesilaos: P., VI, 4.9; Hyde, 42 a; VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 c; Areus, son of Akrotatos, P., VI, 12.5; Hyde, 105 b; VI, 15.9; Hyde, 148 a: Inschr. v. Ol., 308.

[400] Demetrios Poliorketes, P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 e; Inschr. v. Ol., 304; VI, 16.3; Hyde, 152 b.

[401] Pyrrhos: P., VI, 14.9; Hyde, 128 a.

[402] Hiero II: P., VI, 12.2 f. (two statues set up by his sons: Hyde, 105 a); VI, 15.6 (three statues, one set up by sons, two by fellow-citizens: Hyde, 147 a).

[403] Philip II, son of Amyntas; Alexander the Great; Seleukos Nikator, son of Antiochos; Antigonos, son of Philip, surnamed Monophthalmos; these four princes had statues together: P., VI, 11.1; Hyde, 103 a, b, c, d. Antigonos had also other statues in different parts of the Altis: P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 f; Inschr. v. Ol., 305; VI, 16.2; Hyde, 151 b. Antigonos Doson and Philip III had statues together: P., VI, 16.3; Hyde, 152 a. The Syrian king Seleukos Nikator had another statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.2; Hyde, 151 c. Three of the Egyptian dynasty had statues: Ptolemy Lagi, P., VI, 15.10; Hyde, 149 a; Philadelphus, P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 173 a; and another whose name is uncertain, P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 166 a.

[404] P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41 b.

[405] P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184 a; Inschr. v. Ol., 293.

[406] P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 d.

[407] P., VI, 14.9–10; Hyde, 128 b.

[408] P., VI, 14.11 Hyde, 128 c in Ol. (?) 127 ( = 272 B. C.)

[409] P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a; erected between Ols. (?) 103 and 115 ( = 368 and 320 B. C.).

[410] P., VI, 16.5; Inschr. v. Ol., 276, 277; Hyde, 154 a.

[411] P., VI, 14.9–10.

[412] P., VI, 15.7; Hyde, 147 b.

[413] P., VI, 15.2; Hyde, 143 a.

[414] VI, 12.5. The date of his victory is unknown, but fell probably in Ol. 134 or 135 ( = 244 or 240 B. C.): Hyde, 105 c and pp. 44–5; Foerster, 463.

[415] He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 102 ( = 384 and 372 B. C.): P., VI, 3.2–3; Hyde, 23 and pp. 30–1; Foerster, 335.

[416] On the ancient custom of carrying off votive offerings and images from vanquished foes, see P., VIII, 46.2–4. He shows that Augustus only followed a long-established precedent. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 36, in speaking of the great number of statues plundered from Greece by Mummius and the Luculli, quotes G. Licinius Mucianus (three times consul), who died before 77 B. C., to the effect that 73,000 statues were still to be seen at Rhodes in his time, and that supposably as many more were yet to be found in Athens, Olympia, and Delphi.

[417] At the beginning of his description of Elis (V, 1.2), Pausanias says that 217 years had passed since the restoration of Corinth. As that event fell in 44 B. C., he was writing his fifth book in 174 A. D., i. e., in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. With this date other chronological references in his work agree. That the fifth book was written before the sixth is deduced from a comparison of V, 14.6 with VI, 22.8 f. Though the sixth book, therefore, can not have been composed earlier than 174 A. D., it may, of course, have been written much later. On the dates of the various books, see Frazer, I, pp. xv f. On the great importance of Pausanias for the whole history of Greek art, see C. Robert, Pausanias als Schriftsteller, 1909, p. 1.

[418] Historia naturalis, Bks. XXXIV-XXXVI (ed. Jex-Blake).

[419] This process has never been carried further nor with greater insight than in Furtwaengler’s great work, Meisterwerke der griech. Plastik, 1893.

[420] In his Handbuch der Archaeologie der Kunst, 3d ed., 1848, by F. G. Welcker, p. 740.

[421] Chapter VII, infra, pp. 321 f.

[422] Cf. Furtwaengler-Urlichs, Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur (Handausgabe³), 1911, p. 101.

[423] Pro. Imag., 11, pp. 490 f.: Ἀκούω ... μήδ’ Ὀλυμπίασιν ἐξεῖναι τοῖς νικῶσι μείζους τῶν σωμάτων ἀνεστάναι τοὺς ἀνδριάντας, κ. τ. λ.; Scherer, pp. 10 f.; Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., p. 250.

[424] VI, 5.1. On the statue, see E. Preuner, Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck, p. 26; for the recovered sculptured base, see Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 209 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LV. 1–3. Polydamas won the pankration in Ol. 93 ( = 408 B. C.), but his statue was set up long after, in the time of Lysippos: Afr.; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279.

[425] Inschr. v. Ol., 146; cf. Scherer, pp. 10–11. He won in Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[426] Inschr. v. Ol., 159 (renewed); I. G. B., 86. Eukles won in Ols. (?) 90–93, ( = 420–408 B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.

[427] The lost work of Aristotle is mentioned by Diogenes Laertios, V, 26. For the scholiast, see Boeckh, p. 158; and F. H. G., II, p. 183 (= Aristotle, fragm. 264), IV., p. 307 (= Apollas, fragm. 7).

[428] Pollux, Onomastikon, II, 158, says that the cubit (πῆχυς) contains 24 δάκτυλοι or 6 παλασταί; it was therefore 18.25 inches and the finger 0.7 inch long. The Solonian cubit of 444 mm. gives 17.53 inches, the finger .73 inch, which makes Diagoros’ statue 6 feet 1.75 inches tall.Though the cubit was later lengthened to about 2 feet, the old size was retained for measuring wood and stone: cf. Boeckh, Metrologische Untersuchungen, 1838, p. 212.

[429] Scherer, p. 11, gave its height as 6 feet and 5 inches.

[430] Diagoras won in Ol. 79 ( = 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 59; Foerster, 220; cf. Inschr. v. Ol., 151 (renewed); Damagetos in Ols. 82–3 ( = 452–448 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 62; Foerster, 253; cf. Inschr. v. Ol., 152.

[431] Inschr. v. Ol., 165 (renewed); he won Ol. 82 ( = 452 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376.

[432] E. g., Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 147–8, Tellon, who won the boys’ boxing match in Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237; ibid., 155 (renewed), Hellanikos, boy boxer, who won in Ol. 89 ( = 424 B. C.): P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263; ibid., 158, boxer Damoxenidas, who won some time between Ols. 95 and 100 ( = 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54; Foerster, 319; ibid., 164, Xenokles, boy wrestler, who won some time between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 ( = 404 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; ibid., 177, Telemachos, chariot victor some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513.

[433] E. g., Inschr. v. Ol., 182, Thrasonides, who won κέλητι πωλικῷ in the third century B. C.

[434] Furtw., Mp., p. 246, fig. 99; Mw., p. 447, fig. 69. See p. 155.

[435] See Chapter VI., infra, p. 295.

[436] H. N., XXXIV, 65.

[437] Supra, p. 28 and n. 1; Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 216 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2–4; cf. Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890, pp. 147 f.; cf. infra, Ch. VII, pp. 324–5, c. d. e.

[438] Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 29 f; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1–4, 9–10; cf. infra, pp. 162–3.

[439] See Inschr. v. Ol., pp. 234–5; Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 10–12; cf. infra, p. 322 and notes 1–7.

[440] Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 10–11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2a; F. W., no. 323; etc.

[441] Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a; F. W., 325.

[442] Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkmaeler, p. 104. On nudity and athletics, see the article by Furtwaengler, Die Bedeutung der Gymnastik in der griech. Kunst, in Saemann’s Monatschr. fuer paedagog. Reform., 1905; W. Mueller, Nacktheit und Entbloessung in der alt-orient. und aelteren griech. Kunst, Diss. inaug., Leipsic, 1906.

[443] The boxer Euryalos “first put a cincture (ζῶμα) about him,” in his bout with Epeios: Iliad, XXIII, 683. See also XXIII, 710; Od., XVIII, 67 and 76.

[444] E. g., wrestlers on a black-figured amphora in the Vatican: J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 288, fig. 24; boxers, runners, and a jumper on a b.-f. stamnos in the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris (no. 252): Gardiner, p. 418, fig. 142, from de Ridder, Cat. des vases peints, I, p. 160.

[445] H. N., XXXIV, 18.

[446] Ph., 17. This mantle was called τρίβων—the “worn,” hence was thin and coarse; Hermann-Bluemner, Griech. Privatalt., p. 175; etc.

[447] P., I, 44.1; Eustath., on Iliad, XXIII, 683, p. 1324, 12 f. Dionys. Hal., Antiq. Rom., VII, 72, says that it was the Spartan Akanthos, who won in a running race, i. e., δόλιχος, in Ol. 16; so also Afr.; see P., V, 8.6; Foerster, 17. Orsippos won the stade-race in Ol. 15: Afr.; Eustath., l. c.; Dionys., l. c. Foerster, 16. But Didymos, schol. on Iliad, XXIII, 683, says that Orsippos won in Ol. 32 ( = 652 B. C.); similarly Etym. magn., p. 242, s. v. γυμνάσια; however, Boeckh, Kleine Schriften, IV, p. 173, has shown that Ol. 15 is right. Isidoros, in a confused passage, Orig., XVIII, 17.2, says that athletes were early girded and dropped the loin-cloth in consequence of a runner getting weary, whence a decree of the time of the archon Hippomenes at Athens (Ol. 14.2) allowed athletes to contend nude; the same story is told in the Schol. Venet. on the Iliad, XXIII, 683; see Foerster, 16.

[448] A. G., App. 272; Cougny, Anth. Pal., 1890, III (App. nov.), p. 4, no. 24; P., I, 44.1, says that his tomb was near that of Koroibos.

[449] C. I. G., I, 1050 (with Boeckh’s commentary on the loin-cloth); C. I. G. G. S., 52; Kaibel, Epigr. Gr., ex lapid. conl., 1878, no. 843; Frazer, II, p. 538. The schol. on Thukyd., I, 6, quotes four lines of it. The name was spelled Orrippos in the Megarian dialect.

[450] Ph., 17. The story is told also by P., V, 6.7–8. Peisirhodos won in Ol. (?) 88 ( = 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.2; Hyde, 63; Foerster, 314. This brings the change near the end of the fifth century B. C. For the spelling of the name of the victor, see Foerster, l. c.

[451] I. 6. Here the historian is speaking of athletes in general; Dionysios, VII, 72 and P., I, 44.1, speak only of runners.

Scherer, p. 20, n. 1 (following Krause, I, pp. 405 and 501, n. 18) thought that the words of Thukydides (τὸ δὲ πάλαι) referred to the time antedating Ol. 15, and not later, and concluded that in wrestling (introduced in Ol. 18 = 708 B. C.) and boxing (introduced in Ol. 23 = 688 B. C.) the contestants were always nude. Boeckh, however, rightly concluded that the historian meant that in Ol. 15 only the runners laid off the loin-cloth, while other athletes did so just before his day: C. I. G., I, p. 554.

[452] De Rep., 452 D. He says that the custom of nudity was introduced first by the Cretans and then by the Spartans.

[453] Thus von Mach says (p. 240): “They were dedicatory statues representing events that had taken place in honor of the gods,” and adds that on such occasions persons were draped, except where such drapery would cause inconvenience, i. e., in gymnastic contests.

[454] See Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[455] E. g., the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, no. 973 (fig. 29, p. 557, restored); Guide, 597 (fig. 28); Joubin, p. 134, fig. 40; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 536.6; B. Com. Rom., XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2, (two views) and XVIII (restored), pp. 335–365 (G. Ghirardini).

[456] Pollux, III, 155, wrongly states that runners wore soft leathern boots (ἐνδρομίδες); these never appear on vases, as Krause, I, p. 362 and n. 5, and Gardiner, p. 273, point out, and were the usual footwear of messengers. Cf. Mueller, Arch. d. Kunst, §363, 6.

[457] At Ephesos in Thukydides’ day: III, 104; earlier on Delos: Thukyd., ibid., and Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, 146 f. Maidens and youths wrestled in the gymnasia on Chios: Athenæus, XIII, 20 (p. 566 e.); cf. Boeckh, C. I. G., II, text to no. 2214.

[458] On athletic contests for women in Sparta, see Plutarch, Lykourgos, 14; Xen., de Rep. lac., I, 4. Aristoph., Lysistr., 80 f., says that the beauty and color of the Lakonian woman Lampito came from gymnastic exercises.

[459] P., V, 6.7. He says that those who broke the Elean rule were thrown from Mount Typaion (a rock south of the river). Their exclusion was doubtless due to a religious taboo and not to modesty; Gardiner, p. 47. P., VI, 20.9, says that the restriction did not include maidens. As there is no other reference about unmarried girls at Olympia, it is probable that girls were not admitted; cf. Krause, Olympia, p. 54 and n. 9.

[460] E. g., Kyniska, P., VI, 1.6, and other Spartan victresses, III, 8.1; Euryleonis, who won in a two-horse chariot-race in Ol. (?) 103 ( = 368 B. C.): P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344; Belistiche, mistress of Ptolemy Philadelphus, was the first to win συνωρίδι πώλων in Ol. 129 ( = 264 B. C.): P., V, 8.11; Foerster, 443; Theodota, daughter of the Elean Antiphanes, won ἅρματι πωλικῷ in the first century B. C.: Inschr. v. Ol., 203; Foerster, 547.

[461] P., VI, 20.9. The inscribed marble base of a statue of one of these priestesses has been found at Olympia: see Inschr. v. Ol., 485.

[462] See P., V, 6.7–8.

[463] However, we do not know if they were held in the same year as that of the Olympic festival, or at what time of the year. See L. Weniger, Klio, Beitraege zur alten Geschichte, V, 1905, pp. 22 f.

[464] P., V, 162–4. These πίνακες were probably iconic (portrait) paintings. Holes have been found on columns of the Heraion to which they may have been attached. On the girls’ race, see B. B., text to no. 521 (Arndt).

[465] It is a marble copy of an original bronze which is generally dated about 470 B. C., because of archaic reminiscences in the head. It represents a girl of about 14 years. See Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 364; Guide, 378, and references; F. W., 213; Bulle, pp. 304 f. Overbeck, II, p. 475, refers it to the school of Pasiteles. It is pictured in B. B., no. 521; Bulle, 142; Baum., III, p. 2111, fig. 2362; Springer-Michaelis, p. 224, fig. 412; von Mach, 73; Amelung, Museums of Rome, I, fig. 74; Reinach, Rép., I, 527.6; Clarac, Pl. 864, 2199. A similar statue is the torso in Berlin: Beschr. der Skulpt., no. 229; and cf. Kekulé, Annali, XXXVI, 1865, p. 66 (who points out the resemblance of the head of the Vatican statue to that of the figure by Stephanos, Pl. 12); Clarac, Pl. 864, 2200. The height of the Vatican statue is given by Bulle as 1.56 meters. Cf. also a statuette of a similar girl runner from Dodona: Rayet, I, Pl. 17, 3.

[466] However, B. Schroeder believes that it is merely a victorious danseuse, and gives several examples of dancers from vase-paintings and the lesser arts: R. M., XXIV, 1909, pp. 109 ff. (figs. 1–3). In all of these lively motion is expressed and the free foot is raised high from the ground. When the curious little plat under the statue’s right foot (perhaps intended to represent the starting-stone at the stadion) is removed, the position of the statue does not fit the dance; see Bulle, p. 304, for discussion of this starting-stone.

[467] VIII, 48.2; cf. Plut., Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4, I, (p. 982).

[468] Bulle compares it with the Tuebingen hoplite-runner (Fig. 42) ready to start, though the quieter pose of the Vatican statue befits a girl rather than the impetuous energy of the man.

[469] On the Διονυσίαδες, see P., III, 13.7; Hesychios, s. v.; cf. Theokr., XVIII, 22; Plut., Lycurgus, 14; Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. agones, I, p. 847; Reisch, p. 46, n. 4. Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. χιτών (III, 2, p. 2314) shows that the use of the chiton closed on one side was a Dorian, and especially a Spartan, custom.

[470] On the running race at Kyrene, cf. Boeckh, Explic. ad Pind., Pyth., IX, p. 328. Plato, in his de Leg., VIII, 833, D, E, ordained for girls the three running races (στάδιον, δίαυλος, and δόλιχος); the youngest girls should run nude, the others (from 13 to 18) suitably dressed.

[471] Suet., Domitian, 4; Dio Cassius, LXVII, 8.

[472] Arndt believes it is Myronian in character: B. B., text to 521.

[473] See Waldstein, J. H. S., I, 1880, pp. 170 f. On the style of wearing the hair in Greece, see the following works: K. O. Mueller, Handbuch d. Archaeol. d. Kunst³, pp. 474 f; Bluemner, Leben u. Sitten der Griechen, I, pp. 76 f.; Home Life of the Ancient Greeks (transl. of preceding, by A. Zimmern), 1893, pp. 64 f; Dar.-Sagl., s. v. coma (Pottier), I, 2, pp. 1355 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, pp. 2109 ff. (Bremer); Baum., I, pp. 615 f; Guhl-Koner-Engelmann, Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem.⁶, 1893, pp. 297 f; Amelung, Gewandung d. Gr. u. Roem., 1903; Helbig, Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Ser. III, vol. V., pp. 1 f. (for the Homeric age).

[474] Cf. the recurring epithet of Homer, κάρη κομόωντες Ἀχαῖοι; Helbig, Das homerische Epos², p. 236, n. 3; for examples of long hair in the epic, ibid., pp. 236 f. That the Homeric hair fell free over the shoulders and not in any conventional order has been proved against Helbig by H. Hofmann, Jb. f. cl. Philol., Supplbd., XXVI, 1900, pp. 182 f.

[475] Eurip., Bacchae, 455; Aristotle, de Physiogn., 3, p. 38; pseudo-Phokylides, 212.

[476] Aristoph., Equit., 580 and cf. 1121; Nubes, 14; Lysistrata, 561; etc.

[477] Od., IV, 198; Euripides, Alkestis, 818–19; Aristoph., Plut., 572; Plato, Phaedo, 89 C; Athenæus, XV, 16 (p. 675 a); Hdt., I, 82; etc.

[478] Aristoph., Aves, 911.

[479] Ph., Imag., II, 32; Lucian, Dial. meretr., V, 3 (p. 290); etc.

[480] Xen., de Rep. lac., Ch. XI, 3; cf. Plut., Apothegm. reg. et imperat., p. 754; and see Aristotle, Rhet., I, 9, p. 1397 a, 28; Plut., Lysandros, I; Lykourgos, 22; etc.

[481] Hdt., VII, 208.

[482] Aristoph., Aves, 1281–2: Lysias, XVI, 18; Lucian, Auctio vitarum, 2 (Pythagoreans).

[483] Pollux, VI, 3.22; VIII, 9.107; Athenæus, XI, 88 (p. 494 f.): Hesychios, s. v. κουρεῶτις and οἰνιστήρια; Photius, Lex., p. 321.

[484] Aischyl., Choeph., 6; P., I, 37.3; at Delphi, Dio Chrys., Or., XXXV, p. 67 R.

[485] Eurip., Bacchae, 455.

[486] Κρωβύλος and κόρυμβος are etymologically the same word: see Prellwitz, Etymolog. Woerterbuch d. griech. Sprache. It used to be assumed that κόρυμβος referred to the similar coiffure of young girls. On the κρωβύλος, see the following: K. O. Mueller, op. cit.³, p. 476, 5; id., Die Dorier, II, 266; Conze, Nuove memorie dell’ instituto archeol., pp. 408 f.; Helbig, Comment. philolog. in honorem Mommseni, 1877, pp. 616 f., and Rhein. Mus., XXXIV, 1879, pp. 484 f.; Schreiber, Der altattische Krobylos, A. M., VIII, 1883, pp. 246–273, and Pls. XI., XII.; id., IX, 1884, pp. 232–254 and Pls. IX, X; and after him, Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 644, Collignon, I, p. 363, and de Villefosse, Mon. Piot, I, 1894, p. 62; Klein, Gesch. d. gr. Kunst, I, p. 255; Studniczka, Krobylos und Tettiges, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 248–291. Pauly-Wissowa, l. c., pp. 2120 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1357–59 and 1571; etc. That the term κρωβύλος represented a way of wearing the hair and not a part of the hair has been proved by Hauser: Jh. oest. arch. Inst., 1906, Beiblatt, pp. 87 f. On other methods of dressing the hair, see Pauly-Wissowa, l. c., pp. 2112 f.

[487] Ap. Athen., XII, 30 (p. 525).

[488] Ibid., 5 (p. 512 c).

[489] I, 6; cf. Aristophanes, Nubes, 984 and schol.; Equit., 1331.

[490] See fragm. of Nikolaos of Damascus, (perhaps from the Lydiaka of Xanthos), F. H. G., III, p. 395, fragm. 62.

[491] See Krause, p. 541, n. 6.

[492] See Ant. Denkm., I, 1886, Pl. VIII, 3 b; etc.

[493] See hero reliefs in A. M., II, 1877, Pls. XX-XXV. On early Corinthian vases, men are represented regularly with long hair.

[494] E. g., on the bust of Apollo in the Glyptothek, Munich: von Mach, 449 (left); on the bearded man (Dionysos?) in the British Museum: id., 450 (right); and on the Apollo of Naples: id., 448: On the latter head the narrow band of the former two examples has become very broad.

[495] Cf. Waldstein, op. cit., p. 177.

[496] Mw., pp. 67 (on statues of Zeus, hair reaching the shoulders, a style later becoming typical of that god); p. 407 (the Argive school gave short hair to heads of Zeus); Mp., pp. 42 and 118; cf. Mw., p. 273.

[497] Mw., p. 249. Furtwaengler gives an example of a short-haired Apollo of the school of Euphranor, ibid., p. 590.

[498] Mp., p. 16. E. g., the Florentine gem: Furtwaengler, Antike Gemmen, 1900, Pl. XXXIX, no. 29.

[499] Pp. 444 f.

[500] A good example of this is seen on the Apollo of Tenea (Pl. 8 A).

[501] Bulle, Pl. 225. He dates it in the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[502] H. N., XXXIV, 16 (Jex-Blake’s transl.) The Latin of the last portion of this passage runs: Olympiae, ubi omnium qui vicissent statuas dicari mos erat, eorum vero qui ter ibi superavissent ex membris ipsorum similitudine expressa, quas iconicas vocant.

[503] Hirt, Ueber das Bildniss der Alten, 1814–15, p. 7; Visconti, Iconographie grecque (1st ed. Paris 1808, Milan, 1824–26), Discours prelim., p. VIII, n. 4. They argued from Lucian’s pro Imag., 11, a passage already discussed supra, p. 45 and n. 3.

[504] Scherer, pp. 9 f., and especially p. 13; Lessing, Laokoön, II, 13, made Pliny’s words a text for a famous passage.

[505] For the latest discussion of Pliny’s passage, see Inschr. v. Ol., pp. 236 and 295–6 (the latter in reference to the inscribed base of the statue of Xenombrotos to be discussed a few lines infra).

[506] Klein, quoted by Jex-Blake, p. 14, footnote to line 7, believes Pliny’s statement apocryphal, an idea escaping all scholars except, perhaps, Bluemner in his commentary on the Laokoön (p. 503). Evidently Pliny, or his source, is explaining the discrepancy between ideal and portrait statues as the result of an improbable rule, since the ancients applied little historical criticism to art, and hence did not distinguish between works representing types and those representing individuals. Dio Chrysostom, in his treatise Περὶ κάλλους (Orat., XXI, 1, p. 501 R), tries to explain the difference between early and late statues on the ground of physical degeneration in the latter.

[507] Inschr. v. Ol, 170. He won in Ol. (?) 83 ( = 448 B. C.): P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. This date follows the reasoning of Robert, O. S., pp. 180 f. Pausanias, l. c., mentions another monument of the victor, the inscribed base of which has been found: Inschr. v. Ol., 154, though Dittenberger wrongly refers it to Damasippos: Foerster, 812; Hyde, pp. 53–4. The same authority refers no. 170 to the middle of the fourth century B. C., or a couple of decades later, because of the lettering and orthography. The monument of no. 170 must, therefore, have been set up long after the victory—about a century later.

[508] Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol., p. 296, compares two other inscriptions with no. 170, viz, no. 174 (in which the words ὧδε στάς occur) and C. I. G. G. S., I, 2470, l. 3 (where the words τοίας ἐκ προβολᾶς occur). However, as he says, these two refer to the poses of the statues of gymnic victors and not to portraits. Pausanias frequently uses the word εἰκών for ἀνδριάς (e. g., III, 18.7) of a victor, but this seems to be no indication of a portrait statue.

[509] Cf. Dittenberger, op. cit., p. 296. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530, think the case of Xenombrotos may simply be exceptional.

[510] VI, 3.11–12; he was three times victor in running races in Ols. (?) 95, (?) 97, and 99 ( = 400, 392, 384 B. C.); the latter date is attested by Afr.: Hyde, 33; Foerster, 307, 315, 316. For the epigram on the base of one of these statues, see A. G., XIII, 15.

[511] VI, 4.1; he was three times victor in the pankration in Ols. 104, (?) 105, (?) 106 ( = 364–356 B. C.): Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[512] VI, 17.2; he was thrice victor in running races in Ols. 129, 130 ( = 264, 260 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 173; Foerster, 440–2, 444–5.

[513] VI, 15.9; he was four times victor in the pankration, once in hoplite running, and once in the δίαυλος, at unknown dates: Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767–72. We can not say that his victories fell at a date when iconic statues were in vogue.

[514] VI, 6.6; he won in Ols. 74, 76, 77 ( = 484, 476–2 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; Inschr. v. Ol., 144.

[515] E. g., VI, 13.3–4 and 8: Hermogenes, five times victor in running races in Ols. 215, 216, 217 ( = 81–89 A. D.): Afr.; Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654–6, 659–660, 662–4; Polites, three times victor in running races in Ol. 212 ( = 69 A. D.): Afr.; Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648–50; Leonidas, four times victor in running races in Ols. 154, 155, 156, 157 ( = 164–152 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 111c; Foerster, 495–7, 498–500, 502–4, 507–9; Tisandros, four times victor in boxing in Ols. (?) 60–3 ( = 540–528 B. C.), at a date too early for portraiture: Hyde, 119a; Foerster, 115, 119, 123, 124. There are other examples from the early fifth and the sixth centuries B. C.

[516] Princ. Gr. Art, Ch. XI (Portrait Sculpture), pp. 165 f.

[517] Gardner, p. 165, cites Bernouilli, Griech. Ikonogr., 1901, as listing 26 known portraits of Euripides and 32 of Demosthenes, and calls attention to the fact that 870 plates in the Bruckmann series, Griech. und Roem. Portraets (ed. Brunn und Arndt), from 1891 on, are of Roman portraits. On the subject of Græco-Roman portraits, see also Bernouilli, Roem. Ikonogr., 1882–94; Hekler, Greek and Roman Portraits, 1912; and the works of E. Q. Visconti, now antiquated: Iconogr. gr. (Paris, 1808) and Iconogr. romana (Milan, 1818).

[518] XXXIV, 74. Pausanias mentions a portrait of Perikles without naming the artist, I, 25.1; cf. I. 28.2. The inscribed base was found in Athens in 1888: Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, pp. 36 f. (Lolling). A terminal portrait of Perikles, extant in several copies, has been identified as a copy of this work, e. g., one in the British Museum: B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 549; Furtw., Mp., Pl. VII, opp. p. 118 (profile, fig, 46, p. 119); Hekler, op. cit., Pl. 4 a.; F. W., 481. Another replica is in the Vatican: Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 276, and Nachtraege, II, p. 471; Visconti, Iconogr. gr., I, Pl. XV; B. B., 156; Hekler, op. cit., Pl. 4 b. However, Hitz.-Bluemn., I, p. 307, ad loc. Paus., think that the word ἀνδριάς used by Pausanias can not apply to a terminal bust; Furtw., Mp., p. 117, n. 4, says that the word does not necessarily mean a whole statue. Cf. Bernouilli, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 107 f.; Furtw., Mp., pp. 117 f.

[519] See I. G. B., 62, 63.

[520] Philopseudes, 18 f.

[521] Αὐτοανθρώπῳ ὅμοιον, §18.

[522] A good example of a Roman copy (from the age of Hadrian) of an original iconic athlete statue in bronze from the end of the fourth century B. C., is a bearded head in the Museo Chiaramonti; its swollen ears and the deep furrow in the hair for the metal crown show that it is from the statue of a victor. See Amelung, Vat., I, p. 483, no. 257 and Tafelbd., I, Pl. 50; Arndt-Bruckmann, Gr. und Roem. Portr., Pls. 223–4.

[523] XXXV, 153. Jex-Blake, p. 176, justly remarks that this invention had nothing to do with the custom of taking death-masks.

[524] Xen., Symp., IV, 17: θαλλοφόρους γὰρ τῇ Ἀθηνᾷ τοὺς καλοὺς γέροντας ἐκλέγονται κ. τ. λ.; cf. Aristoph., Vesp., 544, and Athen., XIII, 20 (p. 565) and scholion.

[525] XIII, 90 (p. 609 e, f); here he quotes a history of Arkadia by Nikias.

[526] Athen., XIII, 20 (pp. 565 f and 566 a); cf., Theophr., apud Athen., XIII, 90 (pp. 609 f, 610 a).

[527] Athen., XIII, 90 (p. 610a): here Athenæus is also quoting Theophrastos. In XIII, 20 (p. 565), he quotes Herakleides Lembos as saying that in Sparta the handsomest man and woman were especially honored.

[528] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath. ad Iliad, III, p. 383, 43; Foerster, 138.

[529] P., IX, 22.1.

[530] P., VII, 24.4; cf., VIII, 47.3, for a similar custom at Tegea.

[531] See O. Mueller, Die Dorier¹, 1824, II, p. 238 (quoted by Krause, I, p. 37, n. 19). For references to contests of beauty in Greece, see ibid., pp. 33–38.

[532] On this subject, see the recent essay by W. H. Goodyear, Lessing’s Essay on the Laocoön and its Influence on the Criticism of Art and Literature, Brooklyn Museum Quarterly, Oct. 1917, pp. 228–9.

[533] Thus we have Polykleitos of Argos and Patrokles, perhaps his brother; Naukydes of Argos and Daidalos of Sikyon, sons of Patrokles; the younger Polykleitos—who called himself an Argive—the brother of Naukydes; Alypos of Sikyon, the pupil of Naukydes; etc. Statues by all these sculptors except Patrokles are known to have stood in Olympia.

[534] Hbk.², p. 254.

[535] His criticism of painting occurs in Poet., 1448a, 5, 1450a, 26, and Polit., V, 1340a, 35. In Eth., VI, 1141a, 10, he says that Pheidias and Polykleitos were masters in marble and bronze respectively. For a discussion of Aristotle’s æsthetics of painting and sculpture, see M. Carroll, in Publ. of Geo. Washington University, Philol. and Lit. Series, I, 1 (Nov., 1905), pp. 1–10; and for both Aristotle and Plato on art, see Kalkman, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 3 f. and notes.

[536] I, 5, 1361b; Oppian, Kyneget., I, 89–90, speaks of the similarly well-developed bodies of hunters.

[537] Mem., III, 10.6–8. For his visit to the painter Parrhasios, see ibid., 10.1–5.

[538] Following the suggestion of Klein, II, p. 143, and W. L. Westermann, Class. Rev., XIX, 1905, pp. 323–5. The latter gives several examples of similarly shortened forms of names and believes the passage in Xenophon emphasizes the fact that Polykleitos was employed at Athens. Plato frequently mentions Polykleitos by his full name: e. g., Protag., 328 C (sons of Polykleitos), 311 C (Polykleitos and Pheidias). P. Gardner justly observes that the statues of Polykleitos “however beautiful, are scarcely life-like:” Prince. Gk. Art., p. 15, n. 1; Grammar, p. 17.

[539] II, 17: τὰ σκέλη μὲν παχύνονται, τοὺς ὤμους δὲ λεπτύνονται, κ. τ. λ.

[540] See schol. on Plato, Amatores, p. 135 E; cf. Epiktetos, Encheir., Ch. 29.

[541] P., VI, 10.5; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 97; Foerster, 240; cf. Krause, Olympia, pp. 302 f.

[542] His date is uncertain: P., VI, 15.9; Hyde, 149; Foerster, 767–772.

[543] P., VI, 3.2; he won at Olympia some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 102 ( = 384 and 372 B. C.): Hyde, 23; Foerster, 335.

[544] P., I, 29.5: Hdt., VI, 92; IX, 75; cf. Krause, I, pp. 495–6.

[545] E. g., Phaÿllos of Kroton was famed for his fleetness, his jumping, and his throwing the diskos. See Aristoph., Acharn., 212; Vespes, 1206; A. G., App. 297; cf. Hdt., VIII, 47; P., X, 9.2. He won at Delphi only.

[546] E. g., Myron at Delphi: Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 57; Alkamenes, ibid., XXXIV, 72; etc.

[547] 656 E, 657 A.

[548] Pliny, H. N., XXXVI, 39. These works were probably critical as well as descriptive.

[549] E. g., of Pasiteles, XXXVI, 39; of Arkesilaos, XXXVI, 41; of Koponios, ibid.

[550] 18(70). In this passage he also gives similar judgments on several painters. On Cicero on art, see Grant Showerman, Proceed. Amer. Philol. Ass’n, XXXIV, 1903, pp. xxxv f. He shows that Cicero’s references to art proceed from his instinct as a stylist and not from any enthusiasm for art itself.

[551] Imag., 6, p. 464. His eclectic statue is made up of works by Praxiteles, Alkamenes, Pheidias, and Kalamis.

[552] Rhetorum praeceptor, 9–10. He spells the two first names Ἡγησίας, Κράτης.

[553] XXXVI, 37. For careful judgments of Pliny’s work, see Jex-Blake, pp. xci f.: Kalkmann, Die Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius, 1898; Robert, Archaeologische Maerchen, 1886, pp. 28 f.; F. Muenzer, Hermes, XXX, 1895, pp. 499 f. (and Beitraege zur Kritik der Naturgesch. des Plinius, 1897); Botsford and Sihler, Hellenic Civilization, 1915, pp. 551–8 (= Translation by Jex-Blake of Pliny, XXXIV, 53–84 [sculptors], revised by E. G. Sihler); pp. 558–567 (= Pliny, XXXV, 15, and 53–97 [painters], revised by E. G. S.). For short estimate of Pliny’s work, see Mackail, Latin Literatures, 1895, p. 197.

[554] See his characterization of the great Greek painters and sculptors in Inst. Orat., XII, Ch. 9.

[555] Also in the work of H. Stuart Jones, Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the Hist. of Gk. Sculpt., 1895; cf., A history of classical writers on art from Xenokrates to Pliny, in Jex-Blake, pp. xvi-xci; cf. Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Antigonos von Karystos (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, Philolog. Untersuchungen, IV, 1881), pp. 7 f.; P. Gardner, Principles of Greek Art, Ch. II, pp. 13 f. (Ancient Critics on Art); etc.

[556] A. Pl., 2; Bergk, P. l. G., III⁴, no. 149, p. 498. Theognetos won in Ol. 76 ( = 476 B. C.): P., VI, 9.1; Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[557] H. N., XXXIV, 88. Kallias won in Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): P., VI, 6.1; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; Inschr. v. Ol., no. 146.

[558] Ibid., XXXIV, 71.

[559] Kalamis made the horses and jockeys, Onatas the chariot: P., VI, 12.1; Hiero won twice in the horse-race and once in the chariot-race in Ols. 76–78 ( = 476–468 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215.

[560] VI, 6.6. He won in Ols. 74, 76–7 ( = 484, 476–472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[561] VI, 4.4. He won in Ols. 81 and 82 ( = 456–452 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[562] VI, 9.3. He won in Ol. 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 88: Foerster, 285.

[563] V, 27.3.

[564] Bulle, p. 104, remarks that up to the present no single Roman copy can be proved to be that of an Olympic victor statue. This fact must be constantly borne in mind.

[565] No. 6439; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 299–300 and fig.; Ausgr. v. Ol., V, Pls. XXI, XXII, and p. 14; Funde v. Ol., Pl. XXIII, and p. 16; Bronz. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 10–11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2 and 2a; Boetticher, Olympia, Pl. XI, 1; Baum., p. 1104 00, figs. 1296, a and b; F. W., no. 323; Bulle, 235 and fig. 154, on p. 501; von Mach, 482; B. B., 247.

[566] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glyptothek,² 1910, no. 457, pp. 398 f.; Furtw., Mp., p. 291; Mw., p. 507; F. W., no. 216; B. B., 8; Bulle, 207 (front and side); Kekulé, A. Z., XLI, 1883, Pl. XIV, 3, p. 246; H. Schrader, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., 1911, p. 74; Hauser, R. M., X, 1895, pp. 103 f. Kekulé, because of its similarity to the Apollo of the West Gable, derived it from the art of the Olympia pediment sculptures; Flasch, Verh. d. 29sten Philologenversamml., Innsbruck, 1874, p. 162, and Brunn, Beschr. d. Glypt.⁵, no. 302, and Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1892, p. 658, classed it as Polykleitan; Bulle calls it Attic-Argive without Polykleitan influence, while Furtwaengler finds it Polykleitan-Attic. The latter gives several replicas, two of green and black basalt respectively, in the Museo delle Terme, and a marble head in the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 475. Bulle gives the height of the Munich head as 0.23 meter.

[567] Αἰδώς; cf. decor, applied to the work of Polykleitos by Quintilian: Inst. Orat., XII, 9. 7–8; cf. also Vitruvius, de Arch., I, 2.

[568] Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm. d. gr. und roem. Skulpt., Hdausgabe,³ 1911, p. 102, n. 1. He adds that it is das Ideal von Reinheit, Unschuld, liebenswuerdig edler Groesse, eines der herrlichsten griechischen Originale, die uns erhalten sind. It is photographed ibid., figs. 30, 31. In the Beschr. d. Glypt., p. 399, he says it is das edelste und vollendetste Werk, das die Glyptothek besitzt—ihr kostbarster Schatz, etc.

[569] Formerly in the Coll. Tyszkiewicz: B. B., 324, (two views); Bulle, 206 (two views); von Mach, 481 (two views); Mon. Piot, I, 1894, pp. 77 f. (E. Michon) and Pls. X, XI; S. Reinach, Têtes,[P2, looked in original] Pl. 72 and p. 58; Kalkmann, Prop. d. Gesichts, p. 27 (vignette); Collignon, II, Frontispiece and p. 169; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. XL; Furtw., Mp., pp. 290–1 and Pl. XIV; Mw., p. 507. The best illustration of the head is given by de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. I (and text p. 8, on no. 4). It is 0.33 meter in height (Bulle).

[570] Preface to Furtw., Mp., p. xiii.

[571] So Furtw., l. c.; Bulle, however, sees in it only Attic work and finds it slightly coarser and harder than the Munich head described.

[572] Invent. 5633; Bronzi d’Ercol., I, 73, 74; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, XI, 1; B. B., 323 (two views); Rayet, II, Pl. 67; Furtw., Mp., p. 291; Mw., p. 508; the latter believes that it, like the preceding two heads, is Polykleitan and Attic.

[573] Bedeutung der Gymnastik in d. gr. Kunst, 1905; cf. also Gardner, Sculpt., p. 23, and Hbk., p. 215.

[574] Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkmaeler, already cited, p. 63, n. 3. (Translated under the title Greek and Roman Sculpture by H. Taylor, 1914; p. 119.)

[575] See F. W. G. Foat, Anthropometry of Greek Statues, J. H. S., XXXV, 1915, pp. 225 f. (p. 226).

[576] Plato, Phileb., 64 E, regarded μετριότης and συμμετρία as qualities of beauty and virtue; cf. Aristotle, Metaphys., X, 3.7, and Nicom. Eth., V, 5.14, 1133b. Vitruvius, de Arch., I, 2, makes symmetry in architecture a quality of eurythmia: Item symmetria est ex ipsius operis membris conveniens consensus ex partibusque separatis ad universae figurae speciem ratae partis responsus.

[577] I, 2: Haec [eurythmia] efficitur, cum membra operis convenientia sunt, altitudinis ad latitudinem, latitudinis ad longitudinem, et ad summam omnia respondent suae symmetriae; cf. III, 1; Lucian, pro Imag., 14 (ῥυθμίζειν τὸ ἄγαλμα); Clem. Alex., Paedagog., 3.11 and 64 (εὐρυθμὸς καὶ καλὸς ἀνδριάς); Xen., Mem., III, 10.9 (ῥυθμός, of corselets); Plut., de Educ. puer., 11 (τῶν σωμάτων εὐρυθμία); Diod., I, 97. 6 (ῥυθμὸς ἀνδριάντων, i.e., rhythmic order or grace in statuary): id., II, 56.4.

[578] Vitruv., III, 1: <proportio>, quae graece ἀναλογία dicitur. Proportio est ratae partis membrorum in omni opere totiusque commodulatio, ex qua ratio efficitur symmetriarum.

[579] H. N., XXXIV, 65.

[580] Op. cit., e. g., XXXV, 67 and 128.

[581] Ueber die Kunsturteile bei Plinius, Ber. ueber d. Verhandl. d. k. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss. zu Leipzig, II, 1850, p. 131; cf. H. L. Urlichs, Ueber griech. Kunstschriftsteller (Diss. inaug., Wuerzburg, 1887).

[582] Principles of Greek Art, 1914, p. 20 (= Grammar of Greek Art, 1905, p. 22).

[583] Quoted by Gardner, op. cit., p. 22 (= Grammar, p. 23), from two papers by H. Brunn, Ueber tektonischen Styl in der griech. Plastik und Malerei, in Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1883, pp. 299 f., 1884, pp. 507 f. Overbeck, I, pp. 266–277, explains rhythm in art as the Ordnung der Bewegung, in accordance with the definition of Plato: τῇ δὴ τῆς κινήσεως τάξει ῥυθμὸς ὄνομα εἴη: de Leg., 665 A.

[584] H. N., XXXIV, 58 (S. Q., 533): Numerosior in arte quam Polyclitus et in symmetria diligentior. The interpretation of this disputed passage depends, of course, on the meaning of numerosior, and whether we accept the curious statement of the manuscript that Myron surpassed Poykleitos in symmetry, or, by omitting the et (with Sillig), make it mean just the contrary and in harmony with the usual ancient view that symmetry was the salient characteristic of Polykleitan art. The passage, then, would contrast the symmetry of Polykleitos with the variety of Myron. This accords with Pliny’s use of numerosus elsewhere (e. g., XXXV, 130 and 138), which always refers to number. See Gardner, Hbk., p. 275 (note).

[585] Op. cit., XXXIV, 65, he says: Nova intactaque ratione quadratas veterum staturas permutando.

[586] Op. cit., XXXV, 67.

[587] VIII. I. 47.

[588] The Egyptians divided the front view of the body into 19 parts (or 21 parts and a quarter, including the height of the head-dress): Diod., 1, 98. See Lepsius, Monum. funéraires de l’Égypte (figure, reproduced in Dar.-Sagl, I, 2, p. 892, fig. 1125); cf. his Descript. de l’Égypte, IV, LXII; Wilkinson, History of Egypt, p. 113, Pl. IV; these references are given by Foat, op. cit., p. 225, n. 1.

[589] Vitruv., I, 2. However, in thus following the statement of the Roman architect, it must be said that the attempt to recover and establish such a canon in Greek architecture is still unproved. The subject is complicated and has led to very different views. Thus, while many scholars have defended the theory of the canon (e. g., Pennethorne, Geom. and Optics of Anc. Arch., 1878; Penrose, in Whibley, Comp. to Gk. Stud.¹, 1905, pp. 220–1; Ferguson, Hist. Arch., ed. 1887, I, p. 251; P. Gardner, Princ. Gk. Art., p. 21; Statham, Short Crit. Hist. Arch., 1912, p. 130), others are opposed, and believe that design in Greek architecture was a matter of feeling, and that the orders were first reduced to formulæ in Roman days (e. g., A. K. Porter, Med. Arch., 1909, I, 9; Goodyear, Greek Refinements, Studies in Temperamental Arch., 1912, esp. p. 83, quoting Joseph Hoffer from Wiener Bauzeitung, 1838). See on the subject a recent article by my pupil, Dr. A. W. Barker, in A. J. A., XXII, 1918, pp. 1 f., in which the above and other references are given.

[590] Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 22–3, says: “Paradoxical as it may seem at first sight, the very freedom of Greek sculpture is to a great extent due to its close adherence to tradition.” He shows how the free play of imagination depends on external conditions and tradition.

[591] E. g., Vitruv., I, 2; especially these words: Ut in hominis corpore e cubito, pede, palmo, digito, ceterisque particulis (partibus) symmetria est eurythmiae qualitas; also III, 1: Pes vero altitudinis corporis sextae <partis>; cubitum quartae; pectus item quartae, etc. Also Philostr., Imag., Proem.; the third-century A. D. (?) treatise called de Physiognomia; St. Augustine, de Civ. Dei, XV, 26. 1; the poet Martianus Capella, of the middle of the fifth century A. D., who says, VII, 739: septem corporis partes hominem perficiunt; etc.

[592] Die Proportionen des Gesichts in der griechischen Kunst (= 53stes Berliner Wincklemanns programm, 1893).

[593] Gestalt des Menschen, in Verh. d. Berl. Anthrop. Gesell., 1895. This work is based on the older investigations of C. Schmidt, Proportionsschluessel, 1849, and of C. Carus, Die Proportionslehre der menschlichen Gestalt, 1874. See also P. Richer, Canon des proportions du corps humain, 1893; E. Duhousset, Proportions artistiques et anthropométrie scientifique, Gaz. B-A., III, Pér. 3, 1 90, pp. 59 f.; E. Guillaume, art. Canon, Dict. de l’Acad. des B-A.; E. Gebhard, in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 891–892; cf. Collignon, I, pp. 490 f.

[594] F. W. G. Foat, op. cit., offers a scheme or typical design, based on wide data, which will serve as a universal basis for securing facts about any statue under examination.

[595] On the influence of such canons of proportion on contemporary artists, see Balcarres, Evolution of Italian Sculpture, p. 128.

[596] Cf. Vitruvius, quoted above. The scholion on Pindar, Ol., VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158, speaks of πηχῶν τεσσάρων δακτύλων πέντε as the height of the statue of Diagoras at Olympia, etc.

[597] Vitruvius, de Arch., VII, Praef., 14, lists writers who praecepta symmetriarum conscripserunt. See V. Mortet, Rev. Arch., Sér. IV, XIII, 1909, pp. 46 f, and figs. 1 and 2. In this discussion of ancient canons he shows that the chief ratio was that of the head to the height of the body; the proportion of 8 heads to the body was that adopted by da Vinci and J. Cousin: 7 to 8 is found in the figures of the Parthenon frieze; a little under 7 in the Diadoumenos of Polykleitos.

[598] See Furtw., Mp., pp. 49–52. As examples, he gives the statue of Apollo from the Tiber now in the Museo delle Terme: Mp., pp. 50–51, figs. 8 and 9; cf. R. M., 1891, pp. 302, 377 and Pls. X-XII; the Mantuan Apollo: cf. 50stes Berliner Winckelmannsprogr., p. 139, n. 61 (for replicas); etc.

[599] For Polykleitos’ canon, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; S. Q., 953 f.; Furtw., Mp., p. 249.

[600] So Pliny, op. cit., XXXV, 128; cf. J. Six, Jb., XXIV, 1909, pp. 7 f.

[601] H. N., XXXIV, 61; see Jex-Blake, p. XLVIII.

[602] H. N., XXXIV, 65.

[603] However, other fourth-century artists, notably Praxiteles, used impressionism in the treatment of the hair: see Bulle, pp. 444 f.

[604] In XXXIV, 80, he mentions Menaichmos, who wrote on the toreutic art probably in the fourth century B. C.; in XXXIV, 83 (cf. XXXV, 68), he mentions Xenokrates, of the school of Lysippos, who wrote books on art; he is probably identical with an artist of the same name known to us from inscriptions from Oropos and Elateia: I. G. B., 135, a, b (Oropos), c (Elateia); Arch. Eph., 1892, 52 (Oropos); the identity is doubted by Jex-Blake, p. xx, n. 2. In XXXIV, 84 (cf. XXXV, 68) he speaks of Antigonos, who wrote on painting and who was employed by Attalos I of Pergamon to work on the trophies of his victory over the Gauls. For Antigonos as a writer on the criticism of art, see Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Antigonos von Karystos (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, Philolog. Untersuchungen, IV, 1881), Ch. I, pp. 7 f.

[605] H. N., XXXIV, 55. According to the exact words of Pliny, the Canon and the Doryphoros were distinct works. It is probable, however, that Pliny’s words conceal the same statue under two names, his commentary on each coming from a different source: see Furtw., Mp., p. 229 and n. 4; Mw., p. 422 and n. 2; cf. Muenzer, Hermes, XXX, 1895, p. 530, n. 1.

[606] Cicero, Brut., 86, 296. On the fame of the Doryphoros, see id., Orator, 2.

[607] Instit. Orat., V, 12.21. In Philon’s treatise περὶ βελοποιϊκῶν, IV, 2, we read: τὸ γὰρ εὖ παρὰ μικρὸν διὰ πολλῶν ἀριθμῶν ἔφη γίνεσθαι, sc. Πολύκλειτος, (“Beauty,” he said, “was produced from a small unit through a long chain of numbers”), a description which rightly characterizes the Doryphoros. The system given by Vitruv., III, 1, hardly agrees with Polykleitan statues and so has been connected by Kalkmann, though on insufficient grounds, with the canon of Euphranor: see 50stes Berlin Winckelmannsprogr., 1890 (Proport. des Gesichts), pp. 43 f.; cf. H. Stuart Jones, op. cit., p. 129.

[608] Guida Museo Napoli, no. 146; Collignon, I, Pl. XII, opp. p. 488; Bulle, 47 and analysis on pp. 97–102.

[609] Kalkmann, op. cit., p. 53, gives the height as 1.98–1.99 m.; Bulle, p. 97 to no. 47, as 1.99 m.

[610] In Rayet, I, Text to Pl. 29; reproduced in Études d’art antique et moderne, 1888, pp. 399 f.; cf. also Collignon, I, pp. 492 f. and P. Gardner, Principles of Greek Art, pp. 21 f.

[611] De plac. Hipp. et Plat., 5.

[612] B. B., 321; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 956; Guide, 617; F. W., 215; to be discussed infra, pp. 201–2.

[613] Orat., XXXI, 89 f. (614 R).

[614] In the present discussion we shall confine ourselves to the assimilation of mortal types to those of athletic gods and heroes, omitting the larger question of assimilation to divine types in general. A good example of the latter is afforded by P. VIII, 9.7–8. Here, in noting that the Mantineans worshipped Antinoos as a god by the erection of a temple and the celebration of mysteries and games, he says that images and paintings of the hero were in the Gymnasion there, the latter Διονύσῳ μάλιστα εἰκασμέναι.

[615] Kabbadias, no. 218; Rev. Arch., III (1er Sér.), 1846, Pl. 53, fig. 2; Ph. Le Bas, Voyage archéologique (ed. Reinach), Pl. CXVIII, p. 107; B. B., 18; von Mach, 191; F. W., 1220; Reinach., Rép., II, i, 149, 10.

[616] Marbres et Bronzes, p. 49.

[617] Kabbadias, no. 219.

[618] Formerly known as the Antinous: M. W., II, Pl. 28, 307; Clarac, IV, Pl. 665, 1514; Reinach, Rép., I, 367,2 (with restored arms); von Mach, no. 192; Amelung, Vat., II, no. 53 (pp. 132 f.) and Pl. 12; F. W., no. 1218; Baum., I, pp. 675 f. and fig. 737.

[619] B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1599 and Pl. IV; Clarac, IV, Pl. 664, 1539; Reinach, Rép., II, i, 149, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 317, fig. 567. A corresponding replica from Melos is described by F. W., 1219; for a replica of the head (on a torso which does not belong to it) in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, see Amelung, Vat., I, no. 132 (p. 155) and Pl. 21; for others, see Koerte, A. M., III, 1878, pp. 98 f. The height is given in B. M. Sculpt. as 6 ft. 7–1/2 in. (without the plinth).

[620] Amelung, Vat., II, p. 656 and Pl. 61; Furtw., Mw., p. 361, fig. 48. It is a marble copy of an original bronze of Myronian origin. Its height is 1.98 meters (Amelung).

[621] Duetschke, IV, no. 416; M. W., II, Pl. 30, 329.

[622] Ibid., no. 416; Koerte, A. M., III, 1878, p. 350, no. 72.

[623] Duetschke, IV, no. 876; Clarac, 958, 2473; Conze, in A. A., 1867, pp. 105–6. Here Conze gives a list of which three reliefs and one statue represent dead men as Hermes.

[624] Duetschke, IV, no. 46; Conze, l. c., p. 106 (mentioned in preceding note).

[625] E. g., the well-known bust of the emperor Commodus with the attributes of Hercules in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 930; Baum., I, p. 398, fig. 432; Arndt-Bruckmann, Griech. u. roem. Portraets, 230; Hekler, Greek and Roman Portraits, 1912, Pl. 270 a; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 583, 7.

[626] Not. Scav., 1885, p. 42; Ant. Denkm., I, I, 1886, Pl. V; Bulle, 75 and fig. 27, p. 141; B. B., 246; Helbig, Fuehrer, II., 1347, and references; Arndt-Bruckmann, Griech. u. roem. Portraets, Pls. 358–360; Hekler, Greek and Roman Portraits, Pls. 82–4; Collignon, II, p. 493, fig. 257; Murray, Hbk. Gr. Archæol., 1892, pp. 305 f., fig. 100; Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations of Anc. Rome, 1897, Pl. on p. 303; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 548, 7; cf. Furtw., Mp., p. 364, n. 2, and Mw., p. 597, n. 3. The height of the statue is 2.08 meters, or 2.37 meters to the hand (Bulle).

[627] E. g., Philip V, Perseus, Alexander Balas (who usurped the Seleucid throne in 149 B. C.), Demetrios I (Soter), of Syria (who reigned 162–150 B. C.), and Antiochos II, (Theos, who reigned 261–246 B. C.), have been suggested.

[628] See Imhoof-Blumer, Portraetkoepfe auf ant. Muenzen hellenischer und hellenisierter Voelker, 1885, Pls. I, 6; III, 24; V, 21; VI, 29 and 31.

[629] A small replica of this famous statue may probably be seen in the bronze statuette in the Nelidoff collection: Wulff, Alexander mit der Lanze, 1898, Pls. I, II; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, p. 134, fig. 35. On supposed replicas, see Bernouilli, Das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr., p. 107; and Th. Schreiber, Studien ueber das Bildniss Alex. d. Gr., Abh. d. philolog.-histor. Cl. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wissensch., XXI, 1903, no. III, pp. 100 f.

[630] Kabbadias, 235; Collignon, in B. C. H., XIII, 1889, p. 498 and Pl. III; Bulle, 74.

[631] Cf. the Farnese Herakles, Bulle, 72; etc.

[632] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; see below, p. 119 and note 5.

[633] E. g., in the Payne Knight bronze of the British Museum (B. M. Bronz., no. 209 and Pl. 1) and the Sciarra bronze (Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; R. M., II, 1887, Pls. IV, IVa, V), which will be discussed in Ch. III, pp. 108, 119.

[634] He won Ol. (?) 80 ( = 460 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; Inschr. v. Ol. 149. Cf. Furtw., Mp., pp. 249 f.; Mw., pp. 452 f.

[635] Mp., p. 255; an almost exact copy of the Eleusis statue is in the Museo Torlonia, no. 37.

[636] Froehner, Les medaillons de l’Empire romain, 1878, p. 123; Furtw., Mp., l. c.

[637] Mp., pp. 229 f., especially pp. 233 f.; Mw., pp. 422 f., especially pp. 426 f.

[638] On an Argive funerary relief: see A. M., III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII: this free adaptation of the Doryphoros dates from the middle of the fourth century B. C.; it will be treated later on in our discussion of the Doryphoros.

[639] Cf. Ph., 16, (the palæstra of Hermes, the first known); Babr., 48,5 (παλαιστρίτης θεός). A trainer of professional athletes was called a γυμνάστης (a term sometimes applied to athletic gods): Xen., Mem., II, 1.20; Plato, de Leg., 720 E; etc.

[640] E. g., Suppl., 189, 333; Agam., 513.

[641] As in Iliad, XV, 428; XVI, 500; XXIV, 1. Eustathius in a scholion on the latter passage wrongly says that Aischylos called the ἀγοραῖοι θεοί “ἀγώνιοι θεοί.”

[642] As in Hesychios, who says ἀγώνιοι θεοὶ = οἱ τῶν ἀγώνων προεστῶτες.

[643] 509, ὕπατος χώρας, “lord of Nemea.”

[644] Ibid., ὁ Πύθιος ἄναξ.

[645] 515.

[646] E. g. Plato, de Leg., 783 A; Pindar, Isthm., I, 60, Ol., VI, 79, and Pyth., II, 10 (of Hermes); Soph., Trach., 26 (of Zeus, the decider of contests); C. I. G., II, 1421 (of Hermes); cf. also Simonides, quoted by Athenæus, XI, 90 (p. 490); Aischyl., fragm. 384 (of Hermes); Aristoph., Plut., 1161 (of Hermes); C. I. G., I, 251; etc.

[647] See Preller-Robert, Griech. Mythol.⁴, 1894, p. 415, n. 3.

[648] Cf. Krause, pp. 169 f.; Preller-Robert, op. cit., pp. 415 f.; Urlichs, Skopas, p. 42; Nissen, Pompej. Stud., p. 168; Roscher, Lex., I, 2, p. 2369; S. Eitrem, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 786–7.

[649] Pindar, Nem., X, 52–3; Oxy. Pap., VII, 1015, 8.

[650] E. g., at Messene, P., IV, 32.1 (along with that of Theseus).

[651] B. M. Sculpt., III, 2156; C. I. G., I, 250, and Neubauer, Hermes, XI, 1876, p. 146, no. 12; for the dedication of a torch to Hermes, see A. G., VI, 100.

[652] C. I. A., II, 3, 1225–6; IV, 2, 1225b; 1226, b, c, d.

[653] Inschr. Gr. Insul., III (Thera), 390; cf. Cougny, Epigr. Anth. Pal., III, 1890 (Appendix nova), p. 26, no. 168.

[654] Schol. on Pindar, Ol., VI, 134, Boeckh, p. 148. He is represented as a wrestler in a bronze group from Antioch, with wings in his hair: R. Foerster, Jb., XIII, 1898, pp. 177 f., and Pl. XI (to be discussed infra., p. 233 and note 2).

[655] Servius on Virgil’s Aen., VIII, 138.

[656] I, 2.5.

[657] V, 14.9 (Ἑρμοῦ ... Ἐναγωνίου).

[658] VIII, 14.10. An inscription (Inschr. v. Ol., 184) records that a certain Akestorides of Alexandria Troas (whose name is left out of the text of Pausanias, VI, 13.7) won a victory at Pheneus, and this was probably at these games; on this victor, see Hyde, 119, and pp. 49–50.

[659] V, 7.10.

[660] Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 324; Guide, 331; B. B., 131; Bulle, 54; von Mach, 126 b; Baum., I, p. 458, fig. 503; Reinach, Rép., I, 526,8; Collignon, II. p. 124, fig. 60; Overbeck, I, pp. 380 f. and fig. 102; F. W., no. 465; A. Z., XXIV, 1866, Pl. CCIX, 1–2, pp. 169 f. (Kekulé) and Pl. 209, 1, 2; Annali, LI, 1879, pp. 207 f. (Brunn); Jb., XIII, 1898, pp. 57 f. and fig. 1 (Habich); J. H. S., XXVIII, 1907, p. 25, fig. 13; A. J. A., VII, 1903, pp. 445 f. (von Mach); Springer-Michaelis, p. 268, fig. 482; replicas in the Louvre (photo Giraudon, no. 1209), London (B. M. Sculpt. III, no. 1753), Duncombe Park, England (Michaelis, p. 295, no. 2), and elsewhere; for series, see J. Six, Gaz. arch., 1888, pp. 291 and Pl. 29, fig. 10 A.

[661] Mw., p. 122; also Smith, B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1753.

[662] First by Visconti, Mus. Pio Clem., III, p. 130; lately by G. Habich, l. c., and others.

[663] H. N., XXXIV, 72; S. Q., 826. It was the only bronze work which the sculptor is known to have made, all his other works being in marble.

[664] Kekulé (l. c.), Furtwaengler (l. c.), and others make the identification.

[665] Long ago Turnebus (Advers., 1580, p. 486) explained the word in the sense of ἔγκρισις ἀθλητῶν, as used by Lucian, pro Imag., 11; cf., Cicero’s probatio, in his de Off., I, 144. Most modern commentators, however, refer the word to the statue, translating it “classical” or “chosen”: thus Urlichs, Chrest. Pl., 1857, p. 325; O. Jahn, Ueber die Kunsturteile des Plinius (Ber. saechs. Ges. d. Wiss., 1850), p. 125; H. L. von Urlichs, Blaetter f. d. bayr. Gymnasialsch., 1894, pp. 609 f., translates it “klassisch” or “mustergueltig,” i. e., serving as a pattern or standard. But the term was too well known as an athletic one for it ever to have been applied to a statue. The present participle, instead of the usual aorist (ἐγκριθείς), shows that Alkamenes’ statue represented an athlete in the act of undergoing selection. The old emendation into ἐγχριόμενος has been recently defended by Klein, Praxiteles, p. 50, who identifies Pliny’s statue with the Glyptothek Oil-pourer (Pl. 11); it is discredited by the occurrence of the epithet Encrinomenos as a Roman proper name, C. I. L., V, 1, 4429, which shows how familiar it was. See Jex-Blake, on the passage of Pliny.

[666] Cf. Gardner, Hbk., p. 345; Helbig, l. c.

[667] It seems to be a Hadrianic copy of an original which stood on the Athenian Akropolis.

[668] Now in the Antiquarium, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 1030; noted in B. Com. Rom., XXXVIII, 1910, p. 249, and fully discussed, ibid., XXXIX, 1911, pp. 97 f. (L. Mariani), and Pls. VI, VII (three views), and VIII (head, two views).

[669] H. N., XXXIV, 80: Naucydes Mercurio et discobolo et immolante arietem censetur, etc.

[670] Ueber den Diskoswurf bei den Griechen, 1892, p. 55. However, von Mach discusses a r.-f. deinos in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, which resembles the pose of the statue: A. J. A., VII, 1903, p. 447, fig. 1.

[671] As in a vase by Douris: A. Z., 1883, Pl. II; Furtw., Berliner Vasen, no. 2283 A; also on a Hellenistic gem in Berlin: Furtw., Gemmen Katalog, no. 6911. Philostr., Imag., I, 24, says that the left foot was advanced.

[672] Coin of Amastris: Schlosser, Numism. Zeitschr. (Vienna), XXIII, 1891, p. 19, Pl. 2, no. 35; a better reproduction by Imhoof-Blumer, in Sallet’s Zeitschr. f. Numism., XX, 1897, p. 269, Pl. 10, n. 2 (= Habich, p. 58, fig. 2); another in B. M. Coins (Pontus), Pl. XX, 7, pp. 87 and 21. On this and the Thracian coin, see also Habich, Hermes Diskobolos auf Muenzen, in Journ. internat. d’arch, num., II, 1898, pp. 137 f. Habich gives a gem showing the god with a kerykeion in the left hand, and a diskos in the right and with the right foot advanced: p. 61, fig. 3.

[673] E. g., Michaelis, Jb., XIII, 1898, pp. 175–6. He looks upon the statue simply as that of a diskobolos.

[674] In the National Museum, Athens, no. 13399: Staïs, Marb. et Bronz., pp. 353–354 and fig.; Arch. Eph., 1902, Pl. 17; Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 42–3; Tafelbd., I, Pl. VIII, no. 1; J. H. S., XXI, 1901, p. 351 (Bosanquet). This statuette is 0.25 meter in height and the base 0.09 meter (Svoronos).

[675] Svoronos, p. 43, reproduces the coins of Amastris and Philippopolis.

[676] Stuart Jones, Cat. Mus. Capitol., p. 288, no. 21 and Pl. 71; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 858; Guide, 509; B. B., 387; Furtw., Mp., p. 303 and n. 7; Mw., p. 525 and n. 1; Clarac, II, 859, 2170; Reinach, Rép., I, 525, 1; Lange, Motiv des aufgestuetzten Fusses, 1879, pp. 13 f. Helbig speaks of a replica in Paris, but confounds it with the type of the so-called Sandal-binder of the Louvre (Fig. 8). The Capitoline statue is 1.845 meters in height (Stuart Jones).

[677] The motive of the “aufgestuetztes Bein” is more likely Lysippan than Skopaic, as Furtwaengler wrongly assumed.

[678] Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 18 f. (with bibliography of all the objects down to 1903, on p. 15, n. 1.); Tafelbd., I, Pls. I and II (front and back); Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 302–304 and fig.; Bulle, 61; von Mach, 290; J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, Pls. VIII (head), IX (body, three views); H. B. Walters, Art of the Greeks, Pl. XVI; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. LXXVIII; for bibliographical notice and discussion, see A. J. A., V, 1901, p. 465, and VII, 1903, pp. 464–5; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 531; the best account of the statue in English is by Dr. A. S. Cooley, in Record of the Past, II, 1903, pp. 207–13 (with two illustrations). It is 1.94 meters in height, i. e., slightly over life-size (Svoronos).

[679] J. H. S., XXI, 1901, pp. 205 f; he also briefly described all the bronzes found in A. A., 1901, pp. 17–19, (4 figs.), in Rev. des Ét. gr., XIV, 1901, pp. 122–6 (5 figs.), and in C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1901, pp. 58–63 (3 figs.) and 158–9 (3 Pls.). All the bronzes were published after cleansing in Arch. Eph., 1902, pp. 145 f., with Pls. 7–17 and figs. 1–18 in the text; see also Staïs, Les trouvailles dans la mer de Cythère, 1905; the last publication of all the pieces is by Svoronos, Textbd., I, pp. 1–86; Tafelbd., I, Pls. I-XX.

[680] In his popular discussion of the bronzes in Monthly Review, June, 1901, pp. 110–127 (with 5 Pls., and 5 figs.). Similar praise is that of W. Klein, II, p. 403; he calls it die wundervollste aller uns erhaltenen Bronzestatuen des Altertums.

[681] London Illustrated News, June 6, 1903 (with double-page plate).

[682] Gaz. d. B.-A., XXV, Pér. III, 1901, pp. 295–301 (with 3 figures).

[683] In a monograph entitled Ὁ Ἔφηβος τῶν Ἀντικυθήρων (pp. 1–42, and 6 figs.), Athens, 1903.

[684] It was restored by the French sculptor André, who covered it with putty to conceal the jointures and the rivets which were used in welding the fragments together. He also colored it to resemble bronze. The method used in the restoration is certainly open to objection, but not to the extent asserted by certain scholars, e. g., by von Mach, who asserts that no Greek statue has received such unworthy treatment, and that the restoration makes it possible to refer the statue to almost any age or admixture of influences: Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles, p. 326. Much of the beauty of the statue, to be sure, is gone, but the style is not obscured. It has been restored too full, which gives it a sensuous appearance. For the statue, before restoration, see Svoronos, Textbd., p. 18, fig. 2; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, fig. on p. 304.

[685] J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 152 f.; cf. Sculpt., pp. 244 f.; Hbk., pp. 532 f. In Chap. VI of the present work we shall follow the view which ascribes the Herakles to Lysippos: infra, pp. 298, 311. The Praxitelean and Lysippan influences in the bronze under discussion are noted by Richardson, p. 276.

[686] Ibid., pp. 217 f.

[687] For the former, see Amelung, Fuehrer, 249; von Mach, 327; Reinach, I, 452, 2. On the hem of the cloak is an Etruscan dedicatory inscription to one Metilius by his wife, containing the name of Tenine Tuthines as the bronze-caster: see Corssen, Sprache d. Etrusker, I, pp. 712 f. (quoted by von Mach). For the latter, see Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 5; Guide, 5; Mon. d. I., VI and VII, 1857–63, Pl. 84, 1; Annali, XXXV, 1863, pp. 432 f. (Koehler); Rayet, II, Pl. 71; B. B., 225; Bernouilli, Roem. Ikonogr., II, i, pp. 24 f., fig. 2; etc.

[688] Text on pp. 115 f.; Klein, op. cit., pp. 403 f., believes that the enigma of its interpretation remains unsolved. He looks upon it as, perhaps, a pre-Lysippan work, a sort of Vorstufe to the Apoxyomenos.

[689] Cf. Gardner, Hbk., p. 534.

[690] On this gesture, see von Mach, op. cit., pp. 325–6.

[691] Textbd., I, figs. 13–14, pp. 26–7. For the gem, see ibid., fig. 3, p. 22; Reinach, Pierres gravées, Pl. 56, 34.

[692] H. N., XXXIV, 77. So Miss Bieber, Jb., XXV, 1910, pp. 159 f., following the suggestion of Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, ed. I, 1907, pp. 254 f. (view reiterated in ed. 2, 1910, p. 304), and Loeschke. Pliny says that the statue of Euphranor displayed every phase of Paris’ character, in the triple aspect of judge of the goddesses, lover of Helen, and slayer of Achilles. On this statue, of which we know so little, cf. the very different results reached by Furtwaengler (Mp., pp. 357 f.; Mw., pp. 591–2) and Robert (Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr., XIX, 1895, pp. 20 f.). Edw. Vicars, in the Pall Mall Magazine, XIX, 1903, pp. 551 f., followed by Dr. Cooley, believes that the bronze should be restored as Paris holding the apple of discord in the right hand.

[693] Suppl. de la Gaz. d. B.-A., 1901, pp. 68 f., and 76 f.

[694] VI, 100 f.; VIII, 372 f.; in the latter connection it is an adjunct to the dance.

[695] Athenæus, I, 44 (p. 24 b), quotes the Pergamene Karystios (= F. H. G., IV, p. 359, fragm. 14) as saying that the women of Kerkyra played ball in his time. For Rome, cf. Hor., Sat., II, 2.11; Suetonius, Octav., 83; Pliny, Ep., III, 1.8; Seneca, de Brev. vit., 13; etc. On ball-playing, see Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, 1864, pp. 84 f.; L. Becq de Fouquières, Les Jeux des Anciens,² 1873, Ch. IX, pp. 176–199.

[696] Athen., I, 25 (p. 14 d, e).

[697] Athen., I, 25–26 (pp. 14 f, 15 a).

[698] In his περὶ τοῦ διὰ σμικρᾶς σφαίρας γυμνασίου. Cf. Sidon. Apoll., V, 17; Martial, IV, 19; etc.

[699] Athen., I, 34 (p. 19 a).

[700] Athen., I, 26 (p. 15); cf., Eustath., on Od., VI, 115, p. 1553; only the Milesians were opposed to it: id., on Od., VIII, 372, p. 1601.

[701] Theophr., Char., V, 9; Pliny, Ep., II, 17.12 and V, 6.27; Suetonius, Vit. Vespas., 20; etc.

[702] B. S. A., X, 1903–4, pp. 63 f; cf., XII, 1905–6, p. 387.

[703] The σφαιρεῖς are mentioned in C. I. G., I, 4, 1386, 1432; P., III, 14.6, mentions a statue of Herakles there, to which these youths sacrificed. Mueller, Die Dorier, 4, 5, § 2, classed these competitions as a sort of football.

[704] Rev. des Ét. gr., XIV, 1901, pp. 445–8.

[705] Helbig, Fuehrer, II, no. 1299; B. B., 413; Bulle, 44; Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, III, text to no. 1127; F. W., text to 1630; Rayet, II, text to Pl. 70, fig. on p. 5; Kekulé, Die griech. Skulpt.,² fig. on p. 349 (the Germanicus on p. 348; cf. Bulle, p. 94, fig. 17); Loewy, Griech. Plastik, Pl. 94, fig. 176 a, p. 80. The statue is 1.83 meters high (Bulle). Head alone in Overbeck, II, p. 446, and cf. 456, n. 4; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 270–271. A fine herma-replica of the head is at Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 219, no. 9; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 58, fig. 13 (three views). A poorer copy is in the Uffizi, Florence: Duetschke, III, no. 13; Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, 83–84.

[706] Graef, Aus der Anomia, 1890, p. 69. Bulle finds the head similar to that of the Lemnian Athena and the body to that of the Farnese Anadoumenos of the British Museum (= Bulle, no. 49). Furtwaengler thinks that its relation to the Lemnia is not close enough to warrant us in assigning it to Pheidias: Mp., p. 57; Mw., pp. 86 and 742. On the basis of a Phokaian coin (Berlin example, Mp., Pl. VI, 19; copy in British Museum, B. M. Coins, Ionia, IV, 23), which represents a similar Hermes, he ascribes the statue to an Ionian artist and conjectures Telephanes mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 68.

[707] Helbig finds the head Myronian, but the body unconnected with any of the well-known artistic tendencies of his day.

[708] As shown in the Germanicus copy; the right arm is wrongly restored in the Ludovisi statue. In the Germanicus the arm is bowed more at the elbow, the hand reaching the level of the temples.

[709] Froehner, pp. 213 f., no. 184 (and bibliography); F. W., 1630; Rayet, II, Pls. 69 (statue), 70 (head); etc.

[710] A. J. A., XV, 1911, Pl. VI and pp. 215–16 (Caskey); Jb., XXIV, 1909, Pls. I and II (from Munich cast), pp. 1 f. (Sieveking). For the Hermes of the Boboli gardens, see ibid., figs. 1 and 3, pp. 2 and 4; Arndt-Amelung., Einzelauf., 103–105; Duetschke, II, no. 84; Furtw., Mp., p. 230, Mw., p. 424. Another replica is in the Hermitage: Kieseritzky, Kat., no. 179; Sieveking, figs. 4–5, p. 5; Mp., p. 290, Mw., 506; another in the Torlonia Museum in Rome, no. 475: Sieveking, fig. 6, p. 5.

[711] Gaz. d. B.-A., 1911, p. 251.

[712] Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 230 and cf. p. 290; Mw., p. 424 and cf. p. 506.

[713] See the Annual Report of the Museum of Fine Arts, 1898, p. 20. Mahler, Polyklet u. seine Schule, p. 27, no. 34, wrongly thought that it was a replica of the Doryphoros.

[714] Froehner, no. 183, pp. 210 f. (bibliography on pp. 212–13; later bibliogr. in Klein, Praxitel. Stud., 1899, p. 4, n. 2); B. B., no. 67; von Mach, 238 b; Clarac, Pl. 309, no. 2046. Replica in Munich (with a head of Apollo not belonging to the torso): Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.², 1910, 287 (with list of replicas); von Mach, 238a; Clarac, V, 814, 2048; Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 7; Klein, pp. 4 f.; one in London, in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, pp. 464f., no. 85 and Pl. opp. p. 464; Clarac, V, 814, 2048 A; Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 6; one in the Vatican: Reinach, Rép., I, 487, 5; head and torso in Athens: ibid., II, i, 153, 10; A. M., XI, 1886, Pl. IX (middle), pp. 362 f. (Studniczka); head in Copenhagen, formerly in the Borghese Coll., Rome: P. Arndt, Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, 1912, Pls. 128, 129, and text pp. 177 f., (fig. 95 = bronze restoration for the municipal Museum in Stettin, combining the Lansdowne body and the Fagan head in the British Museum; for the Fagan head see B. M. Sculpt., III, 1785).

[715] See von Mach, 170; R. Kekulé, Die Reliefs an der Balustrade der Athena Nike, with Pls. 1–6.

[716] From the Ekphrasis of Christodoros, A. G., II, vv. 297–302. It was first shown to be a statue of Hermes by Lambeck, de Mercurii statua, Thorn, 1860.

[717] Pick, Die antiken Muenzen Nordgriechenlands, I, Pl. XVI, 25; cf. Froehner, p. 211.

[718] Duetschke, IV, no. 151; J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XVI, pp. 239 f. (Wace).

[719] E. g., B. M. Bronzes, nos. 1200, 1202, 1207; for a herm in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican, after a fourth-century B. C. type, see Amelung, Vat., I, p. 84, no. 65 and Pl. X.

[720] B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1600 and Pi. III; Jb., I, 1886, p. 54, and Pl. 5, and fig. 1 (Wolters); Kalkmann, Proport. d. Gesichts, pp. 41 and 98; Furtw., Mp., Pl. XVIII. opp. p. 346; for a full discussion of this head, see the note by translator in Mp., pp. 346–7. The head is 11–1/2 inches high (B. M. Sculpt.).

[721] Nissen, Pompej. Stud., p. 166.

[722] H. N., XXXIV, 18.

[723] E. g., one in Paris, in the Cab. des Médailles, no. 3350; Clarac, 666 D, 1512 F.

[724] E. g., E. von Sacken, Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz-und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, Pl. 10, 4; a bronze Mercury in Paris, in the Cab. des Méd., Coll. Oppermann (0.20 m. tall): Furtw., Mp., p. 233, fig. 94, and Mw., p. 428, fig. 64; bronze statuette of Mercury in the British Museum with chlamys over the left shoulder: Mp., p. 232, fig. 93; Mw., p. 427, fig. 63.

[725] Mp., p. 231, n. 3.

[726] B. M. Bronzes, no. 1217.

[727] Mp., pp. 288 f.; Mw., pp. 502 f.

[728] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 165 (renewed); base pictured, Mp., p. 288, fig. 123; Mw., p. 503; fig. 90. Furtwaengler had ascribed the statue of Aristion to the younger Polykleitos; this was disproved by the date of Aristion’s victory, Ol. 82 ( = 452 B. C.), given by the Oxy. Pap.

[729] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac, V, 946, 2436 A; Furtw., Mp., p. 289, fig. 124; Mw., p. 504, fig. 91.

[730] XXIII, 660; cf. Od., XIX, 86: “By Apollo’s grace he hath so goodly a son”—meaning that Apollo gave increase of physical strength to men, just as Artemis did to women. Cf. Hesiod, Theog., 346–7.

[731] V, 7.10.

[732] Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4 (= p. 724 C, D.); here he also mentions a Gymnasion of Apollo at Athens.

[733] Told by many writers: e. g., Apollod., II, 6.2.

[734] P., X, 13.7, describes a group at Delphi representing Apollo and Hermes grasping the tripod before the fight; in VIII, 37.1 he mentions the same subject on a marble relief at Lykosoura, and in III, 21.8 says that Gythion was founded by the two after the contest, and that their images stood in the agora there. The subject was represented in the gable of the Siphnian Treasury at Delphi: Frazer, V, p. 274 (in connection with P., X, 11.2). Stephani enumerated 89 existing works of art which represent this subject, of which 58 appear on black-figured, 18 on red-figured vases, 8 on marble reliefs, 3 on terra-cottas, and 2 on gems: Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol., St. Petersburg, 1868, pp. 31 f.; Overbeck has added to the list: Griech. Mythol., III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 391–415.

[735] The Choiseul-Gouffier statue: B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 209; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. III; Specimens, II, Pl. V; Museum Marbles, XI, Pl. 32; F. W., no. 221; J. H. S., I, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 178 f., and cf., II, 1882, pp. 332 f. (Waldstein); von Mach, Pl. 67; Collignon, I, p. 403, fig. 208; Clarac, III, 482, 931 H, and p. 213: Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 10; Conze, Beitr. zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.², 1869, Pl. VI; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 429. The height of the statue is 5 feet, 10.5 inches (B. M. Sculpt.). The Apollo-on-the-Omphalos: Kabbadias, 45; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 23–24 and fig.; J. H. S., I, Pl. V, fig. 3; Collignon, I, p. 405, fig. 209; B. B., 42; von Mach, 66; F. W., 219; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 7; Conze, op. cit., Pls. III-V, and text, pp. 13 f.; Murray, I, Pl. VIII, opp. p. 234 (both statues); torso in Munich, Arndt-Amelung, Einzelauf., nos. 849–50; for list of other copies, see A. M., IX, 1884, pp. 239–40.

[736] Cf. B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 209 (A. H. Smith).

[737] See Waldstein, p. 180; F. W., no. 219; A. M., IX, 1884, p. 248.

[738] Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 9; M. D., I, p. 47, no. 179; cf. F. W., 219. Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III. Apollon, p. 162, fig. 9.

[739] A. M., I, 1876, Pl. X, and pp. 178 f. (Kekulé); Bulle, 105 (Left) and p. 208, fig. 47.

[740] Published in J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 278–80 (Dickins); here, on p. 279, we have the fragment photographed with the lower parts of the Choiseul-Gouffier and Omphalos copies on either side; Dickins says that with the possible exception of the Athens statue this fragment shows the best workmanship of all the copies. Helbig, Fuehrer, no. 1268.

[741] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 211; it shows the krobylos best.

[742] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 210.

[743] Braun, Vorschule d. Kunstmythol., Pl. V, (quoted by A. H. Smith).

[744] Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. 54; discussed in Annali, L, 1878, pp. 61 f. (Brizio).

[745] Cf. Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 859; Beulé, Monnaies d’Athênes, p. 271, quoted in Jb., II, 1887, p. 235, n. 54.

[746] Jb., II, pp. 234 f.; on p. 234, the Athens statue and the figure from the Bologna krater are shown side by side.

[747] Fuehrer, under no. 859 (the Capitoline replica), and especially under no. 1268.

[748] Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.², p. 19.

[749] Roscher, Lex., I, p. 456.

[750] A. M., IX, 1884, p. 244.

[751] Mentioned by P., I, 3.4; this view has been upheld by Conze, l.c.; Murray, I, p. 235; cf. Furtw., l. c., and on the artist, see his article in Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1907, pp. 160 f.

[752] S. Q., nos. 508–526.

[753] Furtw., l. c.; the coin in the British Museum is pictured in J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 205, fig. 2. Conze’s theory of identifying the type with the Alexikakos has been questioned among others also by Overbeck: I, n. 226, to pp. 280 (on p. 301).

[754] Dionys. Halic., de Isocrate Judicium, III, p. 542 (ed. Reiske); S. Q., 531.

[755] Op. cit., especially p. 182.

[756] P., VI, 6.6. He won in the early fifth century, in Ols. 74, 76, 77 ( = 484, 476, 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[757] F. W., nos. 219 and 221. Clarac, Text, Vol. III, p. 213, leaves it in doubt whether it be Apollo or an athlete; however, he calls the Capitoline copy an athlete.

[758] Published by Miss K. A. McDowall, J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, pp. 203–7 and fig. 1.

[759] The untrustworthy character of the Torlonia copy has been shown by Overbeck, Kunstmythologie, III, Apollon, pp. 109 and 162. The Roman copy in the Capitoline is also inferior, and the legs are wrongly restored—for at that period in art there was little difference between the free and the rest leg; see Helbig, Fuehrer, no. 859; Stuart Jones, Cat. Mus. Capit., p. 287, no. 20 and Pl. 69; Conze, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.², Pl. VII; Clarac, 862, 2189; head in Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, Serie II, 452–4, p. 35.

[760] Waldstein ascribed the original to Pythagoras, partly because this artist was famed for the detail of veins, sinews, and hair: see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59.

[761] Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 223 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. LVII, 3–5. The original height was 2.60 meters.

[762] Strena Helbigiana, 1900, p. 293; discussed also by Miss McDowall (l. c. and fig. 3, p. 206); a poor replica is in Munich: Furtw., Mw., p. 115, and fig. 21.

[763] B. M. Coins, Troas, etc., Pl. XXXII, 1; McDowall, l. c., fig. 4, p. 207.

[764] Bulle, 50, who gives the height 1.86 meters; von Mach, 115; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 547, 9; other references infra, on p. 152, n. 5.

[765] Jh. oest. arch. Inst., VIII, 1905, pp. 42 f.; IX, 1906, pp. 279 f.; cf., Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., pp. 105–6, n. 1 (Engl. ed., p. 120).

[766] Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 100 f. He thinks that the original may have been identical with the statue of Ἀπόλλων ἀναδούμενος standing before the temple of Ares at Athens, P., I, 8.4, and that the παῖς ἀναδούμενος of Pheidias at Olympia, P. VI, 4.5, also may have been an Apollo. He also interprets the figure of a charioteer entering a chariot on an Attic relief (Fig. 63), to be discussed later, as an Apollo: Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 54 f. For the relief, see B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; F. W., no. 97; infra, pp. 269 f.

[767] Cf., Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 18 (Achilleae). On these “Achillean” statues (a generic name for statues of athletes leaning on their spears, from Achilles, the typical hero of ephebes), see Furtwaengler, Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol., Supplbd., IX, 1877, p. 47, n. 11.

[768] Jh. oest. arch. Inst., VIII, 1905, pp. 269 f. Miss McDowall, in the article already cited, p. 204, has also argued that there is no necessary connection between the quiver slung over the tree-support and Apollo.

[769] Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; Loewy, op. cit., X, 1907, pp. 326 f. Studniczka, ibid., IX, 1906, pp. 311 f., discusses the base and believes that the pose of the statue of Pythokles was the same as that of the Borghese Ares of the Louvre (von Mach, 125; F. W., 1298; Reinach, Rép. I, 133, 1–3; etc.), the weight on the left foot, i. e., essentially different from the Polykleitan pose.

[770] R. M., XXVII, 1912, p. 37.

[771] Duetschke, IV, no. 52 (= wrongly female); J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XV (three views), and pp. 235 f. (Wace).

[772] Mp., p. 247; Mw., pp. 448–449; he assigns it to the third quarter of the fifth century B. C.

[773] Amelung, Rev. arch., II, 1904, p. 344.1; Wace, l. c., p. 237.

[774] Both Schreiber, A. M., VIII, 1883, pp. 246 f., and Studniczka, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 255 f., have shown that the hair arranged in the double plait, whether the κρωβύλος or not, is Attic, and that similarly the mass of locks over the ears is common in Attic works.

[775] P., V, 7.9. In V, 7.7, the Idæan Herakles is said to have first crowned his brother as victor there; cf. V, 8.3–4. We have already (p. 10) spoken of the difference of opinion as to whether it was the Cretan (Idæan) Herakles, or the more famous son of Zeus and Alkmena, who founded the games. On the traditional connection of the hero with Olympia, see E. Curtius, Sitzb. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1894, pp. 1098 f.; Busolt, Gr. Gesch.,² I, pp. 240 f.; Krause, Olympia, pp. 26 f.

[776] With the river-god Acheloos, III, 18.16 (the contest pictured in relief on the throne of Apollo at Amyklai; cf. the same scene represented by the cedar-wood figures inlaid with gold on the treasury of the Megarians at Olympia, VI, 19, 12); with Antaios, IX, 11.6 (pictured in the sculptures of the gable of the Herakleion at Thebes); with Eryx, III, 16.4 and IV, 36.4.

[777] P., V, 8.4.

[778] P., V, 21.9; he won in Ol. 178 ( = 68 B. C.): Foerster, 570–1.

[779] V, 21.10.

[780] These victors were Kapros of Elis, who won in Ol. 124 ( = 212 B. C.): Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; he had two statues, the remains of which may have been recovered: see Bronzen v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. II, III; Aristomenes of Rhodes, who won in Ol. 156 ( = 156 B. C.): Foerster, 505–6; Protophanes of Magnesia ad Maiandrum (ad Lethaeum in P., l. c.), who won in Ol. 172 ( = 92 B. C.): Foerster, 538–9; Marion of Alexandria, who won in Ol. 182 ( = 52 B. C.): Foerster, 579–80; Aristeas of Stratonikeia, who won in Ol. 198 ( = 13 A. D.): Foerster, 609–10; Nikostratos of Aigeai in Kilikia, who won in Ol. 204 ( = 37 A. D.): Foerster, 621–2.

[781] Two men entered later, but were disqualified: Sokrates, who won in wrestling (?) in Ol. 232 ( = 149 A. D.): Foerster, 704; and Aurelios Ailix, or Helix, of Phœnicia, who won the pankration in Ol. 250 ( = 221 A. D.): Foerster, 734. See Dio Cassius, LXXIX, 10; Philostr., Heroicus, III, 13 (p. 147, ed. Kayser); cf. Ph., 46 and note by Juethner, ad loc. Ailix won in both events on the same day at the Capitoline games in Rome, which no one had done before: Foerster, l. c. Frazer, III, p. 625.

[782] Such victors were numbered in two ways; some authorities in the way mentioned above, e. g., Dio Cassius, l. c.; others numbered them δεύτερος, τρίτος, κ. τ. λ., e. g., Africanus; cf. Rutgers, pp. 73 f. and n. 1, and p. 97 and n. 2.

[783] See F. Kindscher, Die herakleischen Doppelsieger zu Olympia, Jahn’s Archiv f. Phil. u. Paedag., II, 1845, pp. 392–411.

[784] P., IV, 32.1 (statues of the three in the Gymnasion at Messene). He mentions, IX, 11.7, a Gymnasion and Stadion of the hero near the Herakleion in Thebes.

[785] B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 455–6.

[786] On the difficulty of distinguishing statues of victors from those of Herakles, see also Arndt, La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Text, p. 138, to Pl. 94.

[787] P., VI, 2.1.

[788] Ch. VI, pp. 293 f., especially pp. 298–299.

[789] La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Pl. 117 (three views). It was formerly in the Tyszkiewicz collection.

[790] See Arndt, l. c. Furtwaengler believed the head Praxitelean: see Roscher, Lex., I, 2, p. 2166 ll. 61 f. S. Reinach saw in it a mélange of Skopaic and Praxitelean elements: Gaz. d. B.-A., 3, Pér., XVI, 1896, II, p. 332 and fig. on p. 328; Têtes, Pl. 176, p. 139; he is followed by Arndt.

[791] Antichita di Ercolano, Bronzi, I, Pls. 49 and 50; D. Comparetti e G. de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. VII, 3, p. 261, 4; Rayet, II, Pl. 66; B. B., no. 364; F. W., 1302. Similarly, the bronze head of a youth in Naples, with a rolled fillet, may be from the statue of a victor or of the hero: Invent., 5594; B. B., 365.]

[792] For the Naples replica, see Comparetti e de Petra, Villa Ercolan., Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., Mp. p. 234, fig. 95; Mw., p. 430, fig. 65; poorer copy in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican (no. 139): Helbig, Guide, 69; B. B., 338; another in Broadlands, England: Michaelis, p. 220, no. 10; Mp., p. 235, fig. 96; Mw., p. 431, fig. 66. Graef had already conjectured the type to be that of a Polykleitan Herakles: R. M., IV, 1889, p. 215. He is followed by Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 23.

[793] Amelung., Vat., I, p. 738, no. 636 and Pl. 79; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 108; Guide, 113; B. B., no. 609; Furtw., Mp., p. 341, fig. 146 (head, on p. 342, fig. 147); Mw., p. 575, fig. 109 (head, on p. 577, fig. 110). The group is 2.12 meters high (Amelung.).

[794] Helbig, Guide, no. 242.

[795] Helbig, ibid., no. 470; R. M., IV, 1889, p. 197, no. 12 (Skopaic).

[796] It was found in Genzano: B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1731 and Pl. V, fig. 2; height, 1 foot, 4–7/8 inches; for references, see infra, p. 169, n. 8.

[797] B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1732; Specimens, I, Pl. 57; Museum Marbles, III, Pl. 12. A similar head, half portrait and half ideal, appears on coins of Macedonia. Such filleted heads as nos. 1733 and 1740 of B. M. Sculpt. are probably from statues of Herakles. The statuette of a seated Herakles, ibid., no. 1726, with the lion-skin and wearing a laurel wreath tied on with a fillet (= Reinach, Rép., II, 1, p. 227, no. 3; J. H. S., III, 1882, Pl. XXV.) and inscribed as the work of Diogenes (I. G. B., 361), recalls the description of the pose of the Hermes Epitrapezios made by Lysippos for Alexander: Statius, Silv., IV, 6; cf. Martial, IX, 44.

[798] B. M. Bronz., nos. 1254, 1276, 1292, etc.

[799] B. M. Bronz., Pl. II (upper right-hand); text, no. 212.

[800] Friedrichs, Kleinere Kunst, 1850; mentioned by Furtw., Mw., p. 525, n. 2.

[801] III, nos. 9 and 19; no. 19 has swollen ears.

[802] See Furtw., Mp., pp. 234 and 236; Mw., pp. 429 and 433. He gives as an example the Polykleitan ephebe head-type discussed supra, p. 95.

[803] P., V, 8.4.

[804] P., V, 15.5.

[805] P., III, 14.7 (ἀφετήριοι).

[806] P., II, 34.10.

[807] Iliad, III, 237 (= Od., XI, 300); Homeric Hymn to the Dioskouroi, XXXIII, 3; Pindar, Isthm., I, 16 f.; Pyth., V. 9; etc. Kastor was famed also for throwing the quoit: Pindar, Isthm., I, 25.

[808] Iliad and Od., ll. cc.; Simonides, frag. 8 (P. l. G., III, p. 390); Apoll. Rhod., Argon., II, 1 f.

[809] Apoll. Rhod., op. cit., I, 146; Theokr., XXII, 2–3 and 34; Pindar, Pyth., XI, 61–2; Nem., X, 49–50; Isthm., V, 32–3; etc.; various Roman poets: see Bethe, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, I, pp. 1092–4.

[810] R. M., XV, 1900, 1 f. (with illustrations).

[811] I. G. A., 37.

[812] B. M. Bronz., no. 3207; C. I. G. G. S., III, 1, 649; Rev. arch., Sér. 3, XVIII, 1891, Pl. 18, and pp. 45 f. (Froehner); Wochenschr. f. kl. Phil., VIII, 1891, p. 859; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73. Froehner reads the name “Exotra,” that of a woman victor.

[813] I. G. A., 43 a (p. 173).

[814] Duetschke, IV, no. 534. Another relief fragment in the Uffizi shows the upper part of the two with horses, each wearing the chlamys and pilleus and carrying spears: Duetschke, III, 446.

[815] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 780; Museum Marbles, II, Pl. 11; cf. a similar relief, no. 781. The relief ibid., III, no. 2206, supposedly representing Kastor, has been pronounced a modern forgery by Treu: see F. W., 1006.

[816] Ch. I, pp. 27 f. and 37 f.

[817] This is the usual division of victor monuments: Scherer, pp. 21 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 530; Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkmaeler griech. und roem. Skulptur, Handausgabe³, 1911, pp. 104 f. (translation by H. Taylor, 1914, pp. 120 f.) Reisch, p. 40, divides Siegerbilder in Motiven von allgemeiner Geltung und Bilder in Motiven, die der speciellen Veranlassung der Weihung entlehnt sind—a division practically amounting to that of rest and motion statues, as we shall see.

[818] Discussed infra in Ch. VII, pp. 334 f.

[819] VIII, 40.1.

[820] See infra, Ch. VII, pp. 327–8.

[821] We know of one case, at least, where an “Apollo” (draped) was transferred to a relief—on a column drum of the old Artemision in Ephesos, now in the British Museum: J. H. S., X, 1889, Pl. III, pp. 4 f., and figs. 4a, 5 (Murray); Overbeck, I, p. 106, fig. 9; Richardson, p. 53, fig. 16. According to Herodotos, I, 92, most of these columns were the gifts of Crœsus, who reigned 560–546 B. C. On the whole series of “Apollos,” see W. Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, 1909; cf. F. W., text to no. 14, pp. 9 f; B. M. Sculpt., I, pp. 82–3, with references; etc.

[822] See Richardson, pp. 39 f.

[823] Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 11–12 and fig.; B. C. H., X, 1886, Pl. V (two views) and pp. 98 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 117, fig. 58; Deonna, op. cit., p. 161, no. 35; Richardson, p. 44, fig. 12. It is in the National Museum at Athens, where most of the “Apollos” are to be found. The sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios on Mount Ptoion, Bœotia, is mentioned by P., IX, 23.6, Hdt., VIII, 135, and other writers.

[824] In Athens: Kabbadias, no. 8; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 10; Deonna, p. 227, no. 129; A. M., III, 1878, Pl. VIII; Collignon, I, p. 132, fig. 66; Gardner, Hbk., p. 131, fig. 16; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 5; B. B., no. 77C; von Mach, 12; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 10; F. W., 14; Springer-Michaelis, p. 172, fig. 336; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 319, fig. 133.

[825] Kabbadias, no. 9; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 9–10 (1.27 m. high); Annali, XXXIII, 1861, pp. 79 f. and Pl. E; Deonna, op. cit., p. 148, no. 26; B. C. H., V, 1881, Pl. IV, and pp. 319 f.; Collignon, I, p. 114, fig. 56; Overbeck, I, fig. 14; Gardner, Hbk., p. 166, fig. 29; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 8; B. B., 77A; von Mach, 11 b; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 509, fig. 260; F. W., 43; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 11.

[826] Kabbadias, no. 10; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 8 (1.30 meters high); Deonna, p. 153, no. 28; B. C. H., X, 1886, Pl. IV, and p. 66 (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 196, fig. 92; von Mach, 15a (left); Gardner, Hbk., p. 168, fig. 30; B. B., 12 (left); Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 7. In another found at Mount Ptoion in 1903, the left arm is almost entirely broken away: B. C. H., XXXI, 1907, Pl. XX.

[827] Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 10, no. 1558; Deonna, p. 217, no. 114, B. C. H., XVI, 1892, Pl. XVI (two views) and pp. 560 f. (Holleaux); von Mach, no. 13; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 321, fig. 134; Gardner, Hbk., p. 132, fig. 17; Richardson, p. 39, fig. 6; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 1.

[828] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschreib. d. Glypt.,² pp. 49 f., no. 47; Gardner, Hbk., p. 158, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 87, fig. 7; Richardson, p. 40, fig. 7; B. B., no. I; Bulle, 37 (right); von Mach, 14; Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., Pl. I, pp. 3 f; Mon. d. I., IV, 1847, Pl. XLIV; Baum., I, fig. 340; Collignon, I, p. 202, fig. 96; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 338; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 401, figs. 187, 188; F. W., 49; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 76, 2. It is 1.53 meters high (Bulle).

[829] Left: torso found in 1885: B. C. H., XI, 1887, Pl. VIII, and pp. 185 f. (Holleaux); Collignon, I, p. 198, fig. 49; Richardson, p. 41, fig. 9 (without the head); head found in 1903: B. C. H., XXXI, 1907, Pls. XVII-XVIII; entire figure, ibid., Pl. XIX; text, pp. 187 f. (Mendel); Kabbadias, 12; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 9 and fig.; Deonna, p. 156, no. 30. Right: Staïs, pp. 12–13, no. 20; Deonna, no. 35; Collignon, I, p. 315 and fig. 157 (two views); B. C. H., XI, 1887, Pls. XIII and XIV, and pp. 275 f., and X, 1886, fig. VI (without head) and pp. 269 f.; von Mach, 15b (right); Gardner, Hbk., p. 169, fig. 31; Richardson, p. 42, fig. 10 (two views); Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 77, 4 (without head); cf. II, 1, 18, 4 and 5.

[830] See Holleaux, B. C. H., XI, p. 186, n. 1. Richardson, p. 41, wrongly thought that they were of marble, explaining the preservation of the arms by their presence; the arms, however, were formerly broken off and have since been readjusted to the statue.

[831] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 206; Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XLI; Annali, XLIV, 1872, pp. 181 f.; B. B., 51; von Mach, 16; Overbeck, I, p. 237, fig. 61; F. W., 89; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 81, 6. It is 3 feet 4 inches in height.

[832] See Holleaux, B. C. H., X, 1886, p. 271; XI, p. 186; and cf. Vischer, Kleine Schriften, II. pp. 302 f.

[833] B. B., no. 76.

[834] See Holleaux, in B. C. H., XI, 1887, p. 178.

[835] From the inscription on its thigh.

[836] In the Athens Museum; it dates from the middle of the sixth century B. C.: Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 11, no. 1906 and fig. (1.78 m. high); Deonna, p. 133, no. 5; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, figs. 189–190; Kabbadias, Arch. Eph., 1902, pp. 43 f. and Pls. 3 and 4; Bulle, no. 37 (left), who gives its height as 1.79 meters.

[837] See Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., text to Pl. I, p. 4.

[838] Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., p. 4, ascribe it to the Cretan sculptors Skyllis and Dipoinos, who worked in Argos, Sikyon, and Corinth, or to their school.

[839] Statue A: Fouilles de Delphes, IV, Pl. I; B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, Pls. XIX-XXI (front, side, and rear) and pp. 445 f. (Homolle); Gardner, Hbk., p. 155, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 89, fig. 8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 337; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pls. IX, X. Statue B (fragmentary): Fouilles de Delphes, IV, p. 7, fig. 7; B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, Pl. XVIII. See also the following: Gaz. B.-A., III Pér., XII, 1894, pp. 444–6; XIII, pp. 32 f.; C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1894, p. 585; especially Homolle, l. c., pp. 445 f. (he exchanges B for A); cf. A. J. A., 1895, p. 115; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 77, 6 and 7.

[840] VI, 10.5; the epigram reads:

Εὐτελίδας καὶ Χρυσόθεμις τάδε ἔργα τέλεσσαν

Ἀργεῖοι, τέχναν εἰδότες ἐκ προτέρων.

Damaretos of Heraia won two victories in the heavy-armed race in Ols. 65, 66 ( = 520, 516 B. C.); Theopompos two in the pentathlon in Ols. (?) 69, 70 ( = 504, 500 B. C.). Their monument was one in common: Hyde, nos. 94, 95 and pp. 42 f.; Foerster, 135, 140 and 168, 169.

[841] P., VI, 15.8; he won in the boys’ wrestling match and in the pentathlon in Ol. 38 ( = 628 B. C.): Afr.; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[842] Hoplite victor in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): Foerster, 151.

[843] Victor in three running races on the same day (τριαστής) in Ol. 67 ( = 512 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 144–6.

[844] They won in boxing in Ol. 59 ( = 544 B. C.) and the pankration in Ol. 61 ( = 536 B. C.) respectively: P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187, 188, and p. 56; Foerster, 113 and 120. Pausanias, l. c., wrongly says that they were the oldest statues at Olympia.

[845] He won the double foot-race in Ol. 35 ( = 640 B. C.): Afr.; P., I, 28.1; Foerster, 55.

[846] He won five victories in wrestling at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: P., III, 13.9; Foerster, 86–90. The statue of Oibotas of Dyme, who won the stade-race in Ol. 6 ( = 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 ( = 460 B. C.): Afr.; P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6; that of Chionis of Sparta, who won seven running races in Ols. 28–31 ( = 668–656 B. C.), was made by Myron, and consequently was erected in the fifth century B. C.: P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111, and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–6: these two, therefore, did not necessarily conform with the “Apollo” type.

[847] VI, 14.5 f; he won in Ol. (?) 61, and in Ols. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 ( = 536–516 B. C.): Hyde, 128; Foerster, 116, 122, 126, 131, 136, and 141; Afr. gives the second victory as Ol. 62; see Foerster, 122.

[848] Vit. Apoll. Tyan., IV, 28.

[849] VI, 14.6–7.

[850] Frazer, IV, p. 44, believes that this description may be imaginary, concocted from stories of Milo’s feats of strength; but Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 601, cite Guttman, de olympionicis apud Philostratum, p. 7, Matz, de Philostr. in describ. imag. Fide, p. 33, and Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, 1890, p. 413, as believing that it was based on the appearance of the statue. Scherer, pp. 23 f., thought that Philostratos followed Pausanias in interpreting the attributes of the statue, and that the latter got his idea of the strength of the victor from the statue or from a cicerone. Pliny, H. N., VII, 19, says of Milo: Malum tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat. Aelian mentions Milo’s feat with the pomegranate in Var. Hist., II, 24 and de Nat. anim., VI, 55.

[851] Cf. Philostr., l. c., ll. 27, 28: καὶ τὸ μήπω διεστὼς τῇ ἀρχαίᾳ ἀγαλματοποιίᾳ προσκείσθω.

[852] Op. cit., p. 31.

[853] Cf. P., VIII, 46.3.

[854] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 75.

[855] For the type, see the Payne Knight bronze statuette in the British Museum: B. M. Bronz., no. 209 and Pl. I; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45; the same type appears on Milesian coins. Cf. Brunn, I, 77. Frazer is against Scherer’s contention.

[856] II, 2, pp. 601–2. See P., VI, 9.1 (statue of Theognetos).

[857] H. N., XXXIV, 59.

[858] Anachar., 9; cf. A. G., IX, 357.

[859] No. 38; cf. for the left-hand figure, p. 83, fig. 11 (side view).

[860] B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 44 f., Pls. V, VI (de Ridder); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 547, fig. 332; A. de Ridder, no. 740, pp. 268–9, and Pls. III, IV. It is similar in pose to bronzes in the same museum, nos. 736 (= de Ridder, Pl. II, 1), 737 (= Pl. II, 3), and 738 (= Pl. II, 2). It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[861] It will be considered later on in this chapter: p. 119 and n. 3. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[862] This statuette, showing Peloponnesian tendencies, is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; it is 0.25 meter high (Bulle).

[863] In the same way the pediment statues from Aegina differ from Attic works by straighter lines and more compact forms.

[864] He won a chariot victory some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 ( = 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17 ( = 105 d; P., VI, 1.26); Foerster, 310.

[865] He won in chariot-racing some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513. The date is from the lettering on the recovered base: Inschr. v. Ol., 177; cf. Hyde, p. 51. On such statues, cf. Reisch, p. 41.

[866] The spelling Ηαγελαιδας occurs on two blocks, d, e, from the Praxiteles bathron at Olympia: Inschr. v. Ol., 631 = I. G. B., 30; for the whole Praxiteles bathron see Inschr. v. Ol., 266. Dittenberger and Purgold keep the reading Hagelaïdas. Possibly the spelling Ἁγελαίδα stands for ὁ Ἀγελαίδα; the MSS. of Pliny read Hagelades; see I. G. B., p. xviii, Add. to no. 30; Gardner, Hbk., p. 217, n. 1. On the sculptor, see Lechat, p. 380 and n. 4, and pp. 454 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 316 f.; Joubin, pp. 14 f., 83 f., 92 f., etc.; Brunn, pp. 63 f.; Gardner, Hbk., pp. 216 f.; and especially Pfuhl, in Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.

[867] For Myron, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 57. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 196, Mw., 379–80, thinks that the connection is not literally true, even if considerations of chronology are not against it, and derives the story of Hagelaïdas teaching Myron from the similarity between the work of the two. For Polykleitos, see Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55. The tradition that Hagelaïdas was the master of Polykleitos has been unreasonably assailed by many scholars: e. g., by Robert, Arch. Maerchen, 1886, p. 97; Mahler, Polyklet u. s. Sch., 3912, pp. 6 f.; Klein, I, p. 340; cf. II, p. 143; cf. Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 210. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 196, Mw., p. 380, believes it impossible because of chronological difficulties, and assumes a sculptor of an intermediate generation as the teacher of Polykleitos; he, followed by Mahler, l. c., and Klein, I, 340, names Argeiadas (mentioned in I. G. B., no. 30) as this intermediate artist. However, he admits that the statement is true in a general sense, since Polykleitos developed his canon from that of Hagelaïdas: cf. 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 149; Pfuhl, however, p. 2192, has shown that the relationship is perfectly possible.

[868] To be mentioned infra, p. III and note 2.

[869] Dio Chrysost., de Hom. et Socr., 1; here Mueller amends the MSS. reading ΗΠΟΥ to ΗΓΙΟΥ; E. A. Gardner, Class. Rev., 1894, p. 70, wrongly reads Ἡγελάδου.

[870] Mp., pp. 53 and 196; Mw., pp. 80–81, and 380.

[871] Wilamowitz has shown that it comes from Apollonios, son of Chairis, who lived circa 100 B. C., and that it goes back probably to the Chronica of Apollodoros of Athens, who lived in the middle of the second century B. C.: Aus Kydathen (Kiessling and Wilamowitz, Philolog. Untersuchungen, I, 1880), pp. 154 f. Kalkmann, in his Quellen der Kunstgesch. d. Plinius, p. 41, believes that the date which is given by Pliny (XXXIV, 49) for the floruit of Hagelaïdas, Ol. 87 ( = 423–429 B. C.), comes from the same Apollodoros.

[872] Op. cit., pp. 41 and 65 f.; Pfuhl, p. 2194. Brunn, l. c., Overbeck, I, p. 140, and Robert, l. c., had assumed an earlier plague at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; but the real occasion for the dedication of the Herakles remains obscure.

[873] P., IV, 33.2.

[874] P., VI, 8.6; Hyde, 82; Foerster, 142, 148.

[875] P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 132; Foerster, 133, 134.

[876] P., VI, 10.6 f.; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143. There is no reason for following Brunn in his contention that these statues were set up some time after the victories, as these dates fit the chronology of the artist outlined above.

[877] A fifth-century type of statue occurs on these coins, representing the god standing with the left foot forward, the knee slightly bent, a thunderbolt held in the extended right hand and an eagle in the extended left: B. M. Coins, Pelop., Pl. XXII, nos. 1 and 6; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, Muenztafel, III, 20 and 12; Springer-Michaelis, I, p. 211, fig. 393; Collignon, I, p. 318, figs. 158–159. Frickenhaus, quoted by Pfuhl, p. 2194, believes that the pose is seen also in the small bronze pictured in B. S. A., III, 1896–7, Pl. X, 1.

[878] P., VII, 24.4. See B. M. Coins, Pelop., Pl. IV, nos. 12 and 17, and cf. 14; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 1, Muenztafel, IV, 16–17; Svoronos, Journ. int. d’arch. num., II, 1898, 302, Pl. 14, 11.

[879] Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890 (Eine argivische Bronze), pp. 152–153 and Pl. I (3 views); from which plate Gardner, Hbk., p. 221, fig. 49; Waldstein, J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 131, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 93, fig. 11; von Mach, 17 b; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 85, 1; cf. Frost, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 223 f., and fig. 1, who compares its style and pose with a later bronze statuette found off Cerigotto (Arch. Eph., 1902, Pl. 14). Ligourió is on the site of the ancient Lessa: Curtius, Peloponnesos, II, 1852, p. 418. The bronze without the base is 135 millimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[880] B. B., 302; Bulle, 43; Springer-Michaelis, p. 234, fig. 428; Furtw., Mp., p. 52, fig. 10 (upper part); Mw., p. 79, fig. 3; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228 b. It is 1.60 meters high (Bulle).

[881] Listed by Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 139, n. 61. For the relation of these copies to each other, id., Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., XIV, 1894, pp. 81 f.; he ascribes them to Hegias.

[882] B. B., no. 301; Bulle, 41; von Mach, 321; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1846; Guide, 744; Baum., II, p. 1191, fig. 1391; Collignon, II, p. 661, fig. 346; Overbeck, II, p. 473, fig. 228, a; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 9; F. W., 225; A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XV, and pp. 123 f.; Annali, XXXVIII, 1865, Pl. D and pp. 58 f.; Kekulé, Gruppe des Kuenstlers Menelaos in Villa Ludovisi, 1870, Pl. II, 2, pp. 20 f.; Joubin, p. 87, fig. 15; Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 398. The best copy of the head of the statue by Stephanos is in the Lateran Museum, Rome: see Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 217, fig. 92; Mw., p. 405, fig. 62. The statue is 1.44 meters high (Bulle). For the inscription on the tree-trunk, see I. G. B., no. 374.

[883] The best example is in Naples, the group being known, and probably correctly, since Winckelmann’s day, as Orestes and Elektra: B. B., no. 306; Kekulé, Gruppe d. Menelaos, Pl. II, 1; Bulle, 141 (height 1.44 meters); Collignon, II, pp. 662, fig. 347; Gardner, Hbk., p. 557, fig. 151; Clarac, V, 836, 2093; Reinach, Rép., I, 506.4. A sketch of the Naples Orestes and the Ligourió bronze, showing their great resemblance, is given by Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 137. A replica of the female figure is cited by Michaelis as in Marbury Hall, England: p. 503, no. 6; cf. Conze, Beitraege zur Gesch. d. gr. Pl.², p. 25, n. 3.

[884] E. g., the so-called group of Orestes and Pylades in the Louvre: von Mach, 323; Collignon, II, p. 663, fig. 348; Reinach, Rép., I, 161, 2 (= Mercury and Vulcan).

[885] Kalkmann, 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, pp. 77 f., thought that the Stephanos figure went back to an original by Pythagoras, the rival of Myron, which Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 49, rightly characterizes as “wide of the mark”; Pfuhl, p. 2197, Bulle, and others regard its ascription to the school of Hagelaïdas as probable, even if not capable of proof. Furtwaengler, 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 152, believes it was vermutlich ein Werk des Meisters (i. e., Hagelaïdas) selbst: on pp. 146–7 he pronounces the life-size marble torso of a statue of a nude man found in a wall over the ruins of the Palaistra at Olympia (Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 45)—because of its resemblance in pose to that of the Ligourió statuette—a Roman school copy of an original bronze victor statue going back to Hagelaïdas.

[886] E. g., the marble group formerly in the Boncompagni-Ludovisi collection, now in the Museo delle Terme, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1314; Guide, 887; B. B., no. 309; von Mach, 322; Baum., II, p. 1193, fig. 1393; Springer-Michaelis, p. 454, fig. 834; Kekulé, Die Gruppe d. Menelaos, Pl. I; Schreiber, Bildw. d. Villa Ludovisi, p. 89, no. 69; Collignon, II, p. 665, fig. 349; F. W., 1560; Reinach, Rép., I, 506, 6.

[887] V, 10.8.

[888] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 72, and XXXVI, 16.

[889] See Brunn, pp. 236–7 and 244–5.

[890] Loeschke (Dorpaterprogr., 1887, p. 7, on the basis of an early suggestion of Furtwaengler in A. M., III, 1878, p. 194) and J. Six (J. H. S., X, 1889, pp. 109 f.), assumed two sculptors of the name of Alkamenes, ascribing the gable statues and that of Hera at Phaleron (mentioned by P., I, 1.5) to the elder one. Furtwaengler later retracted the theory of two artists and assumed but one (Mp., p. 90, n. 3; Mw., p. 122 and n. 6). Koepp has shown that the Hera is of no use in dating, since the story of Pausanias that the temple of Hera was destroyed by the Persians is an invention (Jb., V, 1890, p. 277). The idea of an elder Alkamenes based on the inscription on a herm recently found in Pergamon (A. A., 1904, fig. on p. 76) has also been refuted by Winter (A. M., XXIX, 1904, pp. 208–211, and Pls. XVIII-XXI), who has shown that the inscription and statue do not go so far back.

[891] See Baum., pp. 1104 KK.

[892] P. 243.

[893] A. Z., XLI, 1883, pp. 141 f.

[894] No. 135.

[895] Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebr., pp. 67 f.

[896] A. M., VII, 1882, pp. 206 f. He also found the style of the two pediments unlike.

[897] A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 78, n. (= Argive-Sikyonian); cf. Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 44–95; Tafelbd., Pls. IX-XVII (East Gable), XXII-XXXI (West Gable).

[898] A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 374–5 (= Argive-Sikyonian); cf. R. M., II, 1887, pp. 53 f., where he excepts the four corner figures of the West Gable as Attic, because they are of Pentelic marble, and not Parian, like the others.

[899] I, pp. 460–1.

[900] I, p. 330 (= Elean).

[901] For a discussion of the whole question of the artists, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, pp. 329 f.; Frazer, III, pp. 512 f. For a restoration of the two groups, see Treu, Jb., III, 1888, Pls. 5, 6 (West), and ibid., IV, 1889, Pls. 8, 9 (East); whence Gardner, Hbk., p. 246, figs, 57 and 56 respectively; see also Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. XVIII-XXI; Textbd., pp. 114–137; Overbeck, I, Pl. opp. p. 309; etc.

[902] Richardson, p. 101, fig. 49 (side), and p. 154 for the statement; Lechat, Au Musée, Pl. XVI; Bulle, pp. 462–3, figs. 135, 136; B. B., no. 461 (middle row, bottom); A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 372 f. (Studniczka); de Ridder, no. 467; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 679, fig. 347; it is 0.10 meter high (Graef., A. M., XV, 1890, p. 16, n. 1). For the figure of Apollo, see Bulle, no. 42; Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. XXII, and Textbd., p. 69; von Mach, 86 (statue), 446 (head). The original height was 3.10 meters (Bulle).

[903] Mp., p. 53; Mw., p. 80; 50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr., pp. 140–1 and 148.

[904] The torso was found in 1865, the head in 1888: torso, A. M., V, 1880, p. 20 and Pl. I, with wrong head (Furtwaengler); head, Arch. Eph., 1888, p. 81 and Pl. III; figure in outline, Collignon, I, pp. 374–5, figs. 191–2; Dickins, no. 698, pp. 264 f.; B. B., 461 b; Bulle, 40 and figs. 15, 14 on pp. 87–8 (from a cast); von Mach, 57; Overbeck, I, p. 205, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 452, fig. 38; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 1; Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403; Furtwaengler, A. A., 1889, p. 147, Mw., pp. 76, n. 2, and 81; Wolters, A. M., XIII, 1888, p. 226. Bulle dates it toward 480 B. C.

[905] The same turn appears in the sixth-century Rampin head: Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182. It will be discussed later on, pp. 126–127.

[906] Furtwaengler, 50stes Bert. Winckelmannsprogr., pp. 132 and 150; Mp., p. 19; Dickins, p. 265.

[907] It is a dedication by Euthydikos: Collignon, I, Pl. VI (right), opp. p. 356; von Mach, no. 26 (right); Gardner, Hbk., p. 212, fig. 47; Bulle, 240; Lechat, Au Musée, p. 367, fig. 37; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 595, fig. 299; Richardson, p. 78, fig. 33; Springer-Michaelis, p. 207, fig. 390. Bulle gives it as half life-size.

[908] Dickins, pp. 248 f., no. 689; Bulle, no. 198; B. B., 460; von Mach, 440 and 443 (left); Collignon, I, p. 362, fig. 184, and bibliog., note 3, p. 363; Overbeck, I, p. 206, fig. 49; Gardner, Hbk., p. 213, fig. 48; Lechat, p. 362 and Au Musée, p. 374, fig. 39; Furtw., 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XIV; Arch. Eph., III, 1888, Pl. II. It is slightly under life-size.

[909] Here again Furtwaengler ascribes it to Hegias, whose art he derives from Hagelaïdas.

[910] Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum, p. 49, fig. 78; it will be discussed infra in Ch. IV, pp. 220–1.

[911] See supra, p. 105 and n. 3.

[912] On Chrysothemis, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, III, 2, p. 2521; Brunn, pp. 61–2; Overbeck, I, p. 140; Collignon, I, pp. 225 (= forerunners of Hagelaïdas and Polykleitos), and cf. p. 320. On Eutelidas, see Pauly-Wissowa, VI, 1, p. 1493.

[913] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55; others, e. g., P., VI, 6.2, call him an Argive. He belonged to a family of sculptors, some of whom worked in Sikyon and others in Argos.

[914] Kyniskos: P., VI, 4.11; Hyde, 45; Foerster, 255; Inschr. v. Ol., 149; Pythokles: P., VI, 7.10; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; Aristion: P., VI, 13.6; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376; Inschr. v. Ol., 165 (renewed); I. G. B., 92; Thersilochos: P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 114; Foerster, 369.

[915] H. N., XXXIV, 91. In the same book, § 72, Pliny mentions another pupil of Polykleitos, Aristeides, as the fashioner of chariot-groups. Pausanias merely mentions him in connection with improvements in the hippodrome at Olympia made by Kleoitas: VI, 20.14; see Pauly-Wissowa, II, pp. 896–7.

[916] Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 226, makes Naukydes, Daidalos, and the younger Polykleitos sons of Patrokles, the brother of the great Polykleitos. Naukydes and Daidalos describe themselves as sons of Patrokles in two inscriptions: I. G. B., 86 and 88. Pausanias, however, calls Naukydes a brother of Polykleitos and son of Mothon: II, 22.7.

[917] Cheimon: P., VI, 9.3; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285; Baukis: P., VI, 8.4; Hyde, 77; Foerster, 318; Eukles: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297; Inschr. v. Ol., 159 (renewed). Naukydes’ activity extended from Ol. 83 to Ol. 95 ( = 448–400 B. C.): Hyde, p. 39.

[918] H. N., XXXIV, 49.

[919] P., VI, 8.1; Hyde, 72; Foerster, 268.

[920] P., VI, 6.2, expressly distinguishes between the elder and younger Polykleitos; in speaking of the statue of the boy wrestler Agenor, he says that Polykleitos, the pupil of Naukydes, “not the one who made the statue of Hera,” fashioned it. Robert, O. S., pp. 186 f., gives his activity as Ols. 98 to 103 ( = 388–368 B. C.).

[921] Antipatros: P., VI, 2.6; Hyde, 16; Foerster, 309; Agenor: P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 53; Foerster, 355; Xenokles: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 85; Foerster, 308; Inschr. v. Ol., 164; I. G. B., 90; Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos and that of Aristion to the younger: Mp., pp. 224–5. Loewy had already assumed the eider for Aristion, Strena Helbigiana, p. 180, n. 4, and this was confirmed by the early dating of his victory in the Oxy. Pap.

[922] P., VI, 16.7; Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515. On this sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 2137; I. G. B., 475; Inschr. v. Ol., 318; etc.

[923] Before 600 B. C.; Robert, in Pauly-Wissowa, V, pp. 1159 f.; cf. Collignon, I, pp. 131 and 222 f.; Overbeck, I, pp. 84 f.

[924] P., VI, 9.1, f.

[925] Antipatros of Sidon, in A. Pl. (XVI), no. 220; on Aristokles, see Pauly-Wissowa, II, p. 937; Robert, Arch. Maerch., pp. 95 ff.

[926] Longpérier, Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1868, no. 69; de Ridder, Les bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. 2, 2, and p. 7; B. B., no. 78; Collignon, I, Pl. V, opp. p. 312; von Mach, 18 (two views); Overbeck, I, p. 235, fig. 60 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 211, fig. 397; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. XI; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 84, 9. For bibliography, see Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, p. 274. It is only 3 feet 4 inches tall. The Apollo Philesios, stolen from Miletos at the destruction of the city by Darius in 493 B. C. (Hdt., VI, 19; but P., VIII, 46.3, and later writers wrongly say by Xerxes; see E. Meyer, Gesch. d. Altertums,² 1912, III, p. 309), was restored from Ekbatana in Media in 306 B. C. by Seleukos Nikator (P., l. c., and cf. I, 16.3). It is also mentioned by P., II, 10.5. The genuineness of the Piombino statuette has been assailed, but Overbeck has proved it genuinely archaic: Griech. Kunstmyth., III, Apollon, 1889, pp. 22 f.; cf. Gesch. d. gr. Pl., I, pp. 234 f.

[927] H. N., XXXIV, 75; cf. Jex-Blake ad loc., p. 60. Pausanias mentions a cedar replica of the Apollo at Thebes: II, 10.5 and IX, 10.2. See p. 336, n. 1.

[928] P. Gardner, The Types of Greek Coins, 1883, Pl. XV, nos. 15–16; Collignon, I, p. 312, figs. 153–155; cf. B. Head, Historia Nummorum², 1911, p. 586; Overbeck, Apollon, pp. 23 f., and Muenztafel I, nos. 22 f. Also on gems: see M. W., I, Pl. XV, no. 61; B. M. Gems, no. 720; etc.

[929] L. c.

[930] B. M. Bronzes, no. 209 and Pl. I (middle); Specimens, Pl. 12; Annali, VI, 1834, Pl. D, fig. 4; Overbeck, I, p. 144, fig. 24, and Apollon, p. 24, fig. 5; Murray, I, p. 193, fig. 49; Rayet et Thomas, Milet et le golfe Latmique, Pl. 28, 2; Collignon, I, p. 313, fig. 156; Dar.-Sagl., I, p. 318, fig. 375; von Mach, 17 a; Springer-Michaelis, p. 183, fig. 350; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 475, fig. 242; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 80, 9; Fowler and Wheeler, Hbk. of Greek Archæology, 1909, p. 331, fig. 251; Furtwaengler, in Roscher, Lex., I, 1, p. 451; Frazer, IV, p. 430, fig. 45, Bulle, 28 (middle). A modern copy is in the Antiquarium, Munich: F. W., 51. It is 0.185 meter high (Bulle).

[931] R. M., II, 1887, pp. 90 f. (Studniczka) and Pls. IV, IV a, V; Collignon, I, p. 321, fig. 161; Overbeck, I, p. 239, fig. 62; Michaelis in A. Z., XXI, 1863, pp. 122 f. (Anzeiger). It is 1.11 meters in height.

[932] Collignon, I, p. 253, fig. 122; Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, p. 36, fig. 8; Fraenkel, in A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84–91, and Pl. 7.

[933] The small bronze also found there, 0.155 meter high, belongs to the same series: B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 190 f., and Pl. IX. It greatly resembles the statuette from Naxos. For a list of replicas of the statue of Kanachos, see Rayet, Études d’archéologie et d’art, p. 164; etc.

[934] On the style of Kanachos and the Apollo, see also Kekulé, Sitzb. d. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1904, I, pp. 786–801; O. Mueller, Kleine Schriften, II, p. 537; F. W., to no. 51; Brunn, pp. 74 f.; Collignon, I, pp. 310 f.; etc.

[935] P., VI, 1.3 and 8.5; Hyde, 1, 2, 3, and 78; Foerster, 296, 300, 299, 290 and 305; on Alypos, see Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1711; Brunn, p. 280; B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 287 f.; and cf. P., X, 9.10.

[936] P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 116; Foerster, 291; on the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 277.

[937] P., VI, 3.13; Hyde, 34; Foerster, 575; on the sculptor, see Brunn, pp. 292 and 419; cf. Hyde, p. 34.

[938] Timon and Aigyptos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17, 18; Foerster, 310, 301; Aristodemos, Ol. 98: P., VI, 3.4; Hyde, 25; Foerster, 312; Eupolemos, Ol. 96: Afr.; P., VI, 3.7; Hyde, 28; Foerster, 294. On Daidalos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, pp. 2006 f.; Robert, O. S., pp. 191 f.; Brunn, pp. 14 f.

[939] P., VI, 3.5; Hyde, 26; Foerster, 325. On Damokritos, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2070; Brunn, p. 105.

[940] Deinolochos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 5; Foerster, 330; Hysmon: P., VI, 3.9; Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347; Kritodamos: P., VI, 8.5; Hyde, 80; Foerster, 337; Inschr. v. Ol., 167; I. G. B., no. 96; Alketos: P., VI, 9.2; Hyde, 86; Foerster, 320; Lykinos: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 100; Foerster, 336. On Kleon, see Brunn, pp. 285; I. G. B., to no. 95.

[941] Troilos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345; Inschr. v. Ol., 166; the dates of his two victories, Ols. 102, 103, are known; Philandridas: P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 10; Foerster, 393; his victory fell either in Ol. 102 or Ol. 103; Cheilon: P., VI, 4.6–7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392; P., because of the dating of Lysippos, inferred that this victor fell either at Chæroneia (338 B. C.) or Lamia (322 B. C.), both of which dates fall within the working years of the sculptor; see P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 246; Polydamas: P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; Africanus gives us the date of his victory as Ol. 93, though the statue was set up after the victor’s death; Kallikrates, of Magnesia on the Mæander: P., VI, 17.3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (for two victories). Lysippos made two honor statues for Pythes of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134 a.

[942] Kallon: P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 106; Foerster, 410; Nikandros: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 157; Foerster, 408 and 413 (two victories). On the sculptor, see Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2013; Brunn, p. 407.

[943] P., VI, 17.5; Hyde, 181; Foerster, 401. On Daitondas, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, IV, p. 2015 (who dates the sculptor at the beginning of the third century B. C., because of an inscribed base found at Delphi: I. G. B., 97; C. I. G. G. S., I, 2472); cf. Schmidt, A. M., V, 1880, pp. 197–8, no. 58; cf. Brunn, p. 418.

[944] P., VI, 2.6 f.; Hyde, 15; Foerster, 424.

[945] H. N., XXXIV, 51; cf. XXXIV, 78 (for his image of the Eurotas river); XXXV, 141 (as painter). The Tyche is mentioned by P., VI, 2.7. Many copies of this work in marble, bronze, and silver have been identified, especially a marble statuette in the Vatican: B. B., no. 154; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 362; F. W., 1396; von Mach, 256; etc. For a list of copies, see R. Foerster, Jb., XII, 1897, pp. 145 f.; cf. Amelung, Fuehrer d. Florenz, nos. 261–2; and P. Gardner, J. H. S., IX, 1888, pp. 75 f. and Pl. V (silver statuette). On the sculptor, see Robert in Pauly-Wissowa, VI, pp. 1532–3; Brunn, I, pp. 411 f.; II, p. 157 (painter); Overbeck, II, pp. 172 f.; Collignon II, pp. 485 f.; Murray², II, pp. 354 f. Robert, l. c., gives three other sculptors of the same name; cf. I. G. B., nos. 143 and 244–9; Homolle, B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 336 f.

[946] Kratinos: P., VI, 3.6; Hyde, 27; Foerster, 433; Alexinikos: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184; Foerster, 438. On the sculptor, see Pliny, XXXIV, 85; Brunn, p. 415.

[947] P., V, 25.12–13.

[948] P., V, 27.8 (= joint work of Onatas and Kalliteles).

[949] P., V, 25.8 f. The base has been found in situ east of the temple of Zeus: Ergebn. v. Ol., Tafelbd., II, Pl. XVII, 12; Textbd., pp. 145 f. See Plans A and B.

[950] P., VI, 12.1. Hiero won three victories in Ols. 76, 77, 78 ( = 476–468 B. C.): Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, 215. The monument was dedicated in 467 B. C. after the death of the king. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 88.

[951] P., VI, 9.4–5; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; Inschr. v. Ol., 143.

[952] Philon: P., VI, 9.9; Hyde, 91; Foerster, 167 and 179; he won in Ols. (?) 72 and 73 ( = 492 and 488 B. C.); Glaukos (boy boxer): P., VI, 10.1–3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137; he won in Ol. 65 ( = 520 B. C.), but his statue was set up by his son at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Hyde, p. 42; Theagenes: P., VI, 11.2 f.; he won in Ols. 75 and 76 ( = 480 and 476 B. C.): Oxy. Pap., Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[953] For the meaning of the word σκιαμαχεῖν, see infra, Ch. IV, p. 243 and n. 4.

[954] Theognetos: P., VI, 9.1; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193, 193 N; Epikradios: P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 101; Foerster, 228.

[955] P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 103 and p. 44; Foerster, 519. On the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[956] P., VI, 14.2; Hyde, 133; Foerster, 327. For the sculptor, see Brunn, p. 96.

[957] Lechat, Au Musée, Pl. XV; Arch. Eph., 1887, Pl. III and pp. 43 f.; Bulle, 226 (two views); von Mach, 442, 443 (right); S. Reinach, Têtes, nos. 5 and 6; Overbeck, I, p. 198, fig. 44 (two views); Collignon, I, p. 304, fig. 151; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 526–7, figs. 271–2; E. A. Gardner, J. H. S., VIII, 1887, p. 191. While Overbeck and Lechat regard it as Attic, most scholars call it Aeginetan. The helmet is separately made and fastened on. Bulle dates it in the first decade of the fifth century B. C. It is 0.27 meter high (Bulle).

[958] Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. VII, 1, p. 260; Collignon, I, p. 303, fig. 150; Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XVIII; Kekulé, Annali, XLII, 1870, pp. 263 f.; von Mach, 441; F. W., 229; for its style, see Rayet, I, text to Pl. 26. Studniczka, R. M., II, 1887, p. 105, n. 47, believes that the closely allied colossal marble head in the Museo Torlonia (no. 501) in Rome is a copy of the colossal Apollo of Onatas at Pergamon, mentioned by P., VIII, 42.7. The head of the Zeus found at Olympia (Bronz. v. Ol., Pl. I, 1, 1 a) has been regarded as Aeginetan.

[959] Collignon, I, p. 306; fig. 152 on p. 305.

[960] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 206; etc. Brunn, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1872, pp. 529 f., referred it to the school of Kallon; cf. also Collignon, I, p. 302.

[961] Gardner, Hbk., p. 169, fig. 31; von Mach, no. 15 (right); etc.

[962] Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia, 1906; see Tafelbd., II, Pls. 104 (West Gable), 105 (East Gable), (the pediment groups in colors); whence Gardner, Hbk., p. 226, Pls. 50–51; cf. also Springer-Michaelis, pp. 214–15, figs. 400 (West Gable), 401 (East Gable); fig. 399 gives an older arrangement of the West Gable statues, as set up in plaster in the Strasbourg Museum. Since Furtwaengler’s death new attempts at reconstruction have been made, notably by P. Wolters, Aeginetische Beitraege, and D. Mackenzie, in B. S. A., XV, 1908–09, pp. 274 f. and PI. XIX (East Gable). For various figures, see von Mach, nos. 78–83. See Furtwaengler-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.², pp. 95 f. and figs. 74 f.

[963] While Overbeck dates them about 500 B. C., Furtwaengler, Bulle, Gardner, and others date them about 480 B. C.

[964] Hdt., VIII, 93.

[965] P., X, 13. 10.

[966] Furtw., op. cit., Tafelbd., Pl. 95, no. 82, and Textbd., pp. 248–9, and fig. 178 on p. 23; B. B., no 26; Gardner, Hbk., p. 229, fig. 52; it is from the north half of the gable.

[967] Furtw., fig. 204, p. 248.

[968] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glyptothek,² no. 78; Furtw., op. cit., Tafelbd., Pl. 96, no. 32, and Textbd., pp. 223–4; the figure on our plate to the right = Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr., no. 77 and Furtw., op. cit., Pl. 96, no. 29, Textbd., p. 221. No. 78 should stand, however, in front of 77 as arranged by Furtwaengler, op. cit., Tafelbd., Pl. 104, and both should be placed in the south half of the West Pediment and not in the north. For the two figures in Fig. 21, see also von Mach, 78 (middle and right). For another figure (armed with helmet, shield, and spear) from the East Gable, see Bulle, 86 = Furtw.-Wolters, no. 86 (formerly no. 56).

[969] Recently these sculptures, and especially the limestone (λίθος πώρινος) fragments, have been dated from 490 B. C., rather than from 480: see Svoronos, I, p. 92. The Akropolis was destroyed by Xerxes in 480 B. C., but it is problematical if with the completeness recorded by Hdt., VIII, 53; see Doerpfeld in A. M., XXVII, 1902, pp. 379 f.; Dickins, pp. 5 f. The next year Mardonios destroyed the city by fire: Hdt., IX, 13.

[970] See von Mach, 25 f.; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, pp. 635 f.; for details, Lechat, Au Musée, and Schrader, Die archaischen Marmorskulpturen im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen, 1909. See also Dickins, op. cit.; Perrot-Chipiez, pp. 574 f. and p. 577, fig. 289 (= Au Musée, fig. 26), and p. 578, fig. 290 (= Au Musée, fig. 8); etc.

[971] Mon. gr., VII, 1878 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I and pp. 1–14 (A. Dumont); Mon. Piot, VII, Pl. XIV, and pp. 146–7 (Lechat); Rayet, I, Pl. 18; Collignon, I, p. 360, fig. 182; Reinach, Têtes, 3, 4; Bulle, 225; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 641, fig. 328.

[972] So Richardson, p. 83, and others.

[973] So Bulle; he dates it in the first half of the sixth century B. C., doubtless a little too early.

[974] It is now in the National Museum at Athens: Kabbadias, no. 38; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 17; Arch. Eph., 1874, p. 484 and Pl. 71, Γ, a (Koumanoudis); Sybel, Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen, 1881, no. 2904; von Mach, 351; Overbeck, I, p. 202, fig. 46; Collignon, I, p. 385, fig. 200; F. W., 99; Conze, Die attischen Grabreliefs, I, 1890, Pl. IV, pp. 5–6; Kirchhoff and Curtius, Philolog. u. histor. Abh. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1873, pp. 156 f. (and two illustrations, one of a second fragment); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342.

[975] The breadth of 14 inches at top would become 30 inches at bottom. A second fragment, apparently belonging to the first, contains a part of the leg: Arch. Eph., 1874, Pl. 71, Γ, b.

[976] The same motive occurs on vases: e. g., Gerhard, I, Pl. XXII, and IV, Pl. CCLXXII.

[977] This very low relief is the most perfect of the older Attic grave-stelæ, and dates from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: Kabbadias, no. 29; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 15 and fig. (2.40 m. high); Sybel, op. cit., no. 3361; Overbeck, I, p. 200, fig. 45; Conze, Die attischen Grabreliefs, I, Pl. II, 1, p. 4; B. B., no. 41 A; Baum., I, p. 341, fig. 358; Kekulé, Die ant. Bildw. im Theseion, no. 363; Springer-Michaelis, p. 195, fig. 371; F. W., no. 101. Overbeck dates it at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; Richardson, p. 91 and fig. 43, about 525 B. C. For a duplicate stele from Ikaria, see A. J. A., V, 1889, Pl. I and pp. 9 f. (Buck); Conze, op. cit., I, Pl. II, 2.

[978] Dickins, no. 692 and fig.; mentioned by Furtwaengler, A. M., V, 1880, pp. 25 and 32; discussed by R. Delbrueck, ibid., XXV, 1900, pp. 373 f., Pls. XV, XVI (bottom).

[979] La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, 1896, Pls. 1, 2 (and text by Arndt); Reinach, Têtes, Pls. 1, 2; Rayet, Mon. gr., VI, 1877 (publ. in vol. I, 1882), Pl. I; id., Ét. d’archéol. et d’art, pp. 1–8 and Pl. I; Collignon, I, pp. 361, fig. 183; B. B., no. 116; Bulle, 197; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 643, fig. 329.

[980] Collignon, I, p. 376, fig. 193; Bulle, fig. 128 on p. 440.

[981] Brunn-Arndt, Gr. und roem. Portraets, Pls. XXIII-XXIV.

[982] Gaz. arch., 1887, Pl. XI.

[983] Cf. Arndt, La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg, text to nos. 1 and 2.

[984] Sammlung Sabouroff, 1883, I, Einleitung, p. 5.

[985] Found in two fragments in 1822 and 1859–60: Dickins, no. 1342, pp. 275 ff., and fig.; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; H. Schrader, A. M., XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f., and Pl. XI. Other references are given infra, p. 269, n. 9.

[986] See Hauser, Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 54 f., who discusses the question of the sex of the figure at length.

[987] So Hauser, l. c.; followed by Robinson, Cat. Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, no. 33.

[988] E. g., Gerhard, I, Pls. XX and XXI.

[989] See infra, Ch. V, pp. 269 f.

[990] While Schrader (op. cit., p. 313) dates it in the last quarter of the sixth century B. C., Dickins finds it earlier than the remnants of the sculptures of the Hekatompedon and, because of the delicate carving of the drapery and hair, despite its Attic features, calls it “typically Ionian in its elaboration of detail.” However, I follow Overbeck’s date at the beginning of the fifth century B. C. (op. cit. p. 204), and believe that it represents a time near the close of Ionic influence on Attic art.

[991] P., VI, 6.1; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208; Inschr. v. Ol., 146.

[992] Of the Spartan hoplite and chariot victor Lykinos, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 83 and 84 ( = 448 and 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 N; of the pancratiast Timanthes of Kleonai, who won in Ol. 81 ( = 456 B. C.): P., VI, 8.4; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 76; Foerster, 232; of the unknown Arkadian boxer, mentioned by P., VI, 8.5, who won in Ol. 80 or Ol. 84 ( = 460 or 444 B. C.): Hyde, 79, and pp. 39–41; cf. Foerster, 222 a, Hyde, 79 a; Inschr. v. Ol., 174; of the Spartan runner Chionis, who won in Ols. 28, 29, 30, 31 ( = 668–656 B. C.), but his statue was erected in Ol. 77 or 78 ( = 472 or 468 B. C.): P., VI, 13.2; Afr.; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–6. On two statues of Lykinos, see infra, p. 187, n. 6.

[993] Of the Elean boxer Satyros, who won two victories in Ols. (?) 102, 103 ( = 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 39; Foerster, 342, 348; of the boy boxers Telestas and Damaretos of Messene, who won some time between Ols. 102 and 114 ( = 372 and 324 B. C.): P., VI, 14.4; Hyde, 127; Foerster, 378; and P., VI, 14.11; Hyde, 130; Foerster, 373. On the sculptor, see Hyde, p. 35.

[994] P., VI, 4.5; Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494.

[995] P., VI, 12.8 f.; Hyde, 109; Foerster, 529; cf. Robert, Hermes, XIX, 1884, pp. 306 f. On the artist family of Polykles, his sons Timokles and Timarchides, Polykles Minor and Timarchides Minor, see Robert, l. c., pp. 300 f.; Hyde, pp. 45–47 and table on p. 46.

[996] E. g., H. N., XXXIV, 73 (Boëdas); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); XXXIV, 90 (Sthennis). In XXXIV, 91, he gives a list of artists who made statues of sacrificantes.

[997] In the Iliad, I, 450; VIII, 347; XV, 371; Aischylos, Prom., 1005 (ὑπτιάσμασι χερῶν); etc. On the attitude of prayer in Greek art, see L. Gurlitt, A. M., VI, 1881, pp. 158 f. (who tries to show that the gestures of prayer and adoration were distinct); Sittl, Die Gebaerden der Gr. und Roem., pp. 305 f.; cf. Conze, Jb., I, 1886, pp. 1–13 (on the Praying Boy of Berlin, Pl. 10.) See also Dar.-Sagl., I, pp. 80 f., s. v. adoratio.

[998] V, 25. 5.

[999] See article by P. Girard and J. Martha in B. C. H., II, 1878, pp. 421 f. (lists of inventories of objects consecrated there).

[1000] Scherer, p. 33, shows that the gesture in such statues was meant to invoke victory rather than to pay thanks for one that had been gained.

[1001] Scherer agrees with Philostratos, Vit. Apoll. Tyan., IV, 28, that the gesture of the right hand of the statue was one of prayer, and argues from it that many similar statues existed there: p. 31. Rouse wrongly assumes that all such statues were votive: p. 170.

[1002] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 79 ( = 464 B. C.): Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1003] Ol. VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158.

[1004] Fragm. no. 264 (= F. H. G., II, p. 183).

[1005] Fragm. no. 7 (= F. H. G., IV, p. 307).

[1006] Diagoras won in Ol. 79 ( = 464 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 59; Foerster, 220; Inschr. v. Ol., 151 (renewed). For the sculptor of the statue, Kallikles, see Robert, O. S., pp. 194 f. On Diagoras, see van Gelder, Gesch. d. alt. Rhodier, p. 435. Akousilaos won in Ol. 83 ( = 448 B. C.): P., l. c.; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252.

[1007] Beschr. d. Skulpt., Inv. 6306; A. M., VI, 1881, p. 158. Rouse, p. 171, following Scherer, pp. 31 f., doubts if this statue represents the attitude of any of the Olympic victor statues.

[1008] She won two victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 ( = 396, 392 B. C.): P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; Inschr. v. Ol., 160 (here the name appears in the uncontracted form Ἀπελλέας).

[1009] A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, pp. 151–2 (on no. 301 = Inschr. v. Ol., 160); he is followed by Foerster, l. c.

[1010] H. N., XXXIV, 86.

[1011] XXXIV, 70. For the motive, see the small bronze in Kassel, representing Aphrodite: Jb., IX, 1894, Pl. IX (two views), and pp. 248–50 (W. Klein), though its connection with Praxiteles must not be pressed; also bronze statuette in British Museum: Bulle, 1, pp. 332 f., and fig. 81.

[1012] Described by R. von Schneider, Die Erzstatue vom Helenenberge, in Jahrb. d. Samml. d. oesterr. Kaiserhauses, XV, 1893; illustrated by E. von Sacken, Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz.- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, I, Pls. XXI-XXII, pp. 52 f., and cf. A. M., VI, 1881 p. 155 (Gurlitt).

[1013] Cf. F. W., 1562.

[1014] C. I. L., III, 2, 4815.

[1015] Mp., p. 290; Mw., pp. 506–7.

[1016] Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt., no. 2 (for history and bibliography); B. B., 283; von Mach, 273; Bulle, 64; Reinach, Rép., I, 459, 4; cf. Conze, Jb., I, 1886, pp. 1 f.; ibid., pp. 217 (Furtwaengler); ibid., pp. 219 f. (Puchstein); Springer-Michaelis, p. 341, fig. 614. A similar attitude of prayer appears on the figure of Phineus on a r.-f. Attic amphora in the British Museum: A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 143 f. and Pl. XII, 1 (Flasch). The statue is 1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1017] Loewy, R. M., XVI, 1901, pp. 391 f. and Pls. XVI-XVII, by a comparison with the Vatican Apoxyomenos (Pl. 29), and the Naples resting Hermes (von Mach, 237; Reinach, Rép., I, 367, 1), has shown its Lysippan character; cf. also Mau, l. c. in next note, Bulle, and others, who refer it to the same school; Bulle assigns it possibly to Boëdas, the pupil of Lysippos, who made a praying figure: Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 73; similarly Amelung, in Thieme-Becker, Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler, IV, p. 187, Gardner, Hbk., p. 452, and others.

[1018] R. M., XVII, 1902, pp. 101 f.

[1019] Muenchner Allg. Ztg., 1902, Nov. 29, Beilage, no. 297; cf., for his restoration of the arms, ibid., 1903, Beilage, no. 277, p. 445 (quoted by von Mach and Bulle, respectively).

[1020] Jb., I, 1886, fig. on p. 217; reproduced in A. A., 1904, p. 75 (Conze); also on coins, Jb., III, 1888, pp. 286 f. and Pl. IX (Imhoof-Blumer).

[1021] Rev. arch., Sér. IV, II, 1903, pp. 205–10, 411–12 (Lechat), and Pl. XV; reproduced in A. A., l. c. Babelon, C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1904, p. 203, thought that the stele represented a seer in liturgic attitude as on certain coins of Sikyon; he argued, therefore, that the Berlin statue did not represent an athlete.

[1022] E. g., Levezow, de juvenis adorantis Signo, Berlin, 1808, p. 12; and Welcker, Das akad. Mus. zu Bonn, p. 42 (quoted by Gurlitt, op. cit. in the next note, p. 157); cf. Scherer, pp. 32–3.

[1023] A. M., VI, 1881, pp. 154 f. (Gurlitt), and Pl. V (from cast in Berlin): it is 2.18 meters high and 1.11 meters broad.

[1024] In the National Museum, Athens; discussed by Kekulé, Die antiken Bildwerke im Theseion zu Athen, 1869, no. 151; illustrated in Exped. scientifique de Morée, III, 1838, Pl. XLI (= from Aegina).

[1025] See O. Jahn in Annali, XX, 1848, pp. 213 f. and Pl. K a (= Orestes); A. Z., XXX, 1872, p. 60, Pl. 46 (Heydemann); Gurlitt, op. cit., p. 156; cf. Sophokles, Aias, 815 f., to explain the scene.

[1026] See Richter, Gk., Etrusc., and Rom. Bronz. in the Metropolitan Museum, 1918, no. 89 (7 inches high) and fig. on p. 59; Cat. Class. Coll., p. 115, fig. 73; published by Furtwaengler, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1905, II, p. 264, fig. 1 and Pl. IV (who considered it Etruscan and not Greek); Reinach, Rép., III, 24, 3. Richter, op. cit., no. 79 (11–3/4 inches high), and figs. on p. 53 (two views); Cat. Class. Coll., p. 91, fig. 54; Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art, 1904, p. 46, no. 36, and Pl. LIII; Reinach, Rép., IV, 370, 6.

[1027] On the custom of athletes smearing themselves with oil and dust in the palæstra before entering the wrestling match, see Lucian, Anacharsis, sive de exercitationibus, 28.

[1028] H. N., XXXV, 144.

[1029] Several cited by L. Bloch, R. M., VII, 1892, pp. 88 f.; and especially one in A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, Pl. IV (red-figured krater by Euthymides from Capua, now in Berlin); Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, 1893, p. 570. Cf. Furtw., Mp., p. 259, Mw., p. 466.

[1030] Cf. Brunn, Annali, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f.

[1031] Michaelis, pp. 601–2, no. 9; Bulle, p. 109, fig. 19; Furtw., Mp., p. 257, fig. 107, Mw., p. 465, fig. 77. It is 1.68 meters high (Michaelis).

[1032] It has the same foot position as that on the base of the statue of the boxer Kyniskos, by Polykleitos: Inschr. v. Ol., 149.

[1033] E. g., by F. W., 462–4.

[1034] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.,² no. 302; B. B., 132 (= front view, from cast), 134 (left = back view), 135 (= head, from cast, two views); Bulle, 55; Mon. d. I., XI, 1879–83, Pl. VII; Brunn, Annali, LI, 1879, pp. 201 f. and Pl. ST, 1, 2; F. W., 462; Reinach, Rép., I, 522, 2; Clarac, V, 857, 2174; for replicas, Furtw., Mw., p. 466, n. 4 and Mp., p. 259, n. 4; Duetschke, IV, pp. 53 f. on no. 82; etc. It is 1.93 meters high with the plinth, 1.80 meters without (Furtw.-Wolters).

[1035] The right arm is wrongly restored in the Munich statue; its proper restoration is given in a cast in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 112, fig. 20. Bulle, however, says that the Munich statue may be that of a boxer and not of an oil-pourer (wrestler).

[1036] Pointed out by Kekulé, Ueber den Kopf des Praxitelischen Hermes, 1881, p. 8.

[1037] H. N., XXXIV, 72; Klein, Praxiteles, 1898, p. 50; id., Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oest., XIV, 1891, pp. 6–9. We have discussed it supra, p. 77.

[1038] For the Marsyas in the Lateran Museum in Rome, see Bulle, no. 95, and text, pp. 183 f., and Helbig, Fuehrer, II, no. 1179. See Brunn, op. cit., p. 204.

[1039] B. B., 557, text by Sieveking; described also by Furtwaengler, Beschr. d. Glypt.,² p. 313.

[1040] F. W., no. 463; Annali, LI, 1879, Pl. ST, 3; B. B., 133 (= front view), 134 (right = back view); Furtw., Mp., pp. 259–60, Mw., pp. 467–8; for list of replicas of this torso, see Mp., p. 259, n. 9, Mw., p. 467, n. 4. Brunn, op. cit., p. 217, thought it a copy of the Munich statue.

[1041] One in Turin, F. W., 464; Duetschke, IV, no. 82; two statuettes in the Vatican (Braccio Nuovo), discussed by Bloch in R. M., VII, 1892, pp. 93 f.; Helbig, Guide, nos. 42 and 44.

[1042] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.,² no. 458; Clarac, Pl. 858, 2175; Furtw., Mp., pp. 263 f.; Mw., pp. 473 f. It is 1.54 meters high. A replica is in the Vatican: see Furtwaengler, l. c.; we shall treat it later in reference to the statue of the pentathlete Pythokles; Hyde, 70; Foerster, 295; Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; see infra, p. 144 and n. 4.

[1043] B. M. Bronzes, no. 514, on p. 71, and Pl. XVI; Specimens, I, Pl. 15; Reinach, Rép., II, 91, 7; Mon. gr., II, no. 23, Pl. XV and p. 1 (ascribing it to the Argive school). It forms the basis for a mirror.

[1044] Furtwaengler, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1897, II, pp. 129 f. and Pl. 6 (influence of Kalamïs).

[1045] B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 393 f. (S. Reinach) and Pl. XII, 3 (this should be numbered XIV, 4; see text); Pottier et Reinach, Nécrop. de Myrina, Pl. XLI, 3, pp. 450 f. It is 0.205 meter high.

[1046] E. g., F. W., 1798; relief found in 1830 in Hermione, now in Athens; it is of the second or third century B. C.

[1047] E. g., on the stone of Gnaios: Jb., III, 1888, pp. 315 f., no. 3; Pl. X, no. 12; Furtwaengler, Die antiken Gemmen, 1900, Pl. L, no. 9, and Vol. II, p. 241; also on the gem pictured by Toelken, Erklaer. Verzeichn. d. ant. vertieft geschnittenen Steine d. preuss. Gemmensammlung, 1835, Klasse VI, 107 (= Die ant. Gemmen, Pl. XLIV, no. 24, and Vol. II, pp. 213); Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 260, n. 6, and Mw., p. 468, n. 4, who mentions it, believes that these gems correspond more nearly with the Dresden than with the Petworth athlete type.

[1048] The strigil was a curved blade hollowed out inside with both edges sharp; the general form remained largely the same from the sixth century B. C., down into Roman days, though the curve and the handle changed. The commonest were of bronze or iron: see Dar.-Sagl., IV, 2, pp. 1532 f., s. v. strigilis (S. Dorigny); K. Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie im Altertum, 1871, pp. 88 f. Examples in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, are given by Richter, in Gk., Etr. and Rom. Bronzes, nos. 855 f.; others (strigils and handles) are in the British Museum: B. M. Bronzes, nos. 320–326, 665, and 2420–2454, and figs. 74–75, p. 319; on the operation, see Kuppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, 1874.

[1049] E. g., on an amphora in Vienna: Schneider, Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oest., V, 1881, p. 139, Pl. IV; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, I. p. 334, no. 25 and Pl. (right-hand fig.); on a kylix formerly in possession of Lucien Bonaparte, now in the British Museum, E 83: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXVII, 2 (left-hand figure), and p. 50; Murray, Designs from Greek Vases, no. 58; others on which the athlete is cleansing the strigil and not the body are given by Hartwig in Jh. oest. arch. Inst., IV, 1901, p. 154 and figs. 178 (Peleus on krater from Bologna), 179 (athlete on B. M. vase mentioned above, E. 83, third figure from left, middle row), 180 (cup in Rome, Museo Gregoriano), 181 (jug, ibid.); Hartwig, pp. 153–4, mentions an athlete on a cup in the Museo Papa Giulio, Rome. For the motive of an apoxyomenos on a vase in the Louvre, see Hartwig, Die greich. Meisterchalen, pp. 24 f. and fig. 2a.

[1050] H. N., XXXIV, 55, 62 and 76, respectively.

[1051] Pliny, XXXIV, 86 and 87, respectively.

[1052] A list is given by Furtw., Mp., p. 262, n. 2; Mw., p. 471, n. 1; a gem from the Hermitage is shown in Mp., p. 262, fig. 109; Mw., p. 471, fig. 79; = Die antiken Gemmen, Pl. XLIV, no. 19; cf. also ibid., no. 18; Hartwig, in the article cited in note 1 above, adds two more gems showing an athlete in a similar position, in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts: p. 155, figs. 183, 184. Here the youth, as Hartwig against the interpretation of Furtwaengler makes clear, is cleansing the strigil and not his body.

[1053] So J. Sieveking, Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb, 1913, Pl. 11, pp. 27 f.; cf. Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art, 1904, Pl. 50, B. 47, and von Duhn, Sitzb. d. Heidelberger Akad. d. W., Abt. 6, p. 9. It is 0.09 meter high.

[1054] Von Mach, 235; F. W., 1264; Reinach, Rép., I, 515, 6 and 7; cf. II, 2, 546, 2; etc.

[1055] H. N., XXXIV. 65.

[1056] Infra, pp. 288 f.

[1057] Amelung, Fuehrer, no. 25; Duetschke, III, 72 (1.93 meters high); B. B., 523–4 (text by Arndt); Bulle, p. 116, fig. 21; cf. Helbig, Guide, I, pp. 26 f., on nos. 42 and 44 (statuettes); Benndorf, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., 1898, Beiblatt, pp. 66 f.; Klein, Praxiteles, pp. 51 f.; Furtw., Mp., pp. 261–2; Mw., pp. 469–71; Bloch, R. M., VII, 1892, pp. 81 F., and fig. on p. 83 and Pl. III (head, two views). The right underarm and hand and the left underarm and part of the hand, the vase, and the basis, are all modern restorations.

[1058] Die antiken Gemmen, Pl. XLIV, no. 17, and text, II, p. 212; Mp., p. 261, fig. 108; Mw., p. 470, fig. 78; Hartwig, in Berl. Phil. Wochenschr., XVII, Jan. 2, 1897, p. 31, corrects the mistake of Furtwaengler and Amelung that the athlete on the gem is cleansing the thigh and not the strigil itself.

[1059] Arndt dates it about 400 B. C.; Furtwaengler ascribes it and the Dresden torso of the Oil-pourer, already discussed, to an Attic master of the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C.

[1060] Listed by Furtw., Mp., p. 262, n. 1; Mw., p. 470, n. 5. Especially the reduced mediocre copy in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, Guide, no. 45; Clarac, 861, 2183; R. M., VII, 1892, pp. 92 f., and fig.

[1061] Bulle, no. 60 (who dates it in the middle of the fourth century B. C., and considers it a copy of an original statue); Hauser, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., V, 1902, pp. 214 f. and fig. 68; Springer-Michaelis, p. 297, fig. 530; cf. A. J. A., VII, 1902, pp. 352–3, figs. 1 and 2. It is 1.925 meters high (Bulle).

[1062] Babelon et Blanchet, Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Biblioth. Nat., 1895, no. 934, p. 411; it is 0.075 meter high.

[1063] Discussed by P. Hartwig, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., IV, 1901, pp. 151–9, figs. 176 and 177 (four views of statuette), and Pls. V-VI (two views of the head). Without its base it is 0.679 meter high.

[1064] It is in the Hamilton Coll.; see B. M. Cat. Engraved Gems, 1888, no. 335; cf. ibid., no. 432, a cut scarab from the Blacas Coll., representing a nude athlete seated on a rock, holding a lekythos and strigil suspended from the right hand.

[1065] Bulle, no. 265; B. B., 601 (text by L. Curtius); H. Pomtow, Beitr. z. Topogr. v. Delphi, Pl. XII; Homolle, Société des Antiquaires de France, Centennaire 1804–1904, Pl. XII. The figures are life-size (Bulle).

[1066] H. N., XXXIV, 59: Hic primus nervos et venas expressit.

[1067] In the Louvre: Longpérier, Notice des bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1868 (reprinted 1879), no. 214; de Ridder, Les bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 183, and pp. 34 f.; Furtw., Mp., Pl. XIII, and p. 280, fig. 119; text, pp. 279 f.; Mw., Pl. XXVIII, 3 (middle), and text, pp. 492 f.; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 3. It is 0.21 meter high. For the same style and conception, cf. a statuette from Cyprus in the Cesnola Collection, Metropolitan Museum, New York: Richter, Gk., Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes, p. 57, fig. 87 (two views). Here the left leg is the rest leg.

[1068] Inschr. v. Ol., 164; base reproduced in Mp., p. 279, fig. 118; Mw., p. 491, fig. 85.

[1069] See list, Furtw., Mp., pp. 281 f.; Mw., p. 493; a completer one by Lippold, Jb., XXIII, 1908, pp. 203–8.

[1070] Amelung, Vat., II, pp. 414 f., no. 251, and Pl. 46; Furtw., Mp., p. 281, fig. 120; Mw., p. 494, fig. 86; Clarac, 856, 2168. As the head and torso are of different marbles, we really have parts of two copies of the same original. In reconstructing the statue, another copy in the Galleria delle Statue is better: Amelung, Vat., II, pp. 583 f., no. 392 and Pl. 56; it has a head of Septimius Severus upon it; the position of its feet is almost exactly that of the statue of Xenokles mentioned.

[1071] Publ. by Miss A. Walton, A. J. A., XXII, 1918, pp. 44 f., Pls. I, II, and figs. 1–5 in the text; Matz-Duhn, Ant. Bildw. in Rom., no. 1000; von Duhn doubts whether the head belongs to the trunk. The statue was acquired by Wellesley College in 1905 from a Roman dealer.

[1072] Copies of the head-type are listed by Furtw., Mp., p. 282; Mw., pp. 494–5.

[1073] Invent., 5610; Bronzi d’Ercolano, I, Pls. 53–54, p. 187; Comparetti e de Petra, Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 7, 4; Furtw., Mp., p. 284, figs. 121 a, b; Mw., pp. 496–7, figs. 87–8; B. B., 339 (left).

[1074] Mp., p. 283; Mw., p. 495.

[1075] Amelung, Vat., II, p. 416.

[1076] In the Museo Archeologico: Amelung, Fuehrer, no. 268 (and bibliography); B. B., 274–77; Bulle, 52–53 and 204–5 (head); von Mach, 123 (front and back views); Collignon, I, pp. 479 f. and figs. 247 (statue), 248 (head); Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 588, 2; Furtw., Mp., p. 285, fig. 122 (head); Mw., p. 499, fig. 89; Robinson, Cat. Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Suppl., no. 113; Springer-Michaelis, p. 272, fig. 488. It is 1.48 meters high (Bulle).

[1077] Ueber die Bronzestatue des sog. Idolino (49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1889), p. 10. He classed it stylistically with the Oil-pourer of Munich and the Standing Diskobolos of the Vatican, which Brunn had called Myronic. He later, however, renounced his Myronic theory and merely called it Attic, because of its resemblance to figures on the Parthenon frieze: Beilage zu den amtlichen Berichten aus den k. Kunstsamml., XVIII, no. 5, Juli, 1897, p. 73 (quoted by Richardson, p. 161, n. 8).

[1078] Festschr. f. Benndorf, p. 175: here he assigns it not to Myron himself, but to his son.

[1079] II, p. 30; he also admits its Polykleitan features.

[1080] Polyklet u. s. Sch., pp. 70 f., 1902; he assigns it to an artist of the master’s circle.

[1081] Mp., 286; Mw., p. 500.

[1082] Cronaca, pp. 29–30, fig. 2 (= Supplemento di Bolletino d’Arte, Roma, XII, Fasic. V-VIII) 1918 (Lucia Mariani). Cf. review in A. J. A., XXIII, 1919, p. 319 and fig. 2; and also Mariani, Rend. della Reale Accad. dei Lincei, XXVI, 1918, pp. 125–138, and fig. in text.

[1083] Matz-Duhn, Ant. Bildw., no. 1111; Furtw., Mp., p. 287; Mw., p. 502.

[1084] See material collected by Stephani, Comptes rendus de la commiss. impér. archéol., St. Petersburg, 1873; cf. Fritze, de Libatione veterum Graecorum, Berl. Diss., 1893.

[1085] II, pp. 416 f.

[1086] No. 2723; Svoronos, Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXI (CI is a poor copy of it); Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 240–242 (0.45 meter high; 0.57 meter broad). Staïs also regards it as an ex voto to Herakles.

[1087] It is broken away, but its outline is clear.

[1088] Kabbadias, 248; Staïs, op. cit., p. 86; Arndt-Bruckmann, Einzelaufnahmen, 627 and 628 (head alone); noticed in A. A., 1889, p. 147, and A. M., XIII, 1888, p. 231 (Wolters); ibid., XXXI, 1906, pp. 352 f. (von Salis); Jb., VIII, 1893, pp. 224 f., fig. 3 (restored), and Pl. IV (Mayer). It may be one of the statues seen by Pausanias in the temenos: I, 18.6. It is 1.50 meters high without the plinth (Mayer).

[1089] Furtwaengler, Mw., p. 378, n. 3 (cf. Mp., p. 196, n. 1), p. 685, n. 2 and p. 737; he ascribes it to Kalamis or his school.

[1090] H. N., XXXIV, 81; statue also mentioned, ibid., XXII, 44.

[1091] In the National Museum, no. 12; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 362, 363 and fig. (0.09 meter high); three photographs, A. M., XXXI, Pl. XXII; a poor photograph in Carapanos, Dodone et ses ruines, 1878, Pl. XIV, 3, and p. 186.

[1092] In the statuette it is bent, but its original horizontal position is indicated by the position of the hand.

[1093] Two copies: Hettner, Die Bildw. d. koenigl. Antikensamml.,⁴ 1881, nos. 70, 88; F. W., 1217; Furtw., Mp., pp., 310–11, figs. 131–2; Mw., pp. 534–5, figs. 97–8; Springer-Michaelis, p. 314, fig. 562; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 139, 5–6; M. W., II, 39, 459; Clarac, IV, 712, 1695.

[1094] Listed, Mp., p. 310, n. 2; Mw., p. 533, n. 3; one, formerly in the Museo Boncompagni-Ludovisi, now in the Museo delle Terme, in Rome: Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 139, 7; B. B., 376; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1308; Collignon, II, p. 265, fig. 131; von Mach, 197. The original must have been of bronze.

[1095] H. N., XXXIV, 69. For discussion, see F. W., note on p. 421 (to no. 1217).

[1096] In the Museo Chiaramonti, no. 297; Amelung, Vat., I, p. 509 and II, Pl. 53; Clarac, 479, 916.

[1097] Cf. Beschr. d. Skulpt. zu Berlin, no. 44; a poor torso of the type is in the Museo Chiaramonti of the Vatican: Amelung, Vat., no. 295 and Pl. 52; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 173, 2.

[1098] Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24; Specimens, I, Pl. 30; Mp., p. 163, fig. 65 (front), p. 162, fig. 64 (profile), from an old cast from the Mengs Collection in Dresden; Mw., Pl. XVI; other replicas, Mp., p. 161, n. 3.

[1099] Cat. Class. Coll., pp. 214–17, and fig. 130 on p. 215.

[1100] H. N., XXXIV, 76: Ctesilaus doryphoron et Amazonem volneratam (fecit). Bergk long ago proposed to alter this name to Kresilas (Zeitschr. fuer Alterthumswissensch., 1845, p. 962), and was followed by Brunn (I, p. 261)—an emendation accepted by most recent investigators. The argument derived from the Amazon of Kresilas, mentioned by Pliny, XXXIV, 53, and apparently repeated in the present passage, is strong. Jex-Blake, however, finds the name Ktesilaos a good Greek formation, though uncommon: see his note on p. 62.

[1101] Mp., pp. 161 f.; Mw., pp. 332 f.

[1102] It is plainly visible in the example from Petworth House, and in the poor one lately in the possession of the Roman dealer Abbati: B. B., 84 (from cast); Bull. del. Inst., 1867, p. 33 (Helbig); Mon. d. I., IX, 1869–73, Pl. XXXVI; Annali, XLIII, 1871, pp. 279 f. (Conze); it is also visible in the New York copy.

[1103] As on an Attic fifth-century B. C. grave-relief from the Peiræus: Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 157 (who gives the height as 0.45 meter and the breadth as 0.32 meter); von Sybel, Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen., 1881, no. 171; Annali, XXXIV, 1862, p. 212; Conze, Die Attischen Grabreliefs, no. 929 and Pl. CLXXX; F. W., 1017; for similar reliefs, see Annali, 1862, Pl. M.

[1104] Michaelis wrongly dated the original in the fourth century B. C.; Brunn first recognized its fifth-century character: Annali, XLVII, 1875, p. 31 (apud Leop. Julius).

[1105] Ant. Denkm., I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV; B. B., no. 248; Bulle, 167; Collignon, II, p. 492, fig. 256; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1350; Guide, 1051; Hekler, Greek and Roman Portraits, 1912, pp. 85–86; Gardner, Hbk., p. 536, fig. 146; Amelung, Museums and Ruins of Rome, I, fig. 156; Not. Scav., 1885, p. 223; Gaz. B.-A., XXXIII, Pér. 2, I, 1886, fig. on p. 427; Springer-Michaelis, p. 401, fig. 743; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 550, 10; Reinach classes it as an athlete or Herakles. It is 1.28 meters high (Bulle).

[1106] Discussed infra, Ch. IV, pp. 254–5.

[1107] For this reason Helbig wrongly assigned it to about 400 B. C.

[1108] Ueber die griech. Portraetkunst, 1894, pp. 12 f. (and fig.).

[1109] XXVII, 9.

[1110] Philologus, LVII (N. F., XI), pp. 1 f. and 649 f. Kleitomachos won in Ols. 141, 142 ( = 216, 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.3; Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476. Cf. Suidas, s. v. Κλειτόμαχος. His statue was set up by his father, and his victory sung by Alkaios of Messenia: A. G., IX, 588.

[1111] Cf. Petersen, R. M., XIII, 1898, pp. 93–5; this theory of Wunderer is also rejected by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 609.

[1112] Erected about 477 B. C.; Bulle, 84 (Aristogeiton) and 85 (Harmodios); etc.

[1113] Discussed infra, Ch. IV, pp. 220–1 and n. 5 on p. 220.

[1114] See Stephanos, Lex., s. vv. ταινία, ταινίδιον, ταινόω. This victor fillet is mentioned by Lucian in reference to the Diadoumenos of Polykleitos: Philops., 18.

[1115] Xen., Symp., V, 9; Plato, Symp., 212 E; it appears often on statues of Dionysos: e. g., on one in Furtwaengler’s Samml. Sabouroff, Pl. XXIII; Dionysos is called Χρυσομίτρης in Soph., Oed. Tyr., 209. The fillet was used as a breast-band for women’s dresses: Pollux, VII, 65; etc.

[1116] J. H. S., I, 1880, p. 177. In older days the athletic fillet was called μίτρα (Lat. mitella): Pindar, Ol., IX, 84; Isthm., V, 62 (of wool); Boeckh, Explic. ad Pind., p. 193. In the Iliad μίτρα was the kilt or apron worn around the waist under the cuirass (a ζωστήρ being worn outside): IV, 137; IV, 187; V, 857; etc. It was used also later as a wrestler’s girdle: A. G., XV, 44; and for women’s headbands: Alkm., I; cf. Eurip., Bacchae, 833. Athletes on vase-paintings representing palæstra scenes often wear the fillet: e. g., the wrestlers and other athletes on the Philadelphia r.-f. kylix pictured in Fig. 50, have red bands in their hair. Later the μίτρα was specially used of women; if of men, it was a sign of effeminacy: Aristoph., Thesmophoriazusae, 163. The home of the μίτρα appears to have been Asia, as it was commonly worn by Asiatics: see Hdt., I, 195; VII, 62 (head-dress); Virgil, Aen., IV, 216. We learn from Alkman that it came from Lydia to Greece: fragm. 23, verses 67 f. On it, see Bekker, Charikles, II, pp. 393 f., and Pauly-Wissowa, VII, 2, p. 2033 (Bremer).

[1117] See F. W., on 322. It appears on the “Apollo” type of early sculpture, e. g., on the “Apollo” of Orchomenos (Fig. 7).

[1118] Stud. z. Parthenon, 1902, pp. 1 f.

[1119] VI, 2.2; Lichas won the chariot victory in Ol. 90 ( = 420 B. C.): Hyde, 14; Foerster, 270.

[1120] P., V, 11.1.

[1121] Bulle, no. 207; Furtw.-Wolters, Besch.,² 457; B. B., 8; here it was inlaid with silver.

[1122] This may, however, be merely the remains of a wreath of gold: see Rayet, II, text to no. 67 (J. Martha).

[1123] Bulle, no. 202; Lechat, p. 482, fig. 44. It is 0.23 meter high (Bulle).

[1124] Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. LIV; F. W., 322; Wolters thinks this is scarcely a victor fillet.

[1125] This head, in the possession of Lord Leconfield, is a replica of the same original as the one in the Metropolitan Museum (Pl. 15); Michaelis, p. 609, no. 24. See discussion supra, pp. 144–5.

[1126] Noted by Furtw., Mp., p. 161.

[1127] P., VI, 1.7; he won in Ol. (?) 89 ( = 424 B. C.): Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796.

[1128] A. M., XIX, 1894, pp. 137–9 (J. Ziehen); fig. in text. It is now in the Museum of the Peiræus Gymnasion.

[1129] On such representations in art, see Stephani, Comptes rendus de la commission impériale archéologique, St. Petersburg, 1874, pp. 214–16.

[1130] Παῖς ἀναδούμενος: VI, 4.5; S. Q., 757.

[1131] Hermes, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; P., V, 11.3. Robert is followed by Kalkmann, Pausanias der Perieget, 1886, pp. 90 f.

[1132] Cf. Frazer, IV, p. 11. Figures of athletes appear beneath the throne on vases: Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., Pl. I, 9 and 16; Gerhard, I, Pl. VII. Flasch has tried to show that the throne figure did not represent Pantarkes: Baum., II, p. 1099, 2; cf. Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, 1890, p. 380.

[1133] VI, 10.6. Pantarkes won the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 86 ( = 436 B. C.): Hyde, 98; Foerster, 254.

[1134] Amongst others it has been assumed by Loeschke, Der Tod des Pheidias (in Histor. Untersuch. zum Schaefer-Jubilaeum, Bonn, 1882), p. 36; Schoell, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1888, I, p. 37 (Der Prozess des Pheidias). Foerster, p. 19, n. 1, is against the identification. The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is omitted in my victor lists (de olympionicarum Statuis).

[1135] The παῖς ἀναδούμενος is mentioned between victors nos. 38 and 39, i. e., in the Zone of the Eretrian Bull, while Pantarkes (98) is mentioned among the statues in the Zone of the Chariots: see infra, Ch. VIII, pp. 343 and 345, and Plans A and B.

[1136] Cf. Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, pp. 378 f.

[1137] Cf. Doerpfeld, Baudenkmaeler v. Ol., p. 21 and n. 1; Furtw., Mp., pp. 39–40; Frazer, l. c.

[1138] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 501; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. VI; B. B., 271; Bulle, 49; von Mach, 117; Springer-Michaelis, p. 259, fig. 461; F. W., 509; Annali, L, 1878, Pl. A and pp. 20 f. (two views) (Michaelis); Clarac, V, 858 C, 2189 A; M. W., I, Pl. 31, fig. 136; Reinach, Rép., I, 524, 2. The palm-trunk shows that the Roman artist intended to represent a victor in his copy. It is 4 ft. 10.25 in. high (Smith); 1.48 meters (Bulle).

[1139] Brunn, following older writers such as Winckelmann, had pronounced it Polykleitan: Annali, LI, 1879, pp. 218 f.; cf. Murray, I, pp. 313 f. and Pl. IX. Kekulé called it Myronian: 49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1889, p. 12; Gardner, Sculpt., p. 128, finds it unrelated to Polykleitos and defends its Attic origin. Everything about it—except the mode of tying the fillet—differs from the copies of Polykleitos’ statue, and especially the pose. Against Brunn’s view, see Michaelis, Annali, LV, 1883, pp. 154 f.

[1140] So Bulle, Arndt (text to B. B., 271), Furtwaengler (Mp., pp. 244–5; Mw., pp. 444–5), Zimmerman (in Knackfuss-Zimmermann, Kunstgesch. des Altertums und des Mittelalters, I, p. 152), and many others.

[1141] Cf. especially the resemblance of the statue to the youth on the West frieze: Michaelis, Der Parthenon, Pl. V, no. 9.

[1142] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 55, praises it equally with the Doryphoros, and says that 100 talents were paid for it; in another passage he says that a like sum was paid by King Attalos for a picture of Dionysos by the Theban painter Aristeides: ibid., VII, 126; cf. XXXV, 24 and 100. A painting by Timomachos of Byzantium brought 80 talents: ibid., XXXV, 136.

[1143] H. N., XXXIV, 56; here he quotes Varro, who was drawing probably from Xenokrates of Sikyon: see Jex-Blake, pp. xvi f.

[1144] Listed by Furtwaengler, Mp., pp. 239 f.; the torsos, by Petersen, B. com. Rom., 1890, pp. 185 f.

[1145] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 500; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. IV; B. B., 272; von Mach, 114; F. W., 508; Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. XLIX (3 views); Rayet, I, Pl. 30; Collignon I, p. 479, fig. 253; Murray, I, Pl. X; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 547, 5. Michaelis, by a comparison with the Doryphoros, first showed that it was a copy of the Diadoumenos: Annali, L, 1878, pp. 10 f. It is 6 ft. 1 in. tall (Smith).

[1146] Kabbadias, no. 1826; Bulle, 50; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. 35; von Mach, 115; Mon. Piot, III, 1896, pp. 137 f. (Couve), and Pls. XIV and XV; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 84–85 and fig.; B. C. H., XIX, 1895, pp. 460 f. (account of the Delian excavations by L. Couve) and Pl. VIII (the statue in its surroundings at the excavations); Springer-Michaelis, p. 277, fig. 498; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 547, 9. It is 1.86 meters high without the base (Couve).

[1147] Discussed supra, on pp. 92–3.

[1148] Mon. Piot, IV, Pls. VIII-IX; von Mach, no. 116 a; Furtw., Mp., p. 241, fig. 98; Mw., p. 439, fig. 68 (who called it the most beautiful of all the copies); Reinach, Rép., I, 475, 6. The right arm is wrongly restored.

[1149] Listed by Furtwaengler, Mp., pp. 240–2; cf. Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 125 f.

[1150] Hettner, Die Bildw. d. Antikensamml. zu Dresden, pp. 80 and 86; Annali, XLIII, 1871, Pl. V, pp. 281 f. (Conze); Furtw., Mp., Pls. X and XI; Mw., Pl. XXV; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. 36 (two views); F. W., 511.

[1151] B. B., no. 340; Conze, Beitraege zur Geschichte d. griech. Pl.², 1869, pp. 3 f., Pl. 2 (two views); F. W., 510.

[1152] B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 2729 (Addenda); Mon. Piot, III, p. 145 (Couve); ibid., IV, p. 73 (Paris); Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. 37.

[1153] J. H. S., VI, 1885, pp. 243 f. (Murray), and Pl. LXI.

[1154] J. H. S., XXXIX, 1919, pp. 69 f., and Pl. 1 (two views), and p. 232 (with illustration of the palmette head-band).

[1155] Mp., p. 246, fig. 99 (with original head); Mw., p. 447, fig. 69.

[1156] Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A (headless); it is 1.49 meters high (Michaelis). He believes that it originally was an oil-pourer.

[1157] Mp., p. 246; Mw., p. 448. It is 12 centimeters high (Furtwaengler).

[1158] κοτίνου στέφανος, P., VIII, 48.2; cf. A. G., IX, 357; Aristoph., Plut., 586; Theophr., Hist. Plant., IV, 13.2. The custom of using the olive crown is probably very ancient, despite Phlegon’s statement that it was introduced in Ol. 7 ( = 752 B. C.): frag. 1 (= F. H. G., III, p. 604). Pindar says that it was introduced from the land of the Hyperboreans by Herakles: Ol., III, 14 f; Bacchylides calls it Aetolian: VII, 50 (γλαυκὸν Αἰτωλίδος ἄνδημ’ ἐλαίας). It probably goes back to some form of popular magic.

[1159] B. B., no. 324; here small leaves are still remaining over the forehead.

[1160] Bronz. v. Ol., II, 2 and 2 a. Here the leaves have disappeared. See pp. 254–5.

[1161] B. C. H., V, 1881, Pl. III, text, pp. 65 f. (Pottier). Here is listed a number of funerary reliefs representing athletes, which list could easily be enlarged.

[1162] Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1241; Guide, 977. On the motive, see Archaeol. Studien H. Brunn dargebr., 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1163] The λημνίσκος (Lat. lemniscus) was merely the woolen fillet by which chaplets were fastened on; Hesychios says it is a Syracusan word; in any case it is used only by Roman writers and Greek writers of the Roman age; A. G., XII, 123; Plut., Sulla, 27; Polyb., XVIII, 46 (where στέφανοι and λημνίσκοι are differentiated, though they are usually interchangeable); C. I. G., III, 5361; C. I. A., III, 74. Pliny says that it was of Etruscan origin, H. N., XXI, 4, and that it was at first made of wool or linden-bark and later of gold; cf. XVI, 25. It was used at Rome at feasts, as a sign of special honor to guests: Plaut., Pseudolus, (line 1265); Livy, XXXIII, 33.2; Suet., Nero, 25. For the Roman use of the lemniscus for athletic victors and poets, cf. Cicero, Or. pro Sext. Roscio Amerino, 35, 100; Ausonius, Epist., XX, 6; etc. On the lemniscus, see Dar.-Sagl., III, 2, pp. 1099–1100.

[1164] R. M., VI, 1891, p. 304, no. 3.

[1165] Mon. Piot, XVII, 1909, Pls. II, III and pp. 29 f. (Merlin and Poinssot).

[1166] B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1754; B. B., 46; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. XXII; Collignon, I, fig. 255, on p. 500; Furtw., Mp., p. 252, fig. 105; Mw., p. 457, fig. 75 (back view); Springer-Michaelis, p. 275, fig. 495; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 546, 9. It is 4 ft. 11 in. high (Smith), i. e., 1.48 meters.

[1167] Helbig, Cat. Coll. Barracco, no. 99, Pls. 38 and 38 a; id., Fuehrer, I, 1083; sketches of the Westmacott and Barracco copies in Kekulé, 49stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1889, Pl. IV.

[1168] No. 254; Arch. Eph., 1890, pp. 207 f. (Philios) and Pls. X and XI. Bulle, 51, gives the Westmacott and Barracco examples side by side; in J. H. S., XXXI, 1911, Pl. II, we have the Westmacott, Barracco, and Eleusis copies together. Furtwaengler, Mp., pp. 250 f., Mw., pp. 453 f., Helbig, Cat. Coll. Barracco, p. 36, and Petersen, R. M., VIII, 1893, pp. 101 f., have added many more torsos and heads as copies or variants of the original.

[1169] See Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 1083. Its soft expression and forms led Furtwaengler to derive it from the Praxitelean circle, from the period when Praxiteles was influenced by Polykleitos, and to believe that it represented a divinity, perhaps Triptolemos: Mp., p. 255 and n. 2.

[1170] Burlington Fine Arts Club, Catalogue Anc. Gk. Art, 1904, no. 45, Pl. XXXIII; Furtw., Mp., p. 251, fig. 103; Mw., p. 454, fig. 73. It was formerly in the van Branteghem collection.

[1171] For the Dresden head, see A. A., 1900, p. 107, figs. 1 a and 1 b.

[1172] Furtw., Mp., p. 252, fig. 104; Mw., p. 455, fig. 74.

[1173] First published by F. H. Marshall, J. H. S., XXIX, 1909, pp. 151–2 and figs. 1 a, b; more fully by E. A. Gardner, ibid., XXXI, 1911, pp. 21 f. and Pl. I and fig. 1.

[1174] Nelson head: J. H. S., XVIII, 1898, pp. 141 f., and Pl. XI; B. B., 544; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. XXXIX; Capitoline Amazon: Mp., p. 132, fig. 53 (restored); Mw., p. 292, fig. 39. A head of the Capitoline type has been wrongly placed on the Pheidian Mattei torso in the Vatican: Mp., p. 133, fig. 54 (head); Mw., Pl. XI; B. B., 350; von Mach, 121; Reinach, Rép., I, 483, 1.

[1175] B. B., 128 (original and cast).

[1176] As, e. g., in the bronze head of a victor in Naples, already discussed (Fig. 25); B. B., 339.

[1177] E. g., Furtwaengler and Collignon; the latter, I, pp. 499–500.

[1178] Hypnos, pp. 30 f.; accepted by Wolters (apud Lepsius, Griech. Marmorstudien, p. 83, no. 164), Treu (A. A., 1889, p. 57), Collignon, Petersen, l. c., Kekulé (Idolino, p. 13), Furtwaengler (Mp., pp. 252–3, Mw., pp. 458–9 and 747), and others; see Philios, op. cit.

[1179] E. g., by Philios (op. cit.), Amelung (Bert. Phil. Wochenschr., XXII, 1902, p. 273). This scraping motive is seen in the bronze statuette in the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 934.

[1180] This is inconsistent with the position of the hand in the Barracco copy, which is too far from the head. This was an older view of Helbig, Rendiconti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei, 1892, pp. 790 f.; refuted by Furtwaengler, Petersen, Helbig himself later (in the Fuehrer), and others.

[1181] Quoted by E. A. Gardner, J. H. S., XXXI, pp. 25–6, as the theory of E. N. Gardiner.

[1182] H. N., XXXIV, 55; for this theory, see Mahler, Polyklet u. s. Sch., p. 50.

[1183] Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1870, Block 131 (from the North frieze).

[1184] F. W., 1665; Furtw., Mp., p. 256, fig. 106; Mw., p. 463, fig. 76; M. W., Pl. 70, 879; etc.

[1185] For list, see Furtw., Mp., p. 254, n. 2. For a restoration of the original statue, see ibid., p. 250, fig. 102; Mw., p. 453, fig. 72.

[1186] VI, 4.11; Inschr. v. Ol., 149; I. G. B., 50.

[1187] Those of the Elean pentathlete Pythokles: Inschr. v. Ol., 162–3; I. G. B., 91; and the Epidaurian boxer Aristion: Inschr. v. Ol., 165 (renewed); I. G. B., 92. The feet of the Aristion were both flat upon the ground.

[1188] That of the boy wrestler Xenokles of Mainalos: Inschr. v. Ol., 164; I. G. B., 90.

[1189] In one of the Olympia Zanes: I. G. B., 95.

[1190] On the Kyniskos basis there are no traces, as on that of Pythokles, to show that the original had been removed from the Altis and replaced by a copy long before Pausanias visited Olympia.

[1191] O. S., p. 186, on the basis of the Oxy. Pap.; followed by Hyde, 45. Foerster’s date, Ol. (?) 86 ( = 436 B. C.), follows the earlier dating of Polykleitos by Robert, Arch. Maerchen, 1886, p. 107, i. e., before the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyrus; see Foerster, 255. Robert later dated the birth of the sculptor about Ol. 75.4 ( = 477 B. C.). Thus, even if the Kyniskos were his earliest statue, it must have been erected some time after the victory. Furtwaengler dates the original of the Westmacott Athlete about 440 B. C.: Mp., p. 252.

[1192] Bulle, Furtwaengler, E. A. Gardner, and others find the assumption of identity not completely convincing. Thus Furtwaengler looks upon the identification as “no far-fetched theory,” but says: “Unfortunately, however, absolute certainty can scarcely be attained” (Mp., pp. 249–50).

[1193] VIII, 48.2; cf. Vitruv., de Arch., IX, 1 (p. 212).

[1194] Homer mentions the palm: e. g., Od., VI, 163; the various kinds of palm are given by Theophr., Hist. Plant., II, 6.6 and 8.4. Its fronds (σπάθαι, cf. Hdt., VII, 69) were formed into victory crowns: Plut., Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4, p. 723.

[1195] H. N., XXXV, 75.

[1196] Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargehracht, 1893, pp. 62 f.

[1197] Mp., p. 256 and n. 1; Mw., p. 462 and n. 2.

[1198] Cf. Waldstein, J. H. S., I, 1880, p. 187, n. 1.

[1199] B. C. H., V, 1881, PI. III. See supra, p. 155.

[1200] So Waldstein, l. c., p. 186.

[1201] E. g., on a Panathenaic vase: Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. 48, e. g.

[1202] Mentioned by Helbig, Guide, 977; discussed by Arndt in La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg, text to Pls. XXI-IV. Arndt believes that the right arm with the palm in the hand is modern, like the head and left arm; they are of a different marble from the torso. The torso is a replica of a statue in the Villa Albani, Rome: op. cit., fig. 13; cf. Furtwaengler, Mw., p. 738 (= god type). On representing athletes in the act of placing wreaths on their heads with the right hand and holding palm-branches in the left, see Milchhoefer, and others, in the work already cited, Arch. Stud. H. Brunn dargebracht, pp. 62 f.

[1203] VI, 10.4. The scholiast on Pindar, Pyth., IX, 1, Boeckh, p. 401, says that the hoplites ran with bronze shields.

[1204] See supra, pp. 105, n. 3, and 116.

[1205] P., VI, 13.7. He won in Ol. 81 ( = 456 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1206] Schol. on Pindar, Pyth., IX, Inscript. a. Boeckh, p. 401.

[1207] Head A: Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 29 f.; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1–4; Ausgrab. v. Ol., V, 1881, pp. 12 f., Pls. XVIII (front), XIX (side); F. W., 316; Overbeck, I, pp. 198–9 and cf. p. 178. Head B: Bildw., pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 9–10; Ausgrab., p. 13; Overbeck, p. 178; F. W., 315.

[1208] Bildw., Pl. VI, 5–6; fig. 30, on p. 30 in Textbd.; Ausgrab., V, Pl. XIX, 4 and p. 12; F. W., 317.

[1209] Bildw., Textbd., fig. 31, on p. 30.

[1210] Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., fig. 32, on p. 31.

[1211] Ibid., pp. 31 f., and Pl. VI, 7–8; Ausgrab. v. Ol., V, Pl. XIX, 5 and p. 12; F. W., 319. Both the foot and arm are of Parian marble, like the head.

[1212] Hyde, pp. 42–4; cf. Foerster, 151, 155; he also won the stade-race at Delphi: Pindar, Pyth., X, 12–16. Robert accepts my ascription: Pauly-Wissowa, VI, p. 1493. Liddell and Scott, Lexicon, s. v. Φρικίας (= “Bristle”), believe this to be the name not of the victor but of his horse, so called because of his long outstanding mane; cf. Herrmann, Opuscula, VII, 166 n. This is also the interpretation of Sandys, Odes of Pindar, Loeb Library, 1915, p. 291, n. 1.

[1213] P., VI, 10.4–5; R. Foerster, Das Portraet in d. gr. Plastik, 1882, p. 22, n. 5.

[1214] Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f.; Bildw. v. Ol., p. 34 and n. 2. He explained the shield device of the ram and Phrixos by the fact that Eperastos traced his descent from that hero. Cf. Overbeck, I, p. 198.

[1215] VI, 17.5; Hyde, 183 and p. 62; Foerster, 765 (undated).

[1216] Preus. Jb., LI, p. 382; cf. Sammlung Sabouroff, Einleitung zu den Skulpturen, p. 5, n. 4; followed by Flasch, Baum., II, p. 1104 U f.

[1217] V, 27.7.

[1218] Textbd., pp. 31–2.

[1219] Hyde, l. c. For the date, see Afr; Foerster, 144–6; he was the first Olympic τριαστής, i. e., he gained victories in three events on the same day (stade-, double stade- and hoplite-races).

[1220] Matz-Duhn, Ant. Bildw., no. 1097; here it is called a diskobolos; Clarac, 830, 2085; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 204; Mw., p. 392.

[1221] Hauser, Jb., II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, points out its resemblance to the Tuebingen bronze, but because of the tree-trunk does not regard it as a representation of a hoplitodrome. Furtwaengler, l. c., regards the helmet as belonging to the head, while others believe it alien thereto.

[1222] No. 795; A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, Pl. XI and pp. 58–71; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; cf. another in Copenhagen: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXXXI.

[1223] P., VI, 3.10; he won the pentathlon some time between Ols. 94 and 103 ( = 404 and 368 B. C.): Hyde, 31; Foerster, 347.

[1224] P., V, 26.3.

[1225] V, 27.12.

[1226] A. Z., XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2 and pp. 227–8 (Milchhoefer).

[1227] Inventar, no. 6306; mentioned by L. Gurlitt in A. M., VI, 1881, p. 158.

[1228] Duetschke, II, no. 22; a very similar statue, no. 25, has no halteres; both are poor Roman copies.

[1229] Bildw. v. Ol., p. 217; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3.

[1230] So schol. on Pindar, Ol., VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 158. He won in Ol. 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 7.1 f.; Hyde, 60; Foerster, 252.

[1231] Matz-Duhn, Ant. Bildw. in Rom., no. 1096; J. H. S., II, 1881, p. 342, fig. 3. Thongs appear on both forearms of the Polykleitan statue, copies of which are in Kassel (Furtw., Mp., p. 246, fig. 99; Mw., p. 447, fig. 69), and on a headless one in Lansdowne House (Michaelis, p. 438, no. 3; Clarac, 851, 2180 A); similarly on the Lysippan boxer by Koblanos found at Sorrento, and now in Naples (Fig. 57; Kalkmann, Die Proport, des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst = 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, Pl. III); on the bronze statue of a boxer from Herculaneum in Naples; and on the delle Terme Seated Boxer (Pl. 16); etc.

[1232] So interpreted, and rightly, by Waldstein (J. H. S., I, 1880, p. 186), and others; Juethner, pp. 68–9, thinks that the object here represented is a victor fillet, being too short for thongs.

[1233] P. 26 and n. 2; against him, Reisch, p. 43; Hitz-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 577; etc. Oil-flasks of various kinds—lekythoi, aryballoi, alabastra, olpai—are mentioned repeatedly by Greek writers; e. g., λήκυθος, by Homer, Od., VI, 79; Aristoph., Plutus, 810; ἀρύβαλλος, Aristoph., Equites, 1094; Pollux, VII, 166 and X, 63; ἀλάβαστρον, Theokr., XV. 114; ὄλπη (of leather), Theokr., II, 156; etc.

[1234] VI, 14.6.

[1235] VI, 9.1. Theognetos won in the boys’ wrestling match in Ol. 76 ( = 746 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 83; Foerster, 193 and 193 N.

[1236] We have already in the present chapter mentioned this “Apollo” in connection with the statuette from Piombino (Fig. 19); Studniczka, R. M., II, 1887, pp. 99–100, believed that it represented a victor. See supra, p. 119.

[1237] E. g., on the bronze statuette from Naxos, now in Berlin: see supra, p. 119 and n. 5.

[1238] Boy wrestlers especially wore caps in the palæstræ, but not at the games; we see them on the wrestler group in the palæstra scene on the r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 795) already mentioned.

[1239] Stuart Jones, Cat., pp. 65–6, no. 8; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 769; Guide, 418; B. B., 527 (and fig. 6 in text, by Arndt); Furtw., Mp., p. 204, Mw., p. 392. Helbig finds it Myronian, while Furtwaengler considers it Attic, but non-Myronic; for a copy in Stockholm, see B. B., figs. 7, 8, 9, in the text to no. 527.

[1240] I, 17.2. Furtw., Mp., p. 204, n. 6, shows that the Athens head bears no resemblance to the Capitoline. Furthermore, heads on coins of Juba differ from both and show no trace of the complicated head-dress. A marble head from Shershel (= Cæsarea) seems to be an authentic portrait of Juba II: see Annali, XXIX, 1857, Pl. E, no. 2, and p. 194; and Waille, de Caesareae Monumentis, 1891, title page (vignette) and p. 92 (quoted by Helbig, Guide, l. c.).

[1241] See B. B., text to no. 527, figs. 1, 2, 3.

[1242] Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 972; Guide, 595; B. Com. Rom., XII, 1884, Pl. XXIII, pp. 245–253. The meaning is explained by a similar archaistic Parian marble relief in Wilton House, Wiltshire, England, where the youth stands before a statue of Zeus, washing his hands preparatory to making a thank-offering to the god who gave him victory: see Michaelis, p. 680, no. 48 and wood-cut on p. 681; Arndt, La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, text, fig. 33; F. W., 239; its inscription is not genuine. The same archaistic traits are seen on a votive relief to Zeus Xenios in the Museo delle Terme: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1405; Arndt, op. cit., fig. 34; this is to be dated in the first century B. C., or A. D., because of its inscription: I. G. Sic. et Ital., no. 990.

[1243] See Fabretti, de Columna Trajani, p. 267; Gardiner, p. 433, fig. 149; Schreiber, Bilderatlas, Pl. XXIV, no. 8. Cf. Krause, I, pp. 517 f.

[1244] Cf. Reisch, pp. 42–3.

[1245] Cf. Philostr., Heroicus, XII b (p. 315); τὰ δὲ ὦτα κατεαγὼς ἦν οὐχ ὑπὸ πάλης.

[1246] Thus Furtwaengler calls the Ince-Blundell head that of a boxer statue: Mp., p. 173, and fig. 71 on p. 172; Mw., p. 348, and fig. 44 on p. 347.

[1247] Cf. discussion by Gardiner, pp. 425–6.

[1248] Gorgias, 515 E; Protag., 342 B. In the latter passage he says: καὶ οἱ μὲν ὦτά τε κατάγνυνται μιμούμενοι αὐτούς, καὶ ἱμάντας περιειλίττονται καὶ φιλογυμναστοῦσι καὶ βραχείας ἀναβολὰς φοροῦσιν, κ. τ. λ. The boxer’s swollen ears are mentioned by Theokritos, XXII, 45. The word ὠτοκάταξις seems to have meant a boxer whose ears were battered by the gloves: Aristoph., Fragm., 72; Pollux, II, 83 (whence Dindorf corrects the form ὠτοκαταξίας in Poll., IV, 144). For references, see Krause, I, pp. 516–17; and cf. J. H. S., XXVI, p. 13.

[1249] E. g., on a fragment of a red-figured kylix in Berlin: J. H. S., XXVI, p. 8, fig. 2; Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, Textbd., p. 90, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 438, fig. 153. Here one of the contestants in the pankration is bleeding at the nose.

[1250] B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 455; cf., p. 457, where he speaks of le detail réaliste de l’oreille tuméfiée par les coups. For the statue of Agias mentioned, see infra, Ch. VI, pp. 286 f., and Pl. 28 and fig. 68. Cf. on this subject also Neugebauer, Studien ueber Skopas (in Beitraege zur Kunstgesch., XXXIX, 1913, p. 35, n. 172).

[1251] Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., IV, Pl. II, 2, 2 a; F. W., 323; etc.

[1252] See infra, Ch. VI., pp. 293 f.

[1253] Fouilles de Delphes, IV, Pls. LXIII-LXIV.

[1254] Ant. Denkm., I, 1, 1886, Pl. IV.

[1255] Duetschke, III, no. 72.

[1256] Gaz. arch., VIII, Pl. I, and p. 85 (Rayet); F. W., 461.

[1257] B. B., no. 8.

[1258] Bulle, no. 105 (right); and fig. 46 on p. 205.

[1259] A. M., XVI, 1891, Pls. IV, V (two views).

[1260] F. W., 505; Collignon, I, p. 495, fig. 252. As the swollen ears do not occur on other copies, they are here doubtless a modification by a late artist.

[1261] La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Pl. XXXVI (= copy of fifth century B. C.); XCIV (Herakles or athlete, from the Tyszkiewicz coll., Skopasian in character; = Reinach, Têtes, Pls. CL, CLI); XCV (similar to preceding, though later in style: Têtes, Pls. CLVI, CLVII); CXX (copy of head of athlete of the fourth century B. C.).

[1262] Cat. Class. Coll., pp. 228 f.; fig. 141 on p. 231. Miss Richter points out its affinity to the Hermes and assigns it to the immediate influence of Praxiteles. This fragment of a statue appears to have been trimmed into its present shape in modern times. Miss Richter’s statement (p. 230) that swollen ears are a characteristic which applies in representations of heroes to Herakles alone is contradicted by what we shall say below about heads of Diomedes.

[1263] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., 75; von Mach, 286; F. W., 1425; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; Reinach, Rép., I, 154, 1–4. Rayet calls the statue that of a hoplitodromos.

[1264] Brunn, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1892, pp. 651 f.; Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.², no. 304; B. B., 128 (left = original; right = cast); Furtw., Mp., p. 147, fig. 60 (from a cast with modern restorations omitted), and p. 150, fig. 61 (head, two views); text, pp. 146 ff.; Mw., Pls. XII, XIII; text, pp. 311 f.; Clarac, 871, 2219 and 633, 1438 A.; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. XVII (cast). Its Kresilæan origin has been shown by Brunn (l. c., pp. 660 and 673), Flasch (Vortraege an der 41sten Philologenversamml., 1891, p. 9, quoted by Furtwaengler), Loeschke and Studniczka (quoted by Furtwaengler) and Furtwaengler. It also shows Myronic traces. It stands 1.86 meters (without the base).

[1265] Furtw., Mp., p. 151, fig. 62; Mw., Pl. XIV and p. 313. This and a head in private possession in England, B. B., 543 (three views), are the best and truest copies of the lost original.

[1266] Froehner, Notice, 128; Bouillon, Musée des antiques (statues), Pls. II and III; Clarac, 314, 1438.

[1267] Duetschke, II, no. 163; Amelung, Fuehrer, 210; B. B., 361; F. W., 458. It will be discussed further on in Ch. IV, pp. 180 f. The Berlin replica is given in Mp., p. 167, fig. 67; cf. text, p. 165, n. 2.

[1268] Roscher, Lex., I, 2, p. 2163, fig.; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 155, n. 2.

[1269] R. M., IV, 1889, P. 197, no. 12 (B. Graef).

[1270] B. M. Sculpt., III, 1731, and Pl. V, fig. 2; Marbles and Bronzes, Pl. XXI; Museum Marbles, II, Pl. XLVI; Specimens, I, Pl. LX; Collignon, II, p. 240, fig. 120; Wolters, Jb., I, 1886, Pl. V, fig. 2 and p. 54. Two other copies of the same original are the one in the Capitoline Museum, Rome, and one found in 1876 on the Quirinal and now in the Palazzo dei Conservatori there. B. Graef, R. M., IV, 1889, p. 189 f, and Pls. VIII (Capitoline bust) and IX (Quirinal bust), attributes the type to Skopas; he is followed by Collignon, II, p. 240, n. 1; cf. S. Reinach, Gaz. d. B-A., 3d Per., III, 1890, pp. 338 and 340. Wolters tried to show that it was Praxitelian. But the similarity between these heads and that of the Lansdowne Herakles (Pl. 30 and fig. 71), which we ascribe to Lysippos in Ch. VI, pp. 298, 311, is easily apparent.

[1271] Amelung, Vat., I, p. 738, no. 636 and II, Pl. 79; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 108; Guide, 113; B. B., 609; Furtw., Mp., p. 341, fig. 146; p. 342, fig. 147 (head, two views); Mw., p. 575, fig. 109 and p. 577, fig. 110.

[1272] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr., d. Glypt.,² no. 245 (the so-called Lenbach head); Arndt-Bruckmann, Griech. und roem. Portraets, Pls. 335–6. See Furtw.-Wolters, for replicas in the Louvre, etc.

[1273] B. B., 338; Helbig, Guide, 69 (= boxer).

[1274] Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. XXI, 3; Furtw., Mp., pp. 234 f. and fig. 95; Mw., pp. 428 f. and fig. 65. Both Furtwaengler (l. c.) and B. Graef (R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 215 and 202) have shown the Polykleitan origin of the type. The former believes that it may have been copied from a statue of Herakles by the master, which is mentioned by Pliny (H. N., XXXIV, 56) as at Rome. For other replicas of the type, see Furtw., Mp., p. 234, n. 1; Mw., p. 429, n. 1.

[1275] A. A., 1889, pp. 57–8 (Treu, who referred it to Polykleitos); Furtw., Mp., p. 92 and fig. 40; Mw., p. 124 and Pl. VI (he called it Pheidian).

[1276] Museo Torlonia, Pl. 26, no. 104.

[1277] Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.,² no. 272; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 832 and 833 (text by Flasch).

[1278] Chabrias, 3: Ex quo factum est ut postea athletae ceterique artifices his statibus in statuis ponendis uterentur, in quibus victoriam essent adepti; cf. Diod., XV, 33, 4 (who speaks of “statues”). This statue was erected in Athens after his campaign to aid Thebes against Agesilaos in 378 B. C.: Xen., Hell., V, 4.38 f. (though here Chabrias is not mentioned by name); Diod., XV, 32–33; Demosth., Contra Lept., 75–76 (p. 479); cf. Aristotle, Rhet., III, 10.7. Chabrias seems to have been the first to order his troops to assume a kneeling posture when receiving the charge of the enemy. These tactics when used against Agesilaos were so favorably regarded by the Athenians that his statues were represented in the attitude of kneeling.

[1279] E. g., Reisch, p. 43.

[1280] See Joubin, p. 46. It probably took place under the restored democracy of Kleisthenes. The assassination of Hipparchos took place in 514 B. C. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 17, says that the group was set up in the year in which the kings were expelled from Rome ( = 509 B. C.).

[1281] P., I, 8.5; cf. Marmor Parium, l. 70 (= C. I. G., II, 2374; F. H. G., I, pp. 533 f., etc.), and Lucian, Philopseudes, 18.

[1282] Arrian, Anab., III, 16.18 (he says it was of bronze); Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 70; restored by Seleukos: Val. Max., II, 10, Extr. 1; by Antiochos: P., I, 8.5.

[1283] B. B., nos. 326 (Aristogeiton), 327 (Harmodios), and 328 (head of Harmodios, two views); Bulle, 84, 85; von Mach, 58 (both statues) and 59 (Aristogeiton); Collignon, I, pp. 367 f. and figs. 189 (group) and 190 (head of Harmodios); relief from Athens showing the group, ibid., p. 369, fig. 88; Overbeck, I, p. 155, fig. 27; Baum., I. p. 340, fig. 357; Lechat, pp. 444–5, figs. 36, 37 (restored by Michaelis); R. M., XXI, 1906, Pl. XI; F. W., 121–4; Reinach, Rép., I, 530, 3 (Harmodios), and 5 (Aristogeiton); cf. II, 2, 541, 5 (group); Clarac V, 869, 2202 and 870, 2203 A; head of Harmodios, Annali, XLVI, 1874, Pl. G. The height is about 2 meters (Bulle).

[1284] A. M., XV, 1890, pp. 1 f.; followed by Overbeck, I, pp. 152 f.; Frazer, II, p. 98. The difference is not only noticeable in the head structure and treatment of the hair, but in the whole character of the work. While Antenor’s work is stiff and lifeless, the Naples group is full of vigor. For the statue of Antenor (in the Akropolis Museum), see Ant. Denkm., I, 5, 1890, Pl. 53, and pp. 42 f. (Wolters); Overbeck, I, Pl. 25, opp. p. 152; Les Musées d’Athènes, I, Pl. VI; Jb., II, 1887, pp. 135 f. (Studniczka), and Pl. X, 1 (head); von Mach, 28; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, Pl. II.

[1285] However, some archæologists still favor Antenor for this group: e. g., Wachsmuth, Die Stadt Athen, I, pp. 170 f.; II, 393–8; Collignon; Lechat, op. cit., and cf. B. C. H., XVI, 1892, pp. 485–9.

[1286] Rhet. praecept., 9: ἀπεσφιγμένα καὶ νευρώδη καὶ σκληρά, καὶ ἀκριβῶς ἀποτεταμένα ταῖς γραμμαῖς. See Brunn, pp. 101–5; cf. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 49.

[1287] The best restoration is that of Meier in bronzed plaster in the Ducal Museum in Brunswick: Bulle, p. 172, figs. 38, a, b, c; here Aristogeiton has received a bearded head. For another restoration, in the Museum of Strasbourg, see Springer-Michaelis, p. 216, fig. 402, a, b.

[1288] Bulletin of Museum of Fine Arts, III, 27; R. M., XIX, 1904, p. 163, Pl. VI (Hauser).

[1289] A vase by Douris shows a warrior similar to Aristogeiton, but his onset is fiercer: Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, 1893, Pl. XXI, and Textbd., pp. 206 f. For other representations in art of the Tyrannicides, see Frazer, II, pp. 94 f.

[1290] Darstellung des Menschen in der aelt. griech. Kunst, 1899, p. xi; cf. Richardson, p. 120, n. 2.

[1291] Cf. Dickins, p. 265 (quoting the view of Furtwaengler).

[1292] Furtwaengler, Sammlung Somzée, 1897, Pl. III. He ascribes it to Mikon and identifies it with the statue of the pancratiast Kallias at Olympia whose base has been found: Bildw. v. Ol. 146; Hyde, 50; see infra, in the section on Pancratiasts, p. 251. For the Pelops, see Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2, and XI, 1 (head).

[1293] I, 23.9. The inscribed base has been found: C. I. A., I, 376; I. G. B., 39.

[1294] P., VI, 10.1–3; Hyde, 93; Foerster, 137.

[1295] Ols. 72 to 76 ( = 492 to 476 B. C.); Hyde, p. 42.

[1296] Cf. Bulle, p. 493, on no. 225.

[1297] On the origin and early development of motion figures in Greek art, see Bulle, pp. 157 f., and the works cited on p. 674 (notes to p. 158); especially, J. Langbehn, Fluegelgestalten der aeltesten griech. Kunst, Diss. inaug., 1881; F. Studniczka, Die Siegesgoettin, Gesch. einer antiken Idealgestalt, 1898; E. Curtius, Die knieenden Figuren d. alt. griech. Kunst (29stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1869); Eadweard Muybridge, Human Figure in Motion, 1907; cf. also J. Lange, op. cit.

[1298] In the Museo Archeologico, Florence: Bulle, no. 10.

[1299] Cf. the realistic scenes of wrestling, boxing, and running, in relief on the archaic Attic tripod vase from Tanagra now in Berlin, dating from the second half of the sixth century B. C.: A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, pp. 30 f. (Loeschke) and Pls. 3 and 4. Cf. also scenes from the pentathlon on a Panathenaic amphora of the sixth century B. C. in Leyden: ibid., Pl. 9; etc.

[1300] B. C. H., III, 1879, pp. 393 f. and Pls. VI-VII (Homolle), and V, 1881, pp. 272 f. (Homolle, on the artist and his father Mikkiades); von Mach, no. 32 (restored in the text opp. p. 26, fig. 1); Richardson, p. 51, fig. 15; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 300–1, figs. 122–3 and Treu’s restoration, p. 303, fig. 125; restored in Springer-Michaelis, p. 187, fig. 358; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 389, 5. Though first called an Artemis by Homolle (because of its resemblance to the so-called Oriental winged Artemis on a bronze relief from Olympia, von Mach, text, opp. p. 36, fig. 5), it has generally been called a Nike since its first ascription by Furtwaengler (A. Z., XL, 1882, pp. 324 f.), and brought into connection with a base in two parts found near the statue on Delos in 1880 and 1881, inscribed with the names of Archermos and his father Mikkiades. If the connection with the base were certain, the statue should be referred to the beginning of the sixth century B. C.; B. Sauer (A. M., XVI, 1891, pp. 182 f.), and others, have disputed the connection.

[1301] Now in the National Museum, Athens: Kabbadias, no. 1; von Mach, 20; Springer-Michaelis, p. 174, fig. 340; Richardson, p. 43, fig. 11; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 645, 1. Its inscription should date it about 600 B. C. It is over 6 feet in height (including the base: von Mach).

[1302] Bulle, pp. 157–8, fig. 33; de Ridder, no. 808. It is 0.123 meter high (Bulle). Cf. similar bronzes ibid., nos. 799–814, and also a flying harpy on a sixth-century B. C. Ionic vase in the University Museum in Wuerzburg: Bulle, pp. 159–160, fig. 34; Furtw.-Reichhold, Griech. Vasenmalerei, I, pp. 209 f. and Pl. 41; cf. also the very similar pose on the small bronze statuette in the British Museum of a winged Nike represented in violent motion: von Mach, 33; the marble torso of another in Athens: id., text, opp. p. 26, fig. 2; and the bronze winged Gorgon from Olympia (0.12 meter high): Bronz. v. Ol., Pl. VIII, no. 78, text, p. 25 (and for the type, cf. Roscher, Lex., art. Gorgonen in der Kunst, I, 2, p. 1710, ll. 67 f.).

[1303] Nike of Archermos, 1891.

[1304] Salzmann, Nécropole de Camiros, Pl. LIII; Bulle, pp. 161–2, fig. 35; cf. Brunn, Griech. Kunstgeschichte, I, p. 142. Its diameter is 0.385 meter (Bulle).

[1305] See R. Kekulé and H. Winnefeld, Bronzen aus Dodona in den koenigl. Museen zu Berlin, Pl. II and pp. 13 f.; A. Z., XL, 1882, Pl. I and pp. 23–27 (Engelmann); Rayet, I, Pl. 17 (S. Reinach); Bulle, 83 (right). As the figure is only 0.143 meter tall, it seems to have decorated the rim of a bronze bowl. It may be later than the Tuebingen bronze (Fig. 42) and is certainly of a different school. The presence of a breastplate proves that it is meant for a warrior and not for a hoplitodrome.

[1306] For a full discussion of this sculptor, see Lechat, Pythagoras de Rhegion, 1905; cf. S. Q., §§ 489–507.

[1307] H. N., XXXIV, 59.

[1308] VI, 4.3; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203.

[1309] VI, 6.1; Hyde, 48; Foerster, 200.

[1310] VI, 6.4 f.; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 56; Foerster, 185, 195, 207.

[1311] VI, 7.10; Hyde, 69; Foerster, 183, 189.

[1312] VI, 13.1; Oxy. Pap.; Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59; Hyde, 110; Foerster, 176–7; 181–2; 187–8; Inschr. v. Ol., 145.

[1313] VI, 13.7; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 117; Foerster, 184.

[1314] VI, 18.1; Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193a.

[1315] Reisch, p. 43, n. 4, wrongly assumed this to be one of the oldest statues of Pythagoras, since the same sculptor made the statue of the son Kratisthenes; but the son’s victory was probably only two Olympiads later than that of the father, as we have seen.

[1316] VIII, 47; S. Q., 507. Diogenes repeats the tradition that there were two sculptors of the name, one from Rhegion, the other from Samos; also Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59–60.

[1317] J. H. S., II, 1881, pp. 332 f.; cf. his Essays on the Art of Pheidias, 1885, p. 323. The recovered base of Euthymos’ statue has no footmarks: Inschr. v. Ol., 144. Waldstein is followed in his ascription of the statues to Euthymos by Urlichs, Arch. Analekt., 1885, p. 9.

[1318] B. B., no. 542 (two views); Furtw. Mp., p. 171, fig. 70; A. M., XVI, 1891, pp. 313 f. and Pls. IV, and V (two views), (P. Hermann).

[1319] Mp., pp. 171–2; Mw., pp. 345–6.

[1320] Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. II (head); Annali, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L. Arndt, La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, p. 62, doubts if the head belongs to the torso.

[1321] Duetschke, II, no. 77 (= one of two statues); Mon. d. I., VIII, 1864–68, Pl. XLVI, 6–8, and Annali, XXXIX, 1867, pp. 304 f. (Benndorf); Arndt-Amelung, nos. 96–98; cf. A. Z., XXVII, 1869, pp. 106 f. and Pl. 24, 2 (Benndorf, Tyrannicides on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, etc.), and XXXII, 1875, pp. 163 f. (Duetschke, group of two statues); Reinach, Rép. II, 2, 541, 6. Both Duetschke (A. Z., l. c.) and Furtwaengler (Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., VIII, 1888, p. 1448) have shown that it represents an athlete.

[1322] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 36; Clarac, V, 856, 2180. Furtwaengler believes the statue later in style than the Louvre boxer.

[1323] E. g., P. Hermann, op. cit., pp. 332–3; Arndt, text to B. B., no. 542.

[1324] B. B., no. 361; Amelung, Fuehrer, 210; Duetschke, II, 163; Furtw., Mp., pp. 165 f. and fig. 66 (two views); Mw., pp. 339 f. and Pl. XVII (from a cast); F. W., 458. For three replicas of the Riccardi type, see Arndt, text to B. B., 542. Furtwaengler believed this head a prototype of the Diomedes of Kresilas known to us from copies in Munich (Pl. XXI); Mw., pp. 311 f. and Pls. XII, XIII; Mp., pp. 146 f. and figs. 60 (body), and 61 (head, two views); B. B., 128; Brunn, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1892, pp. 651 f.; in Paris: Froehner, Notice, no. 128; Clarac, 314, 1438; and elsewhere. See supra p. 169.

[1325] Michaelis, p. 367, no. 152; Mp., p. 172, fig. 71; Mw., p. 347, fig. 44; A. Z., XXXI, 1874, Pl. III; F. W., 459. Kekulé was the first to class it as Myronian: Ueber d. Kopf des Praxitel. Hermes, p. 12, 1 (quoted by F. W., l. c.). Graef curiously found it Pheidian: Aus d. Anomia, p. 69, 63.

[1326] H. N., XXXIV, 58; cf. Mp., p. 173.

[1327] La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Pl. XXXVI and p. 60; the other, unpublished, is mentioned ibid. He also adds the cast of a lost original statue of a boxer in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen, whose head belongs stylistically to the same series: ibid., pp. 60–61, and figs. 30 (head), 31–32 (body). If the head and body belong together it is the only statuary type of the group.

[1328] Kieseritzky, Kat. d. Ermitage, 1901, p. 27, no. 68; Furtw., Mp., p. 177, fig. 74; Mw., p. 353 fig. 46 (two views).

[1329] Mp., p. 176, fig. 73; Mw., Pl. XX (two views).

[1330] Text to B. B., no. 542; La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, text to Pl. XXXVI, p. 60.

[1331] B. M. Sculpt., 1603, Pl. V, fig. 1; B. B., 224; F. W., 460.

[1332] A. M., XXXVI, 1911, pp. 193 f., and Pl. VII (Athleten Kopf in Athen).

[1333] H. N., XXXIV, 59.

[1334] Brunn, pp. 133–4, connected Libyn and puerum, and believed that only one statue was meant by Pliny’s sentence, identical with Pausanias’ statue of Mnaseas. Stuart Jones, Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt., 1895, p. 57, makes two alterations in Pliny’s text, inserting et between Libyn and puerum, and replacing tabellam of the MSS. with flagellum. The boy holding the whip, then, is Mnaseas’ son Kratisthenes, the chariot victor mentioned by P., VI, 18.1. Stuart Jones follows Furtwaengler (Jahrbuecher fuer Class. Philol., 1876, p. 509) in having Pliny translate παῖδα of his Greek authority by puerum instead of filium.

[1335] P. 44.

[1336] Cat. no. 51; Benndorf, Griech. und Sicilische Vasenbilder, I, pp. 13 f. and Pl. IX.

[1337] In his Chrestomathia Pliniana, 1857, p. 320.

[1338] Rheinisches Museum, XLIV, 1889, pp. 264 f.

[1339] Antigonos of Karystos, apud Zen., V, 82 (passage given by Jex-Blake, p. xxxix and n. 2).

[1340] Ancient writers differed as to the authorship of the statue. Thus P. (I, 33.3), Mela (de Situ orbis, II, 3.6), Tzetzes (S. Q., 838–9), and Zenobios (l. c.), say that it was Pheidias, while Pliny (H. N., XXXVI, 17) and Strabo (IX, I. 17, C. 396) say Agorakritos. A fragment of the colossal head of the statue came to the British Museum in 1820: B. M. Sculpt., I, p. 460; also fragments of the figure on the base, described by P., I, 33.7, were found in 1890 and are now in the National Museum in Athens: Kabbadias, 203–14; Frazer, II, p. 457, fig. 40.

[1341] See his Ueber einige Werke des Kuenstlers Pythagoras, in Verhandl. d. 40sten Versamml. deutscher Philologen u. Schulmaenner in Goerlitz, Leipsic, 1890 (pp. 329–336), p. 334.

[1342] Archaeolog. Analekten, 1885, p. 9. Lucian, Anachar., 9, says that apples formed a part of the Delphic prize; Dromeus is also known to us as a Pythian victor. In Chrest. Plin., p. 320, L. von Urlichs had identified the nudus as Meilanion or Hippomenes with the apples with which he had beaten Atalanta; see S. Q., § 499, note a.

[1343] H. N., XXXIV, 59: Syracusis autem claudicantem, cuius ulceris dolorem sentire etiam spectantes videntur. Gronovius, following Lessing, Laokoön, Ch. 2, identified it with a wounded Philoktetes: see Bluemner, Comm. zu Lessing’s Laokoön, pp. 508 f.; the words cuius ... videntur seem to have been derived from A. Pl., IV, 112, 1.4 (which refers to a bronze statue of Philoktetes): cf. Brunn, p. 134 and Jex-Blake, ad loc.

[1344] Cf. Benndorf, Anz. d. Wiener Akad., 1887, p. 92; von Sybel, Weltgesch. d. Kunst, p. 139.

[1345] Inschr. v. Ol., 146; Kallias won Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1346] In the Plinian passage Leontiskos figures rather as an artist, probably through Pliny’s misunderstanding of some Greek sentence in his authority; see L. von Urlichs, Rheinisches Museum, XLIV, 1889, p. 261.

[1347] P. 44.

[1348] L. von Sybel, Athena und Marsyas, Bronzemuenze des Berliner Museums, 1879.

[1349] This characteristic is expressed by the word αὐτάρκεια; cf. Plato, Phil., 67 A; Aristotle, Eth. Nicom., 1, 7.5–6 ( = 1097 b); etc.

[1350] Marble copy of the Marsyas was found in 1823 on the Esquiline and is now in the Lateran Museum, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1179; Rayet, I, Pl. 33; B. B., 208; Bulle, 95; von Mach, 65a; Baum., II, p. 1002, fig. 1210; Collignon, I, pp. 467 f. and fig. 234; F. W., 454; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 15, 6. It is 1.95 meters high (Bulle). It is wrongly restored and only the head can be considered approximately faithful to the original. Cf. another copy of the head of Parian marble in the Museo Barracco, Rome: Helbig, I, 1104; Reinach, Têtes, pp. 53 f. and Pls. LXVI-LXVII; F. W., 455. A fourth-century B. C. bronze statuette from Patras, now in the British Museum, appears also to give the motive of the original group in Athens mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 57, and P., I, 24. 1: B. M. Bronzes, 269; Gaz. Arch., 1879, Pls. XXXIV-V and pp. 241 f.; A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, Pl. VIII (two views), pp. 91 f.; Rayet, I, Pl. 34; von Mach, 656; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 51, nos. 5 and 7. It is 0.75 meter high. For other representations, see G. Hirschfeld, Athena und Marsyas, 32stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1872, Pls. I and II. For a copy of the head of Athena in Dresden, see B. B., 591 (three views).

[1351] Walter Pater, in his Greek Studies (in the essay on The Age of Athletic Prizemen), ed. 1895, pp. 309 f., calls the Diskobolos a work of genre. However, the Diskobolos can hardly be called a decorative statue, i. e., “a work merely imitative of the detail of actual life.” On p. 313 he rightly classes the Doryphoros as an “academic” work.

[1352] It was formerly in the Palazzo Massimi alla Colonna, and hence is often called the Massimi Diskobolos: B. B., no. 567, cf. 256 (head from cast); von Mach, 63; Collignon, I, Pl. XI, opp. p. 472; H. B. Walters, The Art of the Greeks, 1906, Pl. XXX; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. XIII (head from cast); Overbeck, I, fig. 74, opp. p. 274; Reinach, Rép., I, 527, 1; for description, see M. D., 1098.

[1353] Furtwaengler, Mp., pp. 168 f., Mw., pp. 341 f., lists three other copies of the head: one in Basel (cf. Kalkmann, Proport. des. Gesichts., 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, pp. 73–74); one at Catajo (Mp., fig. 68; Mw., fig. 43; Arndt-Amelung, nos. 54–55); and one in Berlin (Mp., fig. 69).

[1354] H. N., XXXIV, 58: (Myron) videtur ... capillum quoque et pubem non emendatius fecisse quam rudis antiquitas instituisset.

[1355] B. B., nos. 631, 632 (restored from bronzed cast; text by Rizzo); Bulle, 98; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1363; Boll. d’Arte, I, 1907, pp. 1 f. and Pls. I-III; cf. Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst, 1907, pp. 185 f. It is pieced together from fourteen fragments; the fragment of the right lower leg was found in 1910. Height to right shoulder, 1.53 meters (Bulle).

[1356] Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 326; Guide, 333; von Mach, 62; Collignon, I, p. 473, n. 1; F. W., 451; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 545, 5.

[1357] B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 250; von Mach. 61; Specimens, I, Pl. XXIX; Museum Marbles, XI, Pl. XLIV; Marbles and Bronzes of the British Museum, Pl. XLVII; F. W., 452; Reinach, Rép., I, 525, 5; Clarac, V, 860, 2194 B. It is 5 feet 5 inches tall (Smith).

[1358] H. Stuart Jones, Museo Capitolino Cat., 1912, no. 50, p. 123, and Pl. 21; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 788; Guide, 446; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2212. It is 1.48 meters high from lower edge of base to the right hand (Jones).

[1359] B. B., no. 566; von Mach, 64; Gardner, Sculpt., PI. XI; Gardiner, p. 96, fig. 13 (from a copy of the Munich cast in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford).

[1360] Pl. no. 97; cf. Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. XII, and Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkmaeler, Pl. XXXIII.

[1361] Philopseudes, 18; S. Q., §544; translation of H. Stuart Jones, Select Passages from Ancient Writers Illustrative of the History of Greek Sculpture, p. 69.

[1362] For the late Roman one in the Munich Antiquarium, see B. B., text to Pl. 567, fig. 1; F. W., 453; for the one in Arolsen, see F. W., 1786.

[1363] B. M. Gems, no. 742, Pl. G; also given in B. M. Sculpt., I, p. 91, fig. 5.

[1364] Inst. orat., II, 13.10: Quid tam distortum et elaboratum quam est ille discobolos Myronis? si quis tamen, ut parum rectum, improbet opus, nonne ab intellectu artis abfuerit, in qua vel praecipue laudabilis est ipsa illa novitas ac difficultas?

[1365] Translation by G. F. Hill, in his One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture from the Sixth Century B. C. to the Time of Michelangelo, 1909, p. 10.

[1366] Enumerated above in Ch. III (Attic Sculptors), p. 129, n. 7. The Spartan Lykinos had two statues: P., VI, 2.1. As he won in both the hoplite-race and chariot-race, Foerster, 211 a, assumed that the two statues represented victor and charioteer, and that they stood upon the quadriga, which Pausanias does not mention. I follow Robert, O. S., p. 172, however, in assuming that the two statues represented the victor in the two events.

[1367] H. N., XXXIV, 57.

[1368] VI, 8.5; Hyde, 79 (Arkadian) and 79a (Philippos), and commentary on pp. 39 f.

[1369] The interpretation of Murray, Class. Rev., I, 1887, pp. 3–4.

[1370] The emendation of Loeschke, Dorpaterprogr., 1880, p. 9; accepted by Reisch, p. 44, n. 3, Richardson, p. 151, and others.

[1371] Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans, 1876, p. 89, n. 30.

[1372] Quoted by Jex-Blake, Add. to p. 46, 1.

[1373] Select Passages from Anc. Writers Illustrative of the History of Gk. Sculpt., p. 66.

[1374] Mayer, in A. M., XVI, 1891, pp. 246 f., showed that on vase-paintings of Myron’s time and on coins of Elaia, Aeolis, a woman is often represented as standing in the chest, while two men, Perseus and the carpenter, stand beside it.

[1375] E. g., the statue of the boy boxer Athenaios of Ephesos was represented in motion, i. e., in the act of sparring, as we see from the footprints on the recovered base: Inschr. v. Ol., 168; he won some time between Ols. (?) 93 and 103 ( = 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1376] See Grenfell and Hunt, Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, II, 1899, pp. 222 f.; Robert, O. S., Beilage, opp. p. 192; Diels, Hermes, XXXVI, 1901, pp. 72 f.; Koerte, ibid., XXXIX, 1904, pp. 224 f.; Weniger, Klio (Beitraege zur alten Gesch.), IV, pp. 125 f.; V, pp. 1 f. and 184 f.

[1377] Late inscriptions mention “Pythian” and “Isthmian boys”: see F. M. Mie, Quaestiones agonisticae ad Olympia pertinentes, Diss. inaug., 1888, p. 48; Dittenberger, Sylloge,² II, nos. 677–8; the ἀγένειοι and ἄνδρες at Nemea are mentioned by Pindar, Ol., VIII, 54. The boys in these contests were probably aged 12–16, the ἀγένειοι, 16–20 (cf. Roberts-Gardner, Greek Epigraphy, II, p. 166), and the men over 20 years old.

[1378] For Olympia, see P., VI, 2.10; 6.1; 14.1–2; etc.

[1379] C. I. G., I, 1590.

[1380] Dittenberger, op. cit., II, no. 524: ἐφήβων νεωτέρων, μέσων, πρεσβυτέρων.

[1381] I. G., II, 444. For the Panathenaia, see Suidas, s. v. Παναθήναια; Mommsen, Heortologie, 1864, p. 141; etc.

[1382] P., V, 16.2.

[1383] De Leg., VIII, 833 C, D.

[1384] C. I. G., inscriptions relating to ephebes, e. g., I, 232; 1590; Dittenberger, de Ephebis atticis, 1863, p. 24; Dumont, Essai sur l’Ephébie attique, 1876, pp. 215–16. This classification is followed by E. Pottier, B. C. H., V, 1881, p. 69.

[1385] Bussemaker, in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 1, s. v. athleta, p. 517 (also quoted by Pottier), proposed the division into παῖδες, 12–16 years old, ἀγένειοι, 16–20, and ἄνδρες, from 20 on. Pollux, VIII, 105, and Harpokration, s. v. ἐπιδιετές, give the ephebe age as 18–20; Xen., Cyr., 1, 2.8, puts the age at 16 or 17 for the Persians.

[1386] See Inschr. v. Ol., 56. On the whole subject, see Krause, pp. 262 f., especially p. 263, n. 3; Gardiner, pp. 271–2.

[1387] VI, 1.3 to VI, 18.7. We also know of 61 other victors with 63 monuments from inscribed base fragments recovered at Olympia; these will be treated infra in Ch. VIII, pp. 353 f.

[1388] See Ch. VIII, infra, p. 339 and notes 3–4.

[1389] On Ol., IX, 150, Boeckh, p. 228; cf. Etym. magn., s. v. στάδιον, p. 743, 25.

[1390] Thus Apollo beat Hermes in running at Olympia, P., V, 7.10; the Idæan Herakles instituted a race among his brothers, P., V, 7.7; and Endymion set his sons to run, and so instituted the boys’ running race there, P., V, 1.4. The running race appears in the Boread legend, Ph.,3; pseudo-Dio Chrysost., XXXVII, p. 296 (Dindorf); it was represented on the Kypselos chest: P., V, 17.10, and appears on many archaic vases. On the age of the event, see Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, 1864, p. 310 and III, 1881, p. 199. The Cretans and the Lacedæmonians sacrificed to Apollo δρομαῖος: Plut., Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4.4.

[1391] See Ph., 3, for the four running races; cf., Plato, de Leg., 833 A, B.

[1392] Iliad, XXIII, 740 f.; Od., VIII, 120 f. (in l. 121 it is called δρόμος). In some historic games, the stade-race remained the only event; e. g., at the Hermaia on Salamis: C. I. G., I, 108. For the stade-race, see P., I, 44.1; III, 14.3; IV, 4.5, etc. On its origin, see Ph., 5.

[1393] Schol. on Aristoph., Aves, 292 (ed. J. W. White, 1914); P., V, 8.6. On its origin, see Ph., 6 and cf. Krause, pp. 345 f.

[1394] Ch. 4.

[1395] Suidas, s. v. δόλιχος; schol. on Aristophanes, Aves, 292 (= seven stadia); Boeckh, C. I. G., I, no. 1515, p. 703 (= ordinarily seven stadia); schol. on Soph., Electra, 691. See Krause, I, p. 348, n. 13; Grasberger, op. cit., I, pp. 312 f.

[1396] Poll., III, 151; schol. on Aristoph., Acharn., 214; etc.

[1397] P., passim; Oxy. Pap.; etc.

[1398] Ph., 7. For two theories of its origin, see ibid.

[1399] P., X, 7.5; Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien, pp. 136 f.

[1400] Cf. Plato, de Leg., I, p. 625 E. Thus the Cretans Ergoteles and Sotades won the distance race twice each; Ergoteles in Ols. 77 and 79 ( = 472 and 464 B. C.): P., VI, 4.11; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 46; Foerster, 206, 213; Sotades in Ols. 99, 100 ( = 384, 380 B. C.): P., VI, 18.6; Hyde, 186; Foerster, 317, 323. The Cretan Philonides, courier of Alexander the Great, had an honor statue at Olympia: P., VI, 16.5; Hyde, 154a. At the games at Trapezous over sixty Cretans entered: Xen., Anab., IV, 8, 27; cf. Krause, pp. 352 f.

[1401] De Leg., VIII, 833 C.

[1402] V, 16.3.

[1403] V, 8.6; cf. IV, 4.5; VIII, 26.4. His statement about the antiquity of the event is corroborated by Plutarch, Quaest. conviv., V, 2.12, Ph. (= only event until Ol. 14), and Eusebios, Chronika, I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene). Gardiner, p. 52, believes that if the Olympic games developed from a single event, it was probably not from the stade-race, but from either the fight in armor or the chariot-race.

[1404] P., V, 8.6, etc.; Foerster, 1.

[1405] Discussed by Gardiner, pp. 52 and 272–3.

[1406] III, 8 (= Dorieus of Rhodes, who won his second victory in Ol. 88 ( = 428 B. C.): P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 260); V, 49 (= Androsthenes of Mainalos, who won his first victory in Ol. 90, = 420 B. C.: P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 51; Foerster, 267).

[1407] Dittenberger, Sylloge², I, no. 256 (= Agesidamos of Messenia, who won in Ol. 140, = 220 B. C.).

[1408] V, 8.6; confirmed by Ph., 12, and Eusebios, Chron., I, p. 193 (ed. Schoene).

[1409] L. c.; corroborated by Ph., 12.

[1410] P., V, 8.9; Eusebios agrees with Pausanias, but Philostratos says Ol. 46 ( = 596 B. C.), l. c.

[1411] P., V, 8.10; cf. III, 14.3. It was introduced at Delphi in 498 B. C.: see Gardiner, p. 70.

[1412] On running races, see Krause, I, pp. 337 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIII, pp. 270 f.; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, pp. 1643 f.; Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, pp. 312 f.; etc.

[1413] Fig. 37 left = Mon. d. I., I, 1829–33, Pl. XXII, 6b; cf. ibid., 4b, and X, 1874–78, Pl. XLVIII, f, and Panathenaic amphora in Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1643, fig. 2229. Fig. 36A = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX, 1. Also cf. a sixth-century B. C. amphora in Munich, no. 498: Mon. d. I., X, Pl. XLVIII, m; Gardiner, p. 281, fig. 52; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (right); a fourth-century Panathenaic amphora: Gardiner, p. 283, fig. 53, from Stephani, Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol., St. Petersburg, 1876, Atlas, Pl. I.

[1414] Ph., 32: οἷον πτερούμενοι ὑπο τῶν χειρῶν.

[1415] The first = B. M. Vases, B 609; Gardiner, p. 280, fig. 51; Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 4; G. F. Hill, Illustrations of School Classics, 1903, fig. 390; the second (Fig. 37, right) = Mon. d. I., I, 1829–33, Pl. XXII, 7b; Gardiner, p. 279, fig. 50; Dar.-Sagl., p. 1644, fig. 2230. Cf. another in Mon. d. I., X, Pl. XLVIII, f, 6.

[1416] National Museum, no. 761.

[1417] Cf. Reisch, p. 46.

[1418] On this mode of representing runners, see Schmidt in Muenchener archaeol. Studien zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler dargebracht, 1909, pp. 249 f. (especially p. 257).

[1419] See Kalkmann, Jb., X, 1895, pp. 56 f, and fig. 4, p. 56 (= Gerhard, IV, 256; Murray, Designs from Greek Vases, V, 18) two runners; the interior of the same vase also represents such a runner: p. 61, fig. 7. Cf. also p. 58, fig. 5 (= Murray, X, 37; Mon. d. I., IV, 1844–48, Pl. XXXIII), representing Hermes on a r.-f. vase of the severe style; also p. 59, fig. 6; etc. Also cf. Juethner, p. 41, fig. 36a (a later r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 803 A), showing a pentathlete running with an akontion. The following b.-f. vases, which show representations of such archaic runners, are taken from Perrot-Chipiez, X, 1914: the proto-Attic amphora of Nettos, p. 71, fig. 63 (= Ant. Denkm., I, Text, p. 46); cup from Aegina, p. 77, fig. 68 (= A. Z., XL, 1882, Pl. IX); Corinthian amphora, p. 103, fig. 74 (= Pottier, Vases antiques, Pl. LIX, E 855); the Gorgon on the François Vase, p. 165, fig. 108 (from Furtw.-Reichhold, Griech. Vasenmalerei, Pls. I-III); on neck of an amphora by Pamphaios in the Louvre, p. 388, fig. 233 (= Pottier, op. cit., Pl. LXXXVIII).

[1420] Discussed (wrongly, I think, as Etruscan) by G. H. Chase: A. J. A., XII, 1908, pp. 287 f., Pls. VIII-XVIII (especially XII-XVIII); Pl. XV = Richardson, p. 69, fig. 27.

[1421] Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes, no. 46, fig. on p. 30; Museum Bull., 1911 (April), pp. 92 f., and fig. 5 (Richter); it is 4–5/8 inches tall.

[1422] No. 1959. It will be discussed in our treatment of hoplitodromes infra, p. 209 and n. 2.

[1423] Richter, no. 16, fig. on p. 10; Mus. Bull., 1909 (May), p. 78 (Robinson); it is 2–7/8 inches tall.

[1424] Richter, no. 62, fig. on p. 43; Mus. Bull., 1913 (Dec.), pp. 268 f. and fig. 7 (Richter); it is 3–1/16 inches tall.

[1425] Op. cit., pp. 65 and 74.

[1426] Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia, Pl. XCVI, nos. 32 and 3; in the Glyptothek these are nos. 78 and 82; see von Mach, Pl. 78 (middle).

[1427] The Lapith G and the boy P: Treu, Jb., III, 1888, pp. 117 f., Pl. V (= Q and F in the new arrangement on Pl. VI); Kalkmann, op. cit., p. 75.

[1428] Bulle, 180; it is 0.79 meter high.

[1429] Ant. Denkm., I, Pt. 5, 1890, Pl. LVI (text, pp. 45–46, by Winter); B. B., no. 249; Bulle, 92 (two views) and 93; von Mach, 226; Helbig, Fuehrer, II, no. 1353; Guide, 1063; Collignon, II, p. 361, fig. 184; Gardiner, Sculpt., Pl. LXXIII; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 419, 7. It is 1 meter high (Bulle).

[1430] E. g., Kalkmann, Jb., X, 1895, pp. 46 f., Pl. I and fig. I in text; he defends this view, ibid., XI, 1896, pp. 197 f.

[1431] To the fifth by Kalkmann, Bulle, Furtwaengler (Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1907, Pt. II, pp. 219–220, = Hadrianic copy), and others; to the fourth by Winter, Collignon, and von Mach; Collignon, II, pp. 359 f., connects it stylistically with the so-called Ilioneus of the Glyptothek, represented in a similar pose (= Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr.,² 270; B. B., 432; F. W., 1263), and with the Hypnos in the Prado, Madrid (= Huebner, Die ant. Bildw. in Madrid, no. 39; Furtw., Mw., pp. 648 f.; Collignon, II, p. 357, fig. 181; F. W., 1287; for small replicas in bronze, see Winnefeld, Hypnos, p. 8, n. 2), and assigns all three to the fourth century B. C. and to Skopaic art. Amelung assigns the Subiaco youth to Hellenistic times: Mus. and Ruins of Rome, I, fig. 60.

[1432] For a list of ten such interpretations, see de Ridder, Rev. arch., XXXI, Sér. 3, 1897, p. 265, n. 5; and B. Sauer, Der Knabe von Subiaco, Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht, 1914, pp. 143 f., and note 1 on p. 143.

[1433] E. g., by Bulle; Brizio, Ausonia, I, 1906, p. 21; cf. Winter, l. c.; etc. If a Niobid, he was probably wounded in the neck (cf. the one in Milan) and formed part of a group.

[1434] By Lucas, Neue Jahrbuecher f. kl. Altertum, V, 1902, pp. 427 f; cf. Jh. oest. arch. Inst., IX, 1906, pp. 273 f.

[1435] Formerly by G. Koerte, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 11 f.; cf. the Pompeian wall-painting, ibid., p. 15, fig. 2; he has since given up this view: see Sauer, l. c.

[1436] De Ridder, op. cit., the hands seem to have been placed wrong for this interpretation, though Helbig and Amelung find it possible.

[1437] Petersen, Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 202 f.; such a motive was unknown to antiquity and is based on the wrong assumption that a marble hand holding a rope-like object, which was found in the same excavations, belongs to the statue: see Helbig, l. c.

[1438] Sauer, in the publication mentioned, believes the riddle best solved by assuming that the figure formerly was part of a gable group; see the reconstruction (by Luebke), p. 145, fig. 4. He dates it in the second half of the fifth century B. C., contemporary with the Idolino.

[1439] The fleetness of Ladas was often extolled, especially by late Greek and Roman writers: P, III, 21.1; Plut., Praecip. ger. reip., 10; Catullus, LV, 25; Juvenal, XIII, 97; Martial, II, LXXXVI, 8, and XC, 5; Seneca, Ep., LXXXV, 4; Solinus, 7; etc.

[1440] A. Pl., IV, no. 53; here line 3 was added by Jacobs, and line 4 by Benndorf, from two parodies of the epigram in A. G., XI, 86 and 119; in the first parody ἄλλος stands for Λάδας and Περικλῆς for κάμνων. See Benndorf, de anthologiae Graecae Epigrammatis quae ad artes spectant, Diss. inaug., 1862, pp. 13 f., and Kalkmann, Jb., X, 1895, pp. 76–77 and notes. Studniczka (see next note) reads line 4: Λάδας, οἱ δ’ ἄλλοι δάκτυλον οὐ προέβαν.

[1441] A. Pl., IV, 54. Benndorf corrects the Mss. reading of the last half of l. 2 as νεῦρα ταθεὶς ὄνυχι; others read the whole line: θυνὸν [= δρόμον] ἐπ’ ἀκροτάτῳ σκάμματι θεὶς ὄνυχα. On the two epigrams, see Studniczka, Myron’s Ladas, Ber. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., Philolog.-histor. Cl., 52, 1900, pp. 329 f. (especially pp. 333 f.).

[1442] Reading φυσῶν ... θυμόν for φεύγων ... Θῦμον, “flying from wind-footed Thymos,” of Jacobs. On possible readings, see Studniczka, l. c., pp. 337 f.

[1443] Sculpt., p. 69.

[1444] See Kalkmann, op. cit., pp. 77–8; Reisch, p. 44; cf. Gercke, Jb., VIII, 1893, p. 115, on the meaning of the words πνεῦμα and ἆσθμα.

[1445] Polyklet u. s. Sch., p. 17; von Mach, no. 289; B. B., 354.

[1446] No. 249, 249 a; he fixes his victory in Ol. (?) 85 ( = 440 B. C.), because of the late dating of Myron by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 49 (floruit Ol. 90 = 420 B. C.: cf. Brunn, I, 142 f.); Furtwaengler dated his activity within the first half of the fifth century B. C.: Mp., p. 182; Robert provisionally dates the victory of Ladas in Ol. (?) 76 ( = 476 B. C.), though he finds that Ols. 80 and 81 ( = 460 and 456 B. C.) are possible: see O. S., p. 184; here he dates the sculptor (?) 476–444 B. C.

[1447] Cf. infra, Ch. VIII, p. 365, n. 1.

[1448] Helbig, Fuehrer, I, nos. 913, 914; Guide, 573, 574; B. Com. Rom., IV, 1876, Pls. IX-X, pp. 68 f.; B. B., 353 (right and left); Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 540, 4, and for the torso, see II, 2, 541, 3 (= B. Com. Rom., Pl. XI).

[1449] Helbig, 914.

[1450] Helbig, 913.

[1451] So Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 128, n. 1, Mw., p. 285, n. 3, and Helbig (3d ed.); on the other hand, Reisch (p. 46), B. B., and formerly Helbig (in the first edition of his Guide), have regarded them as wrestlers.

[1452] The statuette and relief are pictured in Mon. ant., XI, 1901, Pl. XXVI, 2, and pp. 402 f. The statuette also in Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, no. 552, and Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 540, 6.

[1453] Mp., pp. 126 f., and fig. 51; Mw., pp. 284 f., fig. 38; here the restored parts have been removed and his own restoration is given in an outline drawing. See also B. B., no. 129; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 322; Clarac, 837, 2099.

[1454] Mentioned by P., I, 28.2 and I, 25.1; the inscribed base has been found (see Lolling, Ἀρχαιολογικὸν Δελτίον, 1889, p. 35, n. 2). The Perikles is exemplified by two inscribed copies: a terminal bust in London: B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 549 and fig. 23 on p. 289; Ancient Marbles in the British Museum, 1815, Pl. XXXII; A. Z., XXVI, 1868, Pl. II, fig. 1 and pp. 1 f. (Conze); Furtw., Mp., pp. 117 f., Pl. VII and fig. 46 (profile); Mw., Pl. IX and pp. 270 f.; F. W., 481; a terminal bust in the Vatican: Visconti, Iconogr. gr., 1824–26, I, Pl. XV and p. 178; B. B., no. 156; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 276; Arndt-Bruckmann, Griech. u. roem. Portraets, 413, 414: Bernouilli, Griech. Ikonogr., I, Pl. XI, p. 108; etc.

[1455] H. N., XXXIV, 74; in this passage Pliny also mentions an Olympius Pericles. The Naples statue has been wrongly restored as a gladiator; it is pictured, minus the restorations, in Mp., p. 125, fig. 50; Mw., p. 282, fig. 37; cf. Clarac, 870, 2210 and 872, 2210. Furtwaengler connects this statue with the bronze one of a certain Diitrephes pierced with arrows, which Pausanias saw on the Akropolis, I, 23.3; a basis found there, inscribed with the name Kresilas, supported a votive offering of Hermolykos, the son of Diitrephes, to Athena: I. G. B., 46; C. I. A., I, 402 (Kirchhoff, who opposes the connection); cf. p. 373. The base shows that a figure stood upon it in the pose of another figure, which appears on a white-faced Attic lekythos in the Cab. des Médailles in Paris (Mp., p. 124, fig. 48), which Furtwaengler believes a free rendering of the Kresilæan statue.

[1456] In Ols. 83, 84, 85 ( = 448–440 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 239, 245, 248. Krison is mentioned by Plato, Protag., 335 E, and de Leg., VIII, 840 A; Aristophanes of Byzantion (apud Zonaras, I, p. 451, and apud Hesych., s. v. Γρίσων); Plut., de adul. et amici Discr., 16; and de Tranqu. anim., 12; etc.

[1457] Inschr. v. Ol., 157. He won Ol. (?) 80 ( = 460 B. C.): P. VI, 8.1; Hyde, 71; Foerster, 280.

[1458] B. B., no. 321; Bulle, 164, and fig. 93 on pp. 361–2 (cast on round base in Erlangen); von Mach 72; Collignon, I, p. 417, fig. 215; Rayet, I, Pl. 35; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 956; Guide, 617; Zielinski, Rhein. Mus., XXXIX, 1884, pp. 116 f. (who refers the original possibly to Strongylion); F. W., 215. For replicas, see Gaz. Arch., 1881, p. 130; Rayet, text to Pl. 35; and Furtwaengler, Der Dornauszieher und der Knabe mit der Gans, 1876, pp. 7 f; Reinach, Rép., 1, 344, 6. It was called a runner first by Visconti, Opere varie, 1827–31, IV, Pl. XXIII, pp. 163 f., who has been followed by Collignon, Zielinski, Rayet, Reisch (p. 46), Richardson (p. 144), and others. It is 0.80 meter high (Bulle).

[1459] E. g., Overbeck, II, pp. 182–185, and notes 10–24 on p. 186. On p. 183, fig. 186, he gives illustrations of the three principal copies—the marble one in the British Museum (a), the bronze statuette in Baron Rothschild’s collection in Paris (b), and the Capitoline bronze in Rome (c). He brings it into relation with the sculptor Boëthos, who is known to have made seated genre figures of boys, e. g., one in the Heraion at Olympia, P., V., 17. 4 (= S. Q., 1596).

[1460] Von Mach, no. 86; cf. Kekulé, A. Z., XLI, 1883, p. 244, and F. W., 215.

[1461] See B. M. Sculpt., III, pp. 109–110.

[1462] See K. Woelke, Dornauszieher-Maedchen, Jb., XXIX, 1914, pp. 17–25, figs. 1, 2, etc.

[1463] E. g., bronze statuettes, formerly in the Dreyfus collection in Paris, dating from the second half of the fifteenth century: Bulle, p. 364, fig. 94; Mon. Piot, XVI, 1909, Pl. XII, 3 (nos. 2, 3 = Italian bronzes of the same subject in the Louvre and in the collection of Charles Haviland; see text, by G. Migeon, pp. 95 f.).

[1464] B. M. Sculpt., III, no. 1755 and Pl. VIII; Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. XXX; Annali, XLVIII, 1876, Pl. N (and pp. 124 f); A. Z., XXXV, 1877, p. 127, and XXXVII, 1879, p. 19, Pls. II, III; Rayet, Pl. 36; von Mach, 284; Bulle, p. 365, fig. 95; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 144, 2. It is 0.63 meter high (Bulle).

[1465] Gaz. arch., 1881, Pls. IX-XI; Collignon, I, p. 420, fig. 216; Rayet, text to no. 36; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 143, 7. It is 9.5 inches tall.

[1466] See Lange, Das Motif des aufgestuetzten Fusses, 1879, pp. 9 f.; Reisch, p. 46, n. 5; B. B., no. 67 (Paris copy); von Mach, 238a (Munich copy), 238b (Louvre copy). See supra, pp. 86–87.

[1467] See E. N. Gardiner, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, p. 281; on the race, see Gardiner, pp. 285–91, and J. H. S., l. c., pp. 280 f.; Krause, I, pp. 353–359; Dar.-Sagl., I, Pt. 2, p. 1644; etc.

[1468] At Olympia, P., III, 14.3; Plut., Quaest. conviv., II, 5; Artemidoros, Oneirokritika, I, 63; Heliod., Aethiop., IV., init.; Oxy. Pap.; at Delphi, Krause, Die Pythien, Nemeen, und Isthmien, 1841, p. 26, no. 4; at the Panathenaia, Mommsen, Feste d. Stadt Athen, 1898, p. 70. On its origin, see Ph., 7.

[1469] P., II, 11.8; X, 34.5. In the first passage Pausanias speaks of a victor who won the diaulos twice—once γυμνός, the second time σὺν τῇ ἀσπίδι. De Ridder, B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f., discusses Hauser’s futile argument (Jb., II, 1887, pp. 95 f.) that the hoplite-runner covered the stadion four times, the first and fourth with helmet and shield, the second and third without the shield, and conclusively shows that the race was a diaulos. For Athens, see Aristoph., Aves, 291 f., and scholion. The race was four stades long at Nemea: cf. Ph., 7, and Juethner’s note (p. 196).

[1470] Ph., 8; cf. also 24.

[1471] VI, 10.4. In V, 12.8 he says that 25 shields for this race were officially kept in the nave of the temple of Zeus.

[1472] We see shield, helmet, and greaves on the vase pictured in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; Baum., III, p. 2110, fig. 2360; on the b.-f. vases in Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLVII, CCLVIII, and CCLXIII; on the b.-f. vases pictured in Schreiber, Bilderatlas, Pl. XXII, figs. 3 (sixth century B. C., = Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLVIII) and 5 (= amphora in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, II, B 608); we see no greaves on the r.-f. kylix in Berlin (Fig. 41); cf. Krause, pp. 354 f.

[1473] Jb., II, 1887, pp. 95 f.; X, 1895, pp. 199 f.

[1474] P., VI, 10.4.

[1475] P., X, 34.5. Mnesiboulos won stade- and hoplite-races at Olympia in Ol. 235 ( = 161 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 712–713; cf. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 582. He was also περιοδονίκης in both events.

[1476] E. g., by Ph., 7.

[1477] A bronze helmet found at Olympia, recently in the possession of the Bishop of Lincoln, is pictured in J. H. S., II, 1881, Pl. XI, 1.

[1478] E. g., on the vase in Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2231; on the Panathenaic vase in the British Museum, already mentioned, dating from the second half of the fourth century B. C.: B. M. Vases, II, B. 608; = Gardiner, p. 290, fig. 58; = Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. XLVIII, e, 3; = Baum, III, p. 2110, fig. 2361; here the runners are running with the feet flat on the ground.

[1479] In the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale, no. 523; Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, 1893, pp. 132–142, Pls. XV, 2 and XVI; Gardiner, p. 286, fig. 54, and J. H. S., XXIII, p. 278, fig. 7; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, I, p. 427, no. 58.

[1480] No. 2307; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLXI; J. H. S., XXIII, p. 277, fig. 6; Gardiner, p. 288, fig. 56; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1644, fig. 2232; Jb., II, 1887, p. 105; cf. similar runners on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum, E 22: Murray, Designs from Greek Vases, no. 18; Hoppin, Hbk., I, p. 372, no. 21.

[1481] J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, p. 278, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 287, fig. 55. It was formerly in Berlin.

[1482] E 818; J. H. S., l. c., p. 285, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 289, fig. 57; noted by Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, p. 373, no. 8; Hoppin, Hbk., I, p. 134, no. 69.

[1483] For a reconstruction of the various phases of the armed-race from vase-paintings, see J. H. S., l. c., p. 279, fig. 9.

[1484] See Gardiner, p. 291 and J. H. S., l. c., pp. 284 f. Perhaps this is the explanation of a kylix in Berlin (no. 4039), reproduced by Furtwaengler in Samml. Sabouroff, I, Pl. LIII.

[1485] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix in Munich (no. 1240); J. H. S., l. c., p. 284, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 292, fig. 59. This painting represents a palæstra scene, as is shown by the sponges on the wall.

[1486] 291.

[1487] H. N., XXXV, 71.

[1488] I, 23.9. In 1838 the inscribed base of this statue was found, the inscription being: Ἐπι[χ]αρῖνος [ἀνέ]θηκεν ὁ ... Κριτίος καὶ Νης[ι]ώτης ἐπο[ιησ]άτην: C. I. A., I, 376; Loewy, I. G. B., 39. This shows that Pausanias got his information about the pose from the statue itself and not from the inscription. It also gives us the right spelling of the artist’s name.

[1489] First published, long after it had passed from the possession of Herr Tux to the University Collection, by Gruneisen in Schorn’s Kunstblatt, 1835, pp. 21 f., and separately the same year. See also Hauser in Jb., II, 1887, pp. 95–107; L. Schwabe, Jb., I, 1886, pp. 163 f., Pl. IX (= three views); de Ridder, B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 211 f. (reviewed in A. J. A., II, 1898, pp. 268 f.); Collignon, I, p. 305, fig. 152; Bulle, no. 89 (two views); Springer-Michaelis, p. 217, fig. 403a; Brunn, Griech. Kunstgesch., 1893, II, p. 249 f.; F. W., 90; Rouse, p. 174, n. 1; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 543, 5.

[1490] Bulle, no. 86.

[1491] Jh. oest. arch. Inst., V, 1902, pp. 165–70 and Pl. IV (three views). It was probably made in Campania. It is 0.07 meter high.

[1492] M. D., 1097; Clarac, 830, 2085.

[1493] Furtw., Mp., p. 204, and n. 4; Mw., p. 392, and n. 4. He believes that the helmet is not alien to the statue as some think, but points out that the head, which is much restored and is akin to the Perseus, is wrongly attached to the body. Hauser, Jb., II, 1887, p. 101, n. 24, because of the tree-trunk, does not believe that the statue represents a hoplite-runner; but Furtwaengler shows that the tree-trunk offers no objection to restoring a shield to the statue.

[1494] Rayet, II, Pls. 64, 65 (head); B. B., no. 75; Bulle, 88; von Mach, 286; Reinach, Rép., I, 154 1–4; M. W., I, Pl. 48, 216; F. W., 1425; H. B. Walters, The Art of the Greeks, Pl. XLIX; Gardner, Hbk., p. 513, fig. 136; J. Six, De Beteekenis van het Leelijke in de Grieksche Kunst, p. 29; his theory has been contested by Kalkman, Jb., X, 1895, p. 64 and n. 50. The statue is 1.55 meters high (Bulle).

[1495] Bulle, and also Klein (III, pp. 265 f.), believe that Agasias was no mere copyist, while Amelung (Becker-Thieme, Lex. d. bild. Kuenstler, I, 113) classes him as one. The inscription on the base of the statue dates it about 100 B. C.

[1496] No. 1959; Arch. Eph., 1904, pp. 43–56 (Philios) and Pl. I; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, pp. 648–51 and fig. 333; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, Pl. on p. 20; Svoronos, I, pp. 89–96, and Tafelbd., I, Pl. XXVI (upper left corner); Bulle, 263; E. Schmidt, Muenchner archaeol. Stud. zum Andenken A. Furtwaengler, p. 254 and fig. 351; Lechat, p. 206, fig. 25. Its dimensions are 1.01 meters high and 0.72 meter broad. See p. 194.

[1497] Bulle dates it loosely after the middle of the sixth century B. C.

[1498] He shows that a similar type appears on Athenian dekadrachmai, which were struck soon after the date of the battle of Marathon, in any case before 480 B. C.; cf. Babelon, Journ. Int. d’arch. Num., 1905.

[1499] A. Pl., I, 3, v. 2, and P. l. G., III, no. 153, p. 500. Cf. also the epigram quoted by Eustathius, in the scholion on the Iliad, XXIII, 621, p. 1320, and one by Lucilius, A. G., XI, no. 84. The five events are repeatedly mentioned by Greek writers: Ph., 3, 11, etc.; Artemidoros, Oneir., I, 55; many scholiasts, e. g., on Pindar, Isthm., 1, 35, Boeckh, p. 519, and Soph., Electra, 691. On the event, see P. Gardner, J. H. S., I, pp. 210 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVII, pp. 359 f.; id., J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 54 f. (The Method of Deciding the Pentathlon); E. Myers, J. H. S., II, 1881, pp. 217 f.; F. Fedde, Der Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen, 1888, and Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen, 1889; Heinrich, Ueber das Pentathlon d. Griechen, 1892; Pinder, Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen, 1867; Krause, I, pp. 476–497, and 921 f.; Bluemner, in Baum., I, pp. 512 f; Legrand, in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, pp. 804 f., s. v. Quinquertium. On the order of events and method of deciding the victory, see Gardiner, pp. 362 f.

[1500] Isthm., I, 26–27.

[1501] Od., VIII, 103. In line 129 he mentions the diskos. Boxing was never a part of the later pentathlon.

[1502] P., V, 8. 7; Philostratos, 12; in Ch. 3 he says that it was introduced by Jason.

[1503] P., V, 9. 1.

[1504] Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIX. See supra, p. 192.

[1505] It represents jumping, javelin-throwing, and diskos-throwing; it is a Panathenaic vase of the sixth century B. C. in the British Museum: B 134; J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, Pl. XVIII; Gardiner, p. 360, fig. 107; cf. these three events pictured on another amphora of similar date in Leyden: A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108. A gymnasium scene (i. e., figures of a jumper, diskobolos, and apparently an akontistes) appears on a r.-f. vase-painting by Douris: see Pottier, Douris et les Peintres de Vases grecs, 1904 (engl. ed. 1909), fig. 6; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 549, fig. 315.

[1506] In addition to those cited we may add the vase in the British Museum, B 142 (= diskos-throwing and javelin-throwing); one in Munich, no. 656 (= javelin-throwing and jumping); two others in the British Museum, B 136 and 602 (= diskos-throwing); another there, B 605 (= javelin-throwing); etc.

[1507] Inschr. v. Ol., 162, 163; I. G. B., 91; upper surface outlined in Furtw., Mp., p. 263, fig. 110; Mw., p. 472, fig. 80. For the discussion of Pythokles, see Mp., pp. 262 f.

[1508] Furtwaengler believed in the first century B. C.; Dittenberger and Purgold, in the first century A. D.: cf. Inschr. v. Ol., p. 284.

[1509] Gatti, B. Com. Rom., XIX, 1891, pp. 280 f., Pl. X, 1; cf. Petersen, R. M., VI, 1891, pp. 304 f.

[1510] Statuette in the Braccio Nuovo of the Vatican: Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 32; Guide, 43; Amelung, Vat., I, no. 101 on p. 116, and Pls. XVI, XVII; Furtw., Mp., p. 264, fig. 111; Mw., p. 474, fig. 81; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 549, 2; Clarac, 861, 2184; a black marble statue found at Porto d’ Anzio in 1758, now in the Glyptothek: Furtwaengler-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.,² no. 458; Clarac, 858, 2175; it is 1.54 meters high.

[1511] Wiener Studien, XXIV, 1902, pp. 398 f.; he is, therefore, against the Pythokles ascription; see also Studniczka in Jh. oest. arch. Inst., 1906, p. 131.

[1512] Cf. also Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 570 f.

[1513] Hettner, Die Bildw. d. kgl. Antikensamml. zu Dresden, no. 90 (= a doryphoros); Furtw., Mp., Pl. XII (whence our plate) and fig. 112 (head from cast, two views), on p. 267; discussion, pp. 265 f; Mw., Pls. XXVI, XXVII (the head from a cast and the restored left forearm omitted) and text, pp. 475 f.; Clarac, 948, 2437. Furtwaengler mentions three other copies of the statue and three of the head.

[1514] On a fourth-century B. C. Panathenaic prize vase we see an athlete in a similar pose holding a diskos in his left hand: Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. XLVIII, g, 10 (quoted by Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 266, n. 6).

[1515] Formerly in the Coll. Pourtalès, and then in the Coll. Gréau: W. Froehner, Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Collection Gréau, 1885, Pl. XXXII, p. 204, no. 964; de Ridder, Les Bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. 19, no. 184, and p. 34; Mahler, Polyklet und seine Schule, pp. 57 f. and fig. 13; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 278, Mw., p. 490; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 546, 3. It is 0.218 meter high. Froehner had interpreted the statuette as that of an oil-pourer, though the position of the hands is against it.

[1516] P., VI, 14.13; Hyde, 139 and pp. 54–55; Foerster, 451, 456; Inschr. v. Ol., 176.

[1517] Od., VIII, 103 and 128. On jumping, see Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f.; etc.

[1518] IV, 465 f.

[1519] Cf. Stesichoros, apud Athenaeum, IV, 72 (pp. 172 f.).

[1520] De Incessu animalium, Ch. 3 (p. 705 a).

[1521] As, e. g., on the statues at Olympia of the Elean pentathlete Anauchidas (P., V, 27.12) and Hysmon (P., VI, 3.10). See supra, p. 164.

[1522] Juethner, Antike Turngeraete, pp. 3–13; Gardiner, Ch. XIV, pp. 295 f. and J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, pp. 179 f., (especially pp. 181 f.). The following section is taken chiefly from these two sources. Cf. also Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 180–1; Pinder, A. A., 1864, pp. 230 f.

[1523] National Museum, no. 9075; Arch. Eph., 1883, fig. on p. 190; Juethner, fig. 1; Gardiner, p. 298, fig. 60. The inscription = C. I. A., IV, 422⁴. This weight is 4.5 inches long with concave sides and weighs 4 lbs. 2 oz.

[1524] E. g., one of lead, in the British Museum: J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 182; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 c. It weighs 2 lbs. 5 oz.

[1525] V, 26.3; the group dates from the second half of the fifth century B. C.: see Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 267–9.

[1526] Arch. Eph., 1883, fig. on p. 104; Juethner, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 300, fig. 62; Schreiber, Bilderatlas, Pl. XXII, fig. 10. It is 10 inches long. (The illustrations show one weight seen from three sides.)

[1527] Bronz. v. Ol., p. 180, fig. 1101; Juethner, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61a (from cast in the British Museum). It is probably of diorite and is 11.5 inches long, and weighs over 10 pounds.

[1528] Ch. 55; cf. Lucian, Anach., 27 (καὶ μολυβδίνας χειροπληθεῖς ἐν ταῖν χεροῖν ἔχοντες, i. e., cylindrical); Etym. magn., p. 71, 20.

[1529] Such is the limestone halter from Kameiros, Rhodes, in the British Museum; B. M. Guide to Gk. and Rom. Life, 1908, fig. 41; Gardiner, p. 299, fig. 61 b. It is 7.5 inches long.

[1530] Juethner, fig. 11.

[1531] Duetschke, II, 22.

[1532] Mon. d. I., VI, VII, 1857–63, Pl. LXXXII; Annali, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1533] See Caelius Aurelianus, de Morb. acut. et chron., V, 2.38 (= of the early ? fifth century A. D.). The imperial physicians recommended them: see Galen and Antyllos, apud Oribasium, Coll. Medicin., ed. Bussemaker et Daremberg, 1851, VI, 14 and 34, respectively; see Krause, I, pp. 395 f., and Juethner, p. 16.

[1534] Ch. 55.

[1535] De Incessu anim., Ch. 3 (p. 705a).

[1536] Made by E. O. Gourdin, in Cambridge, U. S. A., July 23, 1921.

[1537] See J. H. S., II, 1881, p. 218, n. 1; the jump took place at Chester in 1854; here is also recorded a standing jump of 13 ft. 7 in. with 23-lb. weights, at Manchester in 1875.

[1538] Mentioned by Pinder, Ueber d. Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen (quoted by Juethner, p. 16).

[1539] So Fedde, p. 22. A record of 49 ft. 3 in. (hop, skip, and jump) was made at Harwich in 1861: J. H. S., II, p. 281, n. 1.

[1540] A. Pl., 297; cf. schol. on Aristophanes, Acharn., 213, and other evidence gathered by Gardiner, in J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, pp. 70 f.

[1541] Rutgers, p. 11.

[1542] On the controversy about these jumps, see Gardiner, Fedde, ll. cc., and A. A., 1900, pp. 104–6 (Kueppers, Diels, and Stengel). On Greek jumping, see also Krause, I, pp. 383 f.; Pinder, pp. 108 f.; Fedde, pp. 14 f.; Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, pp. 303 f.; Girard, L’éducation athénienne, 1889, pp. 200 f.; etc.

[1543] See Gardiner’s summary in J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 189.

[1544] E. g., on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, E 427; J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 185, fig. 6; etc.

[1545] E. g., on a r.-f. krater in Copenhagen (?): Annali, XVIII, 1846, Pl. M; Gardiner, p. 303, fig. 64; J. H. S., l. c., p. 185, fig. 7 (left-hand figure).

[1546] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix in Bologna: J. H. S., l. c., p. 186, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 304, fig. 65; Juethner, fig. 16; on interior of an early r.-f. vase, signed by Chelis, in the Louvre, G 15: Pottier, Vases antiques, Pl. 89; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 366, fig. 211.

[1547] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix from Orvieto, formerly in the Bourguignon Coll. in Naples, but now in Boston: A. Z., XLII, 1884, p. 243 (Meier), Pl. XVI, 2b; Reinach, Rép. vases peints, I, p. 454, 1, 5, 6; J. H. S., l. c., p. 183, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 305, fig. 66 (interior showing diskobolos, ibid., p. 326, fig. 80 = J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, p. 20, fig. 9); Juethner, p. 15, fig. 14; Girard, L’éduc. athén., pp. 201, 207, figs. 22 and 27; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, p. 423, no. 44; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 5, fig. 3691, IV, 2, p. 1055, fig. 6083.

[1548] E. g., on a b.-f. imitation Corinthian amphora in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, B 48; middle figure is given in J. H. S., l. c., p. 183, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 306, fig. 67; Juethner, fig. 15 (three figures).

[1549] Inghirami, Mus. Chius., Pl. CXXV (quoted by Gardiner).

[1550] E. g., on a Panathenaic amphora in Leyden: J. H. S., XXVII, 1907 p. 260; on a later r.-f. kylix of Euphronios: Klein, Euphronios², 1887, p. 306; J. H. S., XXIV, 1904, p. 188, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 307, fig. 68.

[1551] B. M. Bronzes, 248, p. 26, fig. 10 (right); Gaz. arch., 1875, Pl. XXXV, p. 131; Schreiber, Bilderatlas, Pl. XXII, no. 15; Murray, Hbk. Gk. Archæology, 1892, p. 123, fig. 53. The diskos is 8.25 inches in diameter and is to be dated about 500 B. C. On the other side is represented a jumper, with measuring cord in his hands, measuring his leap. A similar figure appears on a metrological relief at Oxford: J. H. S., IV, 1883, Pl. XXXV, p. 335.

[1552] Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes, no. 81, fig. on p. 54 (three views); Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art, 1904, p. 46, no. 37; Reinach, Rép., IV, 345, 9.

[1553] Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 543, 7 (quoted by Miss Richter).

[1554] E. g., the jumper with halteres on the British Museum pelike already mentioned, E 427; see p. 216, n. 10; a still closer resemblance is found in a jumper without halteres on a r.-f. pelike discussed in J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, p. 272; Gardiner, p. 309, fig. 69.

[1555] Krause, I, pp. 439 f. E. g., Apollo unintentionally slays Hyakinthos while contending with him in diskos-throwing: Euripides, Helena, 1469 f.; etc.

[1556] Iliad, XXIII, 826 f. Later imitators of Homer use the word also: e. g., Apoll. Rhod., III, 1366.

[1557] Inschr. v. Ol., 717; I. G. A., 370; Juethner, pp. 22–23. A larger block of volcanic rock weighing 480 kilograms has been found at Santorin with an inscription dating from about 500 B. C. stating that one Eumastas lifted it from the ground: I. G., XIII, no. 449. See J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, p. 2. Such a scene is depicted on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in the Louvre, G 96; J. H. S., l. c., fig. 1.

[1558] Od., IV, 626 and VIII, 186 f. The diskos-throw was well known as a measure: e. g., Il., XXIII, 431. Scholiasts tried to show the difference between the solos and the diskos: see Juethner, pp. 19 f.

[1559] Ol., X, 72; Isthm., I, 25.

[1560] E. g., on a b.-f. amphora in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, B 271; J. H. S., XXVII, Pl. I; Gardiner, p. 314, fig. 71; cf. the Panathenaic amphora, B 134 (= Fig. 44); J. H. S., XXVII, Pl. XVIII.

[1561] B. M. Bronzes, no. 3207; Gardiner, p. 317, fig. 73; Rev. arch., XVIII, 1891, Pl. XVIII, p. 45. It is 6.5 inches in diameter. The inscription is written retrograde.

[1562] See list of fifteen in J. H. S., XXVII, p. 6; Gardiner, p. 316; eight of these are from Olympia.

[1563] I, 35.5.

[1564] Furtwaengler shows that there are numerous representations of Myron’s Diskobolos on gems: Die antiken Gemmen, e. g., Pls. XLIV, nos. 26, 27, and LXVI, 8; cf. also a gem in the British Museum: B. M. Gems, 742 and Pl. 11.

[1565] J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, pp. 1 f., Pls. I-III, summary on p. 36; Greek Athl. Sports, Ch. XV, pp. 313 f. Cf. also E. Pernice, Jb., XXIII, 1908, Zum Diskoswurf, pp. 94 f., who corrects and augments the evidence furnished by Gardiner’s article in the J. H. S. On the diskos and mode of casting, see also Juethner, pp. 18–36; Krause, I, pp. 442 f.; Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, pp. 321 f.; Gaz. arch., 1888, pp. 291 f. (J. Six); Dar.-Sagl., II, 1, pp. 277 f.; Fedde, Der Fuenfkampf der Hellenen, pp. 37 f.; Girard, L’éduc. athén., pp. 201 f.; Kietz, Der Diskoswurf bei den Griechen, 1892, pp. 15 f.

[1566] E. g., on a lekythos from Eretria: J. H. S., XXVII, p. 23, fig. 12.

[1567] E. g., on a b.-f. Attic lekythos in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, B 576; J. H. S., l. c., Pl. II; Gardiner, p. 328, fig. 82; on a r.-f. kylix: J. H. S., p. 26, fig. 15; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXCIV, no. 6.

[1568] E. g., on the reverse of a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum signed by Pheidippos: B. M. Vases, III, Pl. I, E 6; J. H. S., l. c., p. 13, fig. 3; Gardiner, p. 323, fig. 76; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 368, fig. 214; on a b.-f. kelebe in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, E 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77; on an Attic b.-f. panel-amphora in the University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: Museum Journal, VI, No. 4 (Dec., 1915), fig. 90, p. 170; A. J. A., XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4; (the obverse of this vase, representing a boxing scene, is given in our Fig. 56); on a b.-f. amphora pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLX., and Pernice, l. c., fig. on p. 98. The left foot is generally forward in this position: e. g., on a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 795; J. H. S., l. c., p. 26, fig. 14; the right is forward on two b.-f. vases: Gerhard, Pls. CCLIX, 2 (= our Pl. 36 B), and CCLX. On a r.-f. amphora in Naples (Pernice, fig. on p. 96), a youth is represented holding the diskos with the right hand on the shoulder, against which his face is silhouetted as in the famous archaic relief from the Dipylon gate discussed supra, Ch. III, p. 127.

[1569] E. g., on the amphora pictured by Pernice, p. 99.

[1570] The left is forward on a r.-f. krater of Amasis from Corneto: J. H. S., XXVII, p. 16, fig. 5; Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, p. 416, fig. 56a; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 78; the right is forward on a r.-f. pelike in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, E 395; J. H. S., l. c., Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 325, fig. 79. The left is drawn back in a fifth-century B. C. bronze: J. H. S., l. c., p. 18, fig. 7; Burlington Fine Arts Club, Cat. Anc. Gk. Art, 1904, Pl. L. Another example is found on a r.-f. kylix in Paris: J. H. S., l. c., p. 27, fig. 17; Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, Pl. LXIII, 2; Gardiner, p. 331, fig. 85.

[1571] For variations, see early fifth-century B. C. coins of Kos in the British Museum: J. H. S., l. c., p. 30, fig. 19; Gardiner, p. 332, fig. 86.

[1572] E. g., on a Panathenaic amphora in Naples: J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, p. 32, fig. 20; Juethner, fig. 31; Gardiner, p. 333, fig. 87; on a b.-f. hydria in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, E 164; J. H. S., l. c., p. 32, fig. 21; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88.

[1573] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix in Boulogne: J. H. S., l. c., p. 34, fig. 23; Gardiner, p. 335, fig. 89; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, I, p. 370, no. 11; cf. Beazley, Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Mus., 1918, no. 19 (= ascribed to Euergides).

[1574] E. g., on the kylix just mentioned (the figure to the right).

[1575] E. g., the archaic Pourtalès bronze: Panofka, Cabinet Pourtalès, Pl. XIII, 3; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 545, 3; cf. also another in the Antiquarium in Berlin: Inventar, no. 8570; A. A., 1904, p. 36, n. 7 and fig. on p. 35. The latter is 0.10 meter high.

[1576] Mus. Bull., III, Feb., 1908, pp. 31–36; Richter, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan Bronzes, no. 78, p. 49 (three views); Cat. Class. Coll., pp. 89–90, figs. 52 and 53 (side views); Gardiner, p. 329, fig. 83. It is 9.25 inches tall.

[1577] E. g., on a r.-f. krater in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, no. 561; on another in Munich: cf. J. D. Beazley, J. H. S., XXXI, 1911, Pl. VIII, 2; both quoted by Miss Richter, l. c.

[1578] In the National Museum, no. 7412; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 321 and fig. on p. 270. It was found in the sanctuary of the Kabeiroi in Bœotia and is 0.19 meter high. Cf. a similar position on a r.-f. amphora in Munich painted by Euthymides: no. 374; published by Hoppin, Euthymides and his Fellows, 1917, Pl. II; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, Griech. Vasenmalerei, Pl. LXXXI.

[1579] B. M. Bronzes, no. 675; J. H. S., XXVII, p. 22, fig. 11; Murray², 1, p. 274, fig. 59; Gardiner, p. 330, fig. 84; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 544, 10. It is 6.5 inches tall.

[1580] Cf. also two very rude bronzes in the British Museum representing diskoboloi: B. M. Bronzes, nos. 502 (diskos held up in right hand), 504 (diskos in right hand), the first 3.37 inches tall, the other 4.87 inches; the latter has a fillet in the hair and so represents a victor.

[1581] B. M. Bronzes, no. 559; J. H. S., l. c., p. 17, fig. 6. As the whole lebes is only 18.5 inches tall, this lid figure is very small.

[1582] A. A., 1904, p. 36, fig. 8. Inventar, no. 8569. It is 0.115 meter high.

[1583] Published by H. G. E. White in J. H. S., XXXVI, 1916, pp. 16 f., Pls. I, II and 3 figs, in text. Pl. I is the more archaic: Museum no. 6615; Arch. Eph., 1883, p. 86; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 281–2, no. 757, and fig. 265. Pl. II is the less archaic: Museum no. 6614; Arch. Eph., 1883, p. 46; J. H. S., X, 1889, pp. 268–9 (E. A. Gardiner); Staïs, op. cit., p. 267; de Ridder, pp. 275–7, no. 750, and fig. 257.

[1584] Pliny, H. N., VII, 201, traces its origin to Aetolus, son of Mars. Phrastor won a victory in such a contest at Olympia: Pindar, Ol., X, 71. See Krause, pp. 465 f.; Juethner, pp. 36 f.; Gardiner, Ch. XVI, pp. 338 f.; id., J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, pp. 258 f.; Dar-Sagl., I, 1, pp. 226 f.; Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 1183 f. (Reisch); Girard, L’éduc. athén., pp. 203 f.; Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, pp. 327 f., and III, pp. 168 f.; etc. In the following account we are chiefly indebted to Juethner and Gardiner.

[1585] See Stassoff apud Stephani, Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archaéol., St. Petersburg, 1872, p. 302. Cf. Juethner, Ph., p. 64.

[1586] Iliad, XXIII, 884 f.; cf. 637.

[1587] The athletic style appears on many vases, especially on r.-f. ones; see infra, pp. 223–4 and notes.

[1588] The javelin is held horizontally by the warrior on the interior of a b.-f. kylix in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, B 380; J. H. S., XXVII, p. 252, fig. 2; Gardiner, p. 342, fig. 93. It was commonly held slopingly over the shoulder level with the head in representations of the athletic style; e. g., the second athlete from the left in the sixth-century B. C. b.-f. Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum (Fig. 44): B. M. Vases, B 134; cf. also a similar figure on the sixth-century B. C. amphora in Leyden: A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, Pl. IX; Gardiner, p. 361, fig. 108.

[1589] At Athens as early as the fifth century B. C. there were practical javelin contests from horseback with a target, and such contests kept up in Thessaly to the time of Hadrian: Gardiner, pp. 356–8. Throwing the javelin at a target from horseback is seen on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 357, fig. 106; J. H. S., XXVII, Pl. XX. Pindar mentions javelin-throwing three times, and in each case the throw was for distance: Nem., VII, 70–1; Isthm., II, 35; Pyth., I, 44. Lucian, in a passage referring to the pentathlon at Olympia, says that athletes competed for distance: Anacharsis, 27. On this question, see Juethner, pp. 54 f.

[1590] Hesychios calls it ἀποτομάς, s. v.; see also Pollux, X, 64.

[1591] A. Z., XLI, 1883, Pl. XIII, 2, and cf. p. 228 (Milchhoefer).

[1592] See Juethner, figs. 34, 35, 36 on pp. 40–41 (representing akontistai holding the javelin in one hand and the amentum in the other). Fastening the thong is commonly depicted on vases: e. g., a youth seated on the ground attaching the amentum is pictured on a r.-f. hydria in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, E 164; J. H. S., XXVII, p. 32, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 334, fig. 88; B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, p. 164, fig. 3; on a r.-f. kylix in Wuerzburg (no. 432), a youth is seen winding the amentum around the akontion, drawing one end of the thong tight by means of his left foot: Juethner, p. 42, fig. 37; Gardiner, p. 340, fig. 91; Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 599, fig. 4116; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, I, p. 93, no. 7. On a r.-f. amphora from Vulci attributed to Euthymides, and now in the British Museum, we see an akontistes holding the spear pointed to the ground and drawing the amentum tight preparatory to the throw: B. M. Vases, E 256; J. H. S., XXVII, Pl. XIX; Gardiner, p. 348, fig. 99; Hoppin, Euthymides and his Fellows, p. 49, Pls. IX, XI; id., Hbk., I, pp. 442–3, no. 19. For the various methods of attaching the amentum, see collection of drawings from vases in Gardiner, p. 341, fig. 92 = J. H. S., XXVII, p. 250, fig. 1.

[1593] See J. H. S., XXVII, pp. 262 f.; Gardiner, pp. 350 f.

[1594] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix in Rome: J. H. S., XXVII, p. 266, fig. 14; Gardiner, p. 354, fig. 104; Juethner, p. 48, fig. 43.

[1595] Downwards in the r.-f. amphora in the British Museum, mentioned above, E 256.

[1596] No. 2667 (Jahn, no. 562 A); J. H. S., XXVII, 1907, p. 262, fig. 9; Gardiner, p. 349, fig. 100; Juethner, p. 47, fig. 41; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, p. 198, no. 8.

[1597] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix in the Torlonia collection: J. H. S., XXVII, p. 264, fig. 11; Gardiner, p. 351, fig. 102; Juethner, p. 58, fig. 49.

[1598] E. g., badly done on the Munich kylix mentioned, no. 2667; also on a r.-f. kylix of Panaitios from Vulci in Munich, no. 2637 (Jahn, no. 795): A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, p. 66, Pl. XI (= Reinach, Rép. vases peints, I, p. 422, 2); J. H. S., XXVII, p. 264, fig. 12; Gardiner, p. 105, fig. 17; Schreiber, Bilderatlas, Pl. XXI, 3; Baum., I, p. 613, fig. 672; Hoppin, Hbk., p. 426, no. 54; Dar.-Sagl., II, 2, p. 1452, fig. 3478; IV, 2, p. 1056, fig. 6086; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 408): J. H. S., XXVII, p. 265, fig. 13; Gardiner, p. 353, fig. 103; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, Griech. Vasenmalerei, Pl. XLV.

[1599] P. 48.

[1600] See 23stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr.

[1601] B. B., no. 273; Bulle, 47, and pp. 97–102 and fig. 18; von Mach, 113; Collignon, I, pp. 488 f. and Pl. XII; Rayet, I, Pl. 29; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. XXXIV; Springer-Michaelis, p. 276, fig. 496; F. W., 503.

[1602] Polyklet u. s. Schule, 1902. For the Apollonios bust, see B. B., no. 336; F. W., 505. An almost identical bust—except for a wide fillet around the locks and shoulders—was found in the tablinum of the same villa (Invent., no. 6164). Many of these heads doubtless come from busts or statues which decorated gymnasia and palæstræ.

[1603] Duetschke, III, no. 535 (0.81 meter high).

[1604] F. W., 507; cf. Rayet, I, text to Pl. 29.

[1605] No. 293; Amelung, Museums and Ruins of Rome, I, pp. 7 f.; id., Vat., I, no. 126 on p. 151 and Pl. 19; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 45; Guide, I, 58; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 545, 10. It is 2.11 meters high (Amelung). Cf. Loewy, Lysipp und Seine Stellung in der gr. Plastik, pp. 5–7 and 23–4; Hauser, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 104–14. For other replicas, see Furtw., Mp., pp. 228 f.; Mw., pp. 421 f.

[1606] Mahler, op. cit., p. 29.

[1607] As we see from the careful copy on a Berlin gem: Helbig, Fuehrer, I, p. 31, fig. 3; Guide, I, p. 35, fig. 4; and on a funerary relief in Argos: A. M., III, 1878, pp. 287 f. and Pl. XIII (Furtwaengler); B. B., 279A; Collignon, I, p. 491, fig. 250; F. W., 504; cf. Annali, LI, 1879, p. 219 (Brunn); Mitchell, Hist. Anc. Sculpt., 1883, p. 386 and fig. 176.

[1608] The uno crure insistere of Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 56. Here Pliny quotes Varro to the effect that Polykleitos’ statues were almost exactly after the same type (paene ad unum exemplum).

[1609] See Mp., pp. 212 f. and figs. 90 and 91 (head, two views); Mw., pp. 403 f., and Pls. XXIV, XXV. For the statue, see also Furtw.-Wolters, Beschr. d. Glypt.², no. 295 (= god or athlete); Kekulé, Jb., III, 1888, p. 37 and Pl. 1 (= Polykleitan and Zeus); B. B., 122.

[1610] De instit. Orat., V, 12.21.

[1611] H. N., XXXIV, 18.

[1612] A. M., III, 1878, p. 292, n. 2.

[1613] Mp., pp. 163 and 228; Mw., p. 420.

[1614] E. g., that of Ktesilaos (= Kresilas; see below) in H. N., XXXIV, 76; of Polykleitos, ibid., 55, and of Aristodemos, ibid., 86.

[1615] This torso is of Pentelic marble, like many of the later victor statues at Olympia, and is fleshier than the Naples and Vatican copies: Bildw. v. Ol., Textbd., p. 250 and fig. 284 (back view); Tafelbd., Pl. LXII, I; Furtw., Mp., p. 228, Mw., p. 420. It is in the Museum at Olympia.

[1616] The Naples copy is 1.99 meters high; see Kalkmann, Die Proport. des Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, p. 53; the Olympia torso is 1.10 meters high for the preserved part (Treu).

[1617] Pro Imag., 11.

[1618] E. g., the statue of Polydamas, P., VI, 5.1; the base of the statue of Kallias, Inschr. v. Ol., no. 146; of Eukles, ibid., no. 159; etc.

[1619] Collignon, I, p. 490; he believed that the original statue by Polykleitos stood in a Gymnasion at Argos.

[1620] Cf. infra, Ch. VIII, p. 342 and n. 2.

[1621] Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes, nos. 87 (pp. 56 f., and fig., showing front and back, on p. 57; cf. Cat. Class. Coll., p. 114, fig. 72; it is from Cyprus), and 88 (fig. on p. 58; Mus. Bull., Dec., 1913, p. 270, Richter). No. 87 is 6.25 inches tall; 88 is 5.56 inches.

[1622] Mp., pp. 279 f. Furtwaengler wrongly ascribed the statue of Xenokles to the elder Polykleitos.

[1623] See the fine drawings of these and other groups from tomb no. 17 (of Khety) in Champollion, Monuments de l’Égypte et de la Nubie, 1845, IV, Pls. CCCLXXII-CCCLXXVIII; Pl. CCCLXXIII, 3 = Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 793, fig. 521; CCCLXXIV, 4 = ibid., p. 792, fig. 520. Another scene from the tomb of Nevothph is pictured in Champollion, Pl. CCCLXIV, I. See also Arch. Survey of Egypt, Beni Hasan, Pt. II, 1894, Pl. XV; cf. a poor reproduction of several scenes in Springer-Michaelis, p. 27, fig. 68.

[1624] De Leg., VII, 796 A, B, C.

[1625] Philostr., Imag., II, 32 (p. 857), ascribes its origin to Hermes’ daughter Palaistra; Apollodoros, II, 4.9, says that the same god’s son Autolykos was the teacher of Herakles. Pausanias, I, 39.3, says that the systematic instruction in the art began with Theseus. Eustathius, schol. on Il., XXIII, p. 1327, says that Kerkyon discovered it. In a scholion on Pindar, Nem., V, 49, Boeckh, p. 465, Pherekydes and Polemon are quoted as saying that Theseus’ charioteer Phorbas invented the art, and Istros is quoted as saying that Athena taught Theseus. At Olympia Herakles was a victor in wrestling: P., V, 8.4.

[1626] Ajax (Telamon) and Odysseus contended in a wrestling bout which ended in a draw: Il., XXIII, 710–734; in line 701, and in Od., VIII, 126, it is called παλαισμοσύνη ἀλεγεινή; it appears among the Phaiakians in Od., VIII, 103, 246. It was pictured along with boxing on the shield of Herakles by Hesiod: Scut., 302 (= ἑλκηδόν).

[1627] P., V, 8.7; Ph., 12.

[1628] P., V, 8.9.

[1629] On rules and representations of wrestling in literature and art, see especially E. N. Gardiner, J. H. S., XXV, 1905, pp. 14–31; pp. 263–293, and Pls. XI and XII; id., Greek Athl. Sports, Ch. XVIII, pp. 372–401; cf. Krause, I, pp. 400 f; Grasberger, Erziehung u. Unterricht, I, pp. 345 f. An excellent account of a wrestling match is found in the oldest Greek prose romance, the Aethiopica of Heliodoros, X, 31 f.; cf. also the fine account of a bout between Diomedes and Aias in Quintus Smyrnæus: IV, 215 f.; etc.

[1630] Grenfell and Hunt, Oxy. Pap., III, 466; discussed by Juethner, with part of the text and translation, in his edition of the de Arte gymn. of Philostratos, p. 26. On the method of selecting antagonists at Olympia, the number engaged, byes, etc., see Gardiner, pp. 374–5.

[1631] For coins in the British Museum, see Gardiner, p. 373, fig. 109, a, b, c (from Aspendos, of the fifth and fourth centuries B. C.), d (from Herakleia in Lucania, of the fourth), e, f (from Syracuse, of about 400 B. C.), g (from Alexandria of the time of Antoninus Pius); see also id., J. H. S., XXV, p. 271, fig. 9.

[1632] See especially, Gardiner, ll. cc.

[1633] Described by Lucian, Anach., 24.

[1634] Described by Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 215 f. and Nonnos, XXXVII, 553 f.; discussed in J. H. S., XXV, pp. 25 f.

[1635] No. 2159; A. J. A., XI, 1896, p. 11, fig. 9; J. H. S., XXV, p. 270, fig. 8; Gardiner, p. 386, fig. 116; Furtwaengler-Reichhold, Die griech. Vasenmalerei, III, pp. 73 f., and Pl. CXXXIII; Gerhard, Trinkschalen und Gefaesse des k. Museums zu Berlin und anderer Sammlungen, 1848–50, Pls. XIX, XX; Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, p. 400, n. 1 and Pl. XXIV, 2; W. Klein, Die griech. Vasen mit Meistersignaturen², 1886, no. 4; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, I, p. 32, Pl. on p. 33.

[1636] No. 2444; Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus., II, 1906–1907, Pl. XXXV, a, and pp. 140 f. (W. N. Bates); J. D. Beazley, Attic r.-f. Vases in Amer. Museums, 1918, p. 111 (Lysis, Laches, and Lykos group); Gardiner, p. 392, fig. 122.

[1637] Invent., 5626–5627; B. B., 354; Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa Ercolanese dei Pisoni, 1883, Pl. XV, 2 and 3; Bulle, 91; Gardiner, p. 378, fig. 110 (= one statue); von Mach, 289; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 541 (= one statue); etc. They appear to be boys of about sixteen, and consequently may represent contestants in the πάλη παίδων. The statues are 1.18 meters high (Bulle). The advanced foot in no. 5626 is wrongly restored.

[1638] Kalkmann, Jb., X, 1895, p. 64, n. 49 (dolichodromoi).

[1639] Cf. Gardiner, p. 382.

[1640] Jb., IV, 1889, pp. 116, n. 8; cf. Benndorf, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., IV, 1901, pp. 172–3 and n. 12. Mahler wrongly thought that the heads were different: Polyklet u. s. Schule, p. 18; he assigned one to the fifth century B. C., the other to the influence of Praxiteles. Benndorf believed the two figures to be copies of one statue, later used to make a group.

[1641] Bulle, no, 90; in the Landesmuseum of Darmstadt: see Adamy, Archaeol. Samml. des grossherz. Hess. Museums, 1897, p. 21, no. 19. The figures are only 0.075 meter high.

[1642] Bulle, p. 179, fig. 40; Reinach, Rép., IV, 318, 2; for other similar ones, cf. ibid., II, 2, 539, 2 (cover of a cista from Praeneste), 5 (in the Louvre), 6 (in Vienna = E. von Sacken, Die ant. Bronz. d. k. k. Muenz-und Ant.-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, Pl. XLV, 7), and III, 155, 3 (in Forman Collection, London).

[1643] Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes, no. 124 and fig. on p. 79; it is 4.5 inches high.

[1644] E. g., Walters, B. M. Bronzes, no. 639; Mon. d. I., X, 1877, Pl. XLV, 1 a.; Babelon et Blanchet, Cat. des bronzes antiques de la Bibl. Nationale, 1895, no. 935.

[1645] Παναθήναια, II, Plates.

[1646] Gardiner, p. 395, fig. 126; J. H. S., XXV, p. 286, fig. 23; Gardner, Hbk., p. 328, fig. 81.

[1647] Gardiner, p. 396, fig. 127; Clarac, 802, 2014.

[1648] J. Sieveking, Die Bronzen der Samml. Loeb, 1913, pp. 52–4 and Pl. XXI; it is 0.165 meter high. Others there listed include one in the British Museum: J. H. S., XXV, 1905, Pl. XI, b (front and back), and text on p. 288; Gardiner p. 398, fig. 129; another from Vienne in Bonn; two in Paris, in the de Clercq and Warrocqué collections respectively; and a fifth, whose location is unknown. All are of rough Roman workmanship, either of the second or first centuries B. C.

[1649] See Petersen in R. M., XV, 1900, pp. 158 f.; Klein, III, pp. 309 f.; Sieveking, op. cit., p. 53, n. 1. The copies are in Florence (Galleria di Firenze, III, Pl. 123, 2; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 538, 5); in St. Petersburg (Comptes rendus de la comm. impér. archéol., St. Petersburg, 1867, Pl. I, pp. 5 f., text by Stephani; J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 290, fig. 25; Gardiner, p. 399, fig. 130; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 538, 1 and 3); in Constantinople, from Antioch (Jb., XIII, 1898, Pl. XI and pp. 177 f., Foerster; Rev. arch., XXXV, 1899, Pl. XVIII, pp. 207 f., Joubin; J. H. S., 1905, p. 291, fig. 26; Gardiner, p. 400, fig. 131); in the Louvre, from Egypt (no. 361; Jb., XVI, 1901, fig. on p. 51; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 234, 2); and in the British Museum (B. M. Bronzes, 853 and Pl. XXVII, middle one below). In the St. Petersburg copy the arms of the victor are changed around.

[1650] Duetschke, III, 547; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, Rép., I, 523, 1.

[1651] Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1382 (= Attic); Jb., XXV, 1910, Pl. VII, and pp. 171 f. (Bieber = Euphranor); cf. R. M., VI, 1891, p. 304, n. 2 (Petersen = Skopaic); Furtw., Mw., p. 515, n. 4 (= Skopaic).

[1652] H. N., XXXIV, 80.

[1653] H. N., XXXV, 71; so Reisch, p. 45, n. 5. See supra, p. 206.

[1654] H. N., XXXV, 130. It was probably votive in character.

[1655] Ol. 141 ( = 216 B. C.): P., VI, 16.9; Hyde, 167; Foerster, 471; Inschr. v. Ol., 179.

[1656] Inschr. v. Ol., 164; drawing of the base also in Furtw., Mp., p. 279, fig. 118; Mw., p. 491, fig. 85. The inscription dates from the end of the fifth or beginning of the fourth century B. C., which shows that the statue was the work of the younger Polykleitos. Xenokles won sometime between Ols. (?) 94 and 100 ( = 404 and 380 B. C.): P., VI,9.2; Hyde, 85 and p. 41; Foerster, 308.

[1657] Pp. 45–6; he won in Ol. 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 9.3; Hyde, 88; Foerster, 285.

[1658] Cf. Lucretius, V, 1282: arma antiqua manus ungues dentesque fuerunt; Hor., Sat., I, 3.101; etc.

[1659] Between Epeios and Euryalos, Il., XXIII, 653 f.; Odysseus and Iros, Od., XVIII, 1 f.; cf. the match between Entellus and Dares in Virgil, Aen., V, 362 f.; Polydeukes and Amykos in Theokr., XXII, 80 f.; and in Apollon. Rhod., Argon., II, 67 f. For the Homeric and Virgilian matches, see Fencing, Boxing, and Wrestling, 1889 (Badminton Library), pp. 125 f.

[1660] Il., XXIII, 653; he uses the same epithet of wrestling, ibid., 701, and Od., VIII, 126. Eustath. ad Il., XXIII, p. 1322, speaks of the πύκτης τλησίπονος.

[1661] πυκτοσύνη ἀλγινόεσσα: frag. 19, l. 4 (= Philos. Fragm., ed. Didot, I, p. 104 = Athen., X, 6, p. 414a). Apollon. Rhod. calls it ἀπηνέα πυγμαχίην, II, 76–7. The parts injured were especially the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, and teeth; cf. Krause, p. 516 and n. 18.

[1662] See Orsi, Museo Ital. di antich. class., II, Pl. V, p. 808; cf. Juethner, pp. 65–6, and Frothingham, A. J. A., IV, 1888, P. 444.

[1663] See Krause, pp. 497 f. Ph., 9, says that it was an invention of the Spartans and was first used among the Bebrykes.

[1664] P., V, 7.10; cf. Plut., Quaest. conviv., VIII, 4.4 (which speaks of victories of Apollo in boxing).

[1665] P., V, 8.4.

[1666] XXIII, 660.

[1667] Plut., l. c.

[1668] The schol. on Pindar, Nem., V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465, says that Theseus instituted the art of boxing.

[1669] P., V, 8. 7; Afr., s. v. Onomastos; Ph., 12; Homeric Hymn to Apollo, 149; cf. Foerster, 28. The date is also given by Ph., l. c.

[1670] P., V. 8. 9; Ph., 13.

[1671] See K. T. Frost, J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 213f; Gardiner, Ch. XIX, pp. 402 f.; Krause, pp. 497 f.

[1672] See Krause, I, pp. 502 f.; Juethner, pp. 65 f.; Gardiner, pp. 403 f.

[1673] Mosso, The Palaces of Crete, 1907, p. 339, and fig. 160 on p. 341. Orsi, l. c., believes the object over the fists in the bronze shield fragment from Mount Ida to be part of a glove, though Juethner rejects this view, interpreting it merely as an ornament.

[1674] Schol. on Plato, de Leg., VIII, 796 A; Clem. Alexandr., Strom., I, 16.76.

[1675] ἱμάντας ἐϋτμήτους βοὸς ἀγραύλοιο: Il., XXIII, 684. In the Odyssey Iros and Odysseus fight with bare fists.

[1676] E. g., P., VI, 23.4 and VIII, 40. 3; Apoll. Rhod., Argon., II, 52–53; cf. Plato, de Leg., VIII, 830 B.

[1677] E. g., on a r.-f. kylix in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, E 63, and Pl. III; Juethner, p. 68, fig. 54; Gardiner, p. 403, fig. 132; it represents boxers with bundles of thongs in their hands standing before an official.

[1678] B. M. Vases, E 39; J. H. S., XXVI, Pl. XII; Gardiner, p. 404, fig. 133; Juethner, p. 66, fig. 53; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, p. 237, Pl. On the interior of another a youth is seen, thongs in hand, standing before an altar: Murray, Designs from Gk. Vases in the British Museum, Pl. VI, 24.

[1679] Museum no. 2444; Trans. Univ. Penn. Mus., II, 1906–1907, Pl. XXXV, b. and p. 142 (text by W. N. Bates).

[1680] IX, 116. A similar game is mentioned by Plato, Theaet., XXVII ( = 181 A). On both games, see Krause, pp. 323 f.

[1681] Juethner, pp. 69 f., rightly explains such objects as boxing thongs.

[1682] Ch. 10; cf. P., VIII, 40.3.

[1683] E. g., on the kylix just mentioned, E 39; on a r.-f. amphora in Munich (Jahn, no. 411B): Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, p. 410. fig. 55; on the interior of a r.-f. kylix in Munich, no. 1156: Juethner, p. 70, fig. 56; and on the interior of the r.-f. kylix in the British Museum to be discussed, E 78 (= Fig. 55): Murray, Designs from Gr. Vases in the B. M., Pl. XIV, 55; Juethner, p. 72, fig. 58; Gardiner, p. 406, fig. 134; on a r.-f. amphora in the Hofmuseum in Vienna by Epiktetos we see (figure at the left) a boxer who is just finishing tying the thongs on his left hand and wrist: Dar-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 755, fig. 5854; Schneider, Arch.-epigr. Mitt. aus Oesterr., V, 1881, pp. 139 f., and Pl. IV; Hoppin, Hbk. Attic r.-f. Vases, p. 334, no. 25, and Pl. on p. 335.

[1684] Tafelbd., Pl. V, no. 4; Textbd., p. 35.

[1685] P., VIII, 40.5; cf. II, 20. 1.

[1686] VIII, 40.3. Cf. the statues of Damoxenos and Kreugas by Canova in the Gabinetto di Canova of the Vatican, to see in how exaggerated a way a modern sculptor has interpreted the boxing bout of these famous athletes: Helbig, Fuehrer, I, nos. 136, 137; Guide, 139, 140; Pistolesi, Il Vaticano Descritto, IV, 91.

[1687] De Leg., VIII, 830 B; Plut., de Profectibus in virtute, IX (80 B); Pollux, III, 150; Bekker, Anecd. gr., 1814–1821, I, P. 62, l. 25.

[1688] E. g., on an amphora in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, B 607; Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. XLVIII, e 2; Gardiner, p. 407, fig. 135; Juethner, p. 83, fig. 67; on the Ficoroni Cista in the Museo Kircheriano, Rome: Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1752; Guide, 437; Juethner, p. 82, fig. 66, a, c. On this cista, see F. Behn, Die ficoronische Cista, Arch. Studie, 1907; O. Jahn, Die ficoronische Cista, 1852; etc.

[1689] Late writers generally use the terms σφαῖραι and ἱμάντες ὀξεῖς interchangeably.

[1690] E. g., ἐπίσφαιρα in Plut., Praecept. ger. resp., 32 ( = 825 e).

[1691] Juethner, p. 78, fig. 63; Gardiner, p. 409, fig. 137. For this and the delle Terme glove, see Huelsen, R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 175 f.

[1692] Juethner, p. 79, fig. 54.; Antichi di Ercolano, Bronzi, II, pp. 411 f.

[1693] In the Museo Civico there; mentioned by Juethner, p. 78.

[1694] Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1145; Guide, 625; Baum., I, p. 524, fig. 566; Juethner, p. 85, fig. 68.

[1695] The word μύρμηκες, A. G., XI, 78, may be merely a comic name for the gloves—certain protuberances (“metal studs” or “nails” = Liddell and Scott, s. v. looking like warts (μυρμηκίαι); cf. Pollux, III, 150.

[1696] Aen., V, 404–5; 468–71.

[1697] B. M. Vases, E 39; J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, Pl. XII.

[1698] B. M. Vases, E 78; J. H. S., XXVI, Pl. XIII; Gardiner, p. 436, fig. 151.

[1699] Mus. Journ., VI, no. 4 (Dec., 1915), p. 169, fig. 89; text by Dr. S. B. Luce, who believes this class of vases to be a prototype of the “Nolan” vases; another “Nolan” amphora is given, ibid., fig. 90 (also published in A. J. A., XX, 1916, p. 440, fig. 4), which shows a diskobolos, who is holding a diskos in a way similar to that on a r.-f. kelebe in the British Museum (B. M. Vases, B 361; Gardiner, p. 324, fig. 77). On the division of Attic b.-f. amphoræ into “panel-amphoræ” and “red-bodied amphoræ,” see H. B. Walters, Hist. Anc. Pottery, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, 1905, I, pp. 160–62.

[1700] Inschr. v. Ol., 149.

[1701] Inschr. v. Ol., 155 (renewed); the date of the victory is given by P., VI, 7.8; Hyde, 65; Foerster, 263.

[1702] Inschr. v. Ol., 147, 148. The statue stood equally on both feet, the left being slightly advanced. He won in Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 10.9; Hyde, 102; Foerster, 237.

[1703] Inschr. v. Ol., 165 (renewed); base drawn in outline in Furtw., Mp., p. 288, fig. 123; Mw., p. 503, fig. 90. He won in Ol. 82 ( = 452 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 13.6; Hyde, 115; Foerster, 376. Here the body weight rested upon the left foot, the right being flat on the ground and turned to one side, i. e., in the old scheme of Hagelaïdas and his school.

[1704] Inschr. v. Ol., 159 (renewed); I. G. B., 86. This statue was in the same attitude as that of Aristion and was slightly over life-size. He won some time between Ols. (?) 90 and 93 ( = 420 and 408 B. C.): P., VI, 6.2; Hyde, 52; Foerster, 297.

[1705] Michaelis, p. 446, no. 35; Clarac V, 946, 2436 A (wrongly = Antinous). See Furtw., Mp., pp. 288 f. (and fig. 124); Mw., pp. 503 f. (and fig. 91). Height 1.75 meters (Michaelis).

[1706] Furtw., Mp., p. 246, fig. 99; Mw., p. 447, fig. 69; a headless copy in Lansdowne House: Michaelis, p. 438, 3; Clarac, V, 851, 2180 A. Here the present head is of different marble from the torso and does not belong to it; the body forms recall those of the Doryphoros. It is 1.49 meters high.

[1707] Not. Scav., 1888, pp. 289 f. (Barracco); Atti dell’ Accad. di Napoli, 1889, pp. 35 f. (Sogliano); R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 179 f. (Huelsen); Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1893, Pl. III (profile and front views), and fig. on p. 68 (head); B. B., no. 614 (statue), 615 (head, two views); Juethner, p. 84; etc.

[1708] Furtwaengler (Statuenkopien im Altertum) and Sogliano (l. c.) date the statue in the period of Augustus.

[1709] B. B., no. 613; Kalkmann, Die Prop. des Gesichts, Pls. I (statue) and II (head, two views).

[1710] B. B., nos. 132, 134–5; F. W., 462.

[1711] Pl., H. N., XXXIV, 50 and 79. For this view, see text to B. B., no. 614. Furtwaengler had suggested Lykios as the sculptor of the Oil-pourer: Mp., p. 259.

[1712] Though winning in Ol. 65 ( = 520 B. C.), his statue was set up later by his son: P., VI, 10.1–3; Hyde, 93 and p. 42; Foerster, 137. The word σκιαμαχεῖν (lit. “to fight in the shade,” and hence to practice in the gymnasium) is used synonymously with χειρονομεῖν in the sense “to spar:” Plato, de Leg., VIII, 830 C; P., VI, 10.3; Pollux, III, 150; etc. Cf. Paul’s phrase in I Corinthians, 9, 26. A derived meaning is “to fight with a shadow”: e. g., Plato, Apol., 18 D; etc. Dio Chrysostom, Or., XXXII (367 M), speaks of χειρονομοῦντες as gymnasium practisers. See Krause, pp. 510 f.

[1713] The κώρυκος was such a bag used by athletes: cf. the proverb, πρὸς κώρυκον γυμνάζεσθαι, “to labor in vain”: Diog., 7, 54. The Ficoroni cista has been mentioned supra, p. 237, n. 4. The description and use of the bag are given by Ph., 57.

[1714] Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 704; Guide, II, 207.

[1715] Amelung, Vat., I, 372 B, pp. 554–5 and Pl. LVIII; Clarac, 883, 2256. It is 0.535 meter high.

[1716] Beschr., no. 469; Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmyth., III, Apollon, pp. 218 f. and fig. 14 (restored), interpreted the torso as that of an Apollo; but the Phrygian coin there pictured (Muenztafel, IV, 31), of the time of Lucius Verus, may merely show that the motive later was transferred to the god.

[1717] Bronzen v. Ol., Textbd., pp. 21–2; Tafelbd., Pl. VIII, no. 57. It is only 0.112 meter high.

[1718] E. g., Bronzen v. Ol., Pl. VIII, nos. 51–54 (statuettes); Pl. VI, nos. 59 and 63 (arm and right lower leg respectively); cf. Reisch, p. 39.

[1719] J. H. S., I, 1880, p. 199. See B. B., no. 51; F. W., 89; etc. Theagenes won in Ols. 75, 76 ( = 480, 476 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 11.2 f.; Hyde, 104; Foerster, 191, 196.

[1720] Inschr. v. Ol., 168. He won some time between Ols. (?) 99 and 103 ( = 384 and 368 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 36; Foerster, 419.

[1721] Inschr. v. Ol., 158; I. G. B., 98; he won some time between Ols. (?) 95 and 100 ( = 400 and 380 B. C.): P., VI, 6.3; Hyde, 54; Foerster, 319.

[1722] Inschr. v. Ol., 186; I. G. B., 176. He won two victories in boxing some time between Ols. (?) 144 and 147 ( = 204 and 192, B. C.): P., VI, 15.6; Hyde, 147; Foerster, 510, 512 (who dates the artist toward the middle of the second century B. C.; but I have followed the earlier dating of Hiller von Gaertringen, Woch. f. kl. Philol., X, 1893, p. 856, which date has been accepted by Dittenberger).

[1723] Inschr. v. Ol., 174.

[1724] VI., 8.5.

[1725] See Hyde, de olymp. Stat., pp. 39–41. There Ol. 80 or 84 ( = 460 or 444 B. C.) has been suggested for the original victory.

[1726] Philippos won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 ( = 304 and 280 B. C.): Hyde, 79 a.

[1727] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 575, in discussing my solution of the difficulty, call it “sinnreich, aber doch ungemein kompliziert,” and the assumption that a victor would use an older statue of a fellow countryman to celebrate his own victory “sehr bedenklich.”

[1728] Cf. Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol., p. 296.

[1729] Op. cit., p. 41. See also supra, p. 188.

[1730] Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pl. II (head, two views); Annali, XLVI, 1874, Pl. L and pp. 51 f. (Brizio); Photo. Giraudon, no. 1207.

[1731] Furtwaengler sees in this statue a work by Pythagoras: Mp., p. 171 f.; Mw., pp. 345 f.; Brizio, l. c., ascribes it to Hagelaïdas.

[1732] Supra, pp. 180–1.

[1733] On the pankration, see Gardiner, Ch. XX, pp. 435 f.; id., J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 4 f. and Pls. III-V; Krause, I, pp. 534 f.; etc.

[1734] For the etymology, see Plato, Euthydem., 271 C, D; definition, Pollux III, 150; Plut., Quaest. conviv., II, 4 (containing also fanciful etymologies of πάλη); cf. Philostr., Imag., II, 6 (containing a full account of the contest in the description of the death of Arrhachion); cf. schol. on Plato, de Rep., I, 338 C, D.

[1735] Vita Demonactis, 49 (against biting).

[1736] L. c. (against biting and gouging).

[1737] Aves, 442–3; Pax, 898–9.

[1738] E 78; another example is seen on a r.-f. kylix in Baltimore: Gardiner, p. 437, fig. 152; J. H. S., XXVI, p. 9, fig. 3; Hartwig, Die griech. Meisterschalen, Pl. LXIV; Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 629, fig. 350.

[1739] Nem., II, III, V; Isthm., IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

[1740] Frag. 19, l. 5 (ap. Athenæum, X, 6 = 414 a).

[1741] E. g., Mahaffy, in his Old Greek Life, 1886, p. 56; see Gardiner, pp. 435–7, in refutation of such an exaggerated view.

[1742] De Leg., VIII, 832 E; 834 A.

[1743] Older writers, e. g., Faber, Agonisticon (published in 1592), I, 9, p. 1828, thought that the glove was used, an opinion long ago refuted by Krause, I, p. 539, n. 2. Waldstein, J. H. S., I, 1880, p. 185, wrongly says that the pancratiast sometimes wore gloves. Pausanias does not mention them, nor do we see them on any of the vase-paintings.

[1744] VI, 6.5.

[1745] VI, 15.5. Cf. also V, 17.10, where, in describing the boxing match between Admetos and Mopsos represented on the chest of Kypselos, he says οἱ δὲ ἀποτετολμηκότες πυκτεύειν—a hint of the dangerous character of boxing.

[1746] Oneir., 1, 62. This, at best, seems to be an exaggeration.

[1747] Philostr., l. c.

[1748] VIII, 40.3–5.

[1749] To Theseus: schol. on Pindar, Nem., V, 89, Boeckh, p. 465; cf. schol. on Nem., III, 27, Boeckh, p. 442; to Herakles: P., V, 8.4.

[1750] P., V, 8.8; Ph., 12; and Afr.

[1751] P., V, 8.11; Ph., 13.

[1752] E. g., at Nemea; Pindar composed Nem., V, in honor of the boy Pytheas of Aegina, who won in (?) 485 B. C.; it was introduced at Delphi in the 61st Pythiad: P., X, 7.8; at the Isthmus in mythical times: P., V, 2.4.

[1753] Collected by Gardiner, op. cit.

[1754] Described by Lucian, Anachar., I.

[1755] This throw is depicted on the walls of the tombs of Beni-Hasan on the Nile and is practised to-day by the Japanese; it is described by Dio Cassius, LXXI, 7.

[1756] Κλιμακισμός: described by Soph., Trachiniae, 520 f., and the schol.; see also Ovid, Met., IX, 51. Cf. J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 15–16.

[1757] E. g., on four Græco-Roman gems in the British Museum pictured in J. H. S., XXVI, p. 10, fig. 4; Gardiner, p. 447, fig. 162.

[1758] B. M. Vases, B 604; J. H. S., XXVI, Pl. III; Gardiner, p. 442, fig. 157.

[1759] E 78.

[1760] Mentioned by Plato, Alcibiades, I, 107 E; Ph., 50; Pollux, III, 150; Suidas, s. v. ἀκροχειρίζεσθαι and s. v. Σώστρατος; Lucian, Lexiphanes, 5; de Saltatione, 10; Reisch, ap. Pauly-Wissowa, I, p. 1197; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 548; Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht, I, pp. 349–50; Krause, I, pp. 421 f., 510 f.; J. H. S., XXVI, pp. 13–15, where Gardiner discusses the word in ancient writers and concludes that it had nothing to do with wrestling, but only with boxing (both the separate event and part of the pankration), and meant “to spar lightly with an opponent for practice.”

[1761] He won three victories in Ols. (?) 104, (?) 105, and 106 ( = 364–356 B. C.): P., VI, 4.1; Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359. This explanation of Pausanias has been accepted by Krause and most modern authorities, but is found untenable by Gardiner, who bases his interpretation, not on Pausanias, but on the accurate definition of Suidas.

[1762] B. C. H., VI, 1882, pp. 446 f.

[1763] He won in Ols. 81 and 82 ( = 456 and 452 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 4.3; Hyde, 38; Foerster, 202, 203; cf. Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59. He was probably merely represented in the preliminary tactics of getting a grip.

[1764] See Reisch, p. 46; I. G. B., 120.

[1765] Anz. d. Wiener Akad., 1887, pp. 86 f. (Benndorf); Reisch, l. c.

[1766] A. de Ridder, Les bronzes antiques du Louvre, I, 1913, Pl. 63, no. 1067, and p. 131 (= pancratiast); Rev. arch., 1869, II, p. 292; Bulle, no. 96 (right); Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 543, 4. It is 0.275 meter high.

[1767] See supra, p. 167.

[1768] H. N., XXXIV, 55. Hauser, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 116 f. His reasoning is accepted by Bulle.

[1769] Ges. Stud. zur Kunstgesch., Festschr. fuer A. Springer, 1885, pp. 260.

[1770] See S. Q., 1463–67.

[1771] Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 4–5; Textbd., pp. 212 f., and fig. 239; F. W., no. 336; cf. Immerwahr, Kulte und Mythen Arkadiens, I, 1891, p. 288.

[1772] Archiv fuer lateinische Lexikographie u. Grammatik, IX, 1894, 1, pp. 109 f.

[1773] Mp., p. 249, n. 2; Mw., pp. 451–2; he adduced two passages from Ovid’s Met., XIV, 402 (saevisque parant incessere telis), and XIII, 566–7 (telorum lapidumque incessere iactu coepit).

[1774] This explanation has been followed by Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., l. c.; Sittl, Parerga zur alten Kunstgesch., p. 24; Klein, II, pp. 362 f.; Jex-Blake, p. 235; and others.

[1775] Inschr. v. Ol., 146; I. G. B., 41. He won in Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; P., VI, 6.1; Hyde, 50; Foerster, 208.

[1776] Collection Somzée, 1897, Pls. 3–5; see Hyde, to no. 50, on p. 8. Its quiet and reserved pose recalls that of the Pelops of the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia (Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. IX, 2; Textbd., pp. 46 f.). Because of its archaic grace, though it shows no trace of archaic stiffness, it might even be referred to the school of Kritios and Nesiotes.

[1777] Inschr. v. Ol., 153; I. G. B., 29. He won the pankration in Ols. 87, 88, 89 ( = 432–424 B. C.); P., VI, 7.1; Hyde, 61; Foerster, 258, 260, 262.

[1778] VI, 2.1; to be discussed infra, Ch. VI, pp. 293 f.

[1779] B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f. Agias was not only a victor at Delphi three times, at Nemea five times, and at the Isthmus five times, but was also an Olympic victor in the pankration, Ol. (?) 80 ( = 460 B. C.): see inscription, B. C. H., l. c., p. 593, and for the date of the Olympic victory, K. K. Smith, in Class. Philol., V, 1910, pp. 169 f.; cf. A. J. A., XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f.

[1780] Duetschke, III, no. 547; Amelung, Fuehrer, 66; B. B., 431; Bulle, 184; von Mach, 288; F. W., 1426; Reinach, Rép., I, 523, I; Clarac, V, 858 A, 2176; M. W., I, XXXVI, 149; J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, p. 19; Gardiner, p. 449, fig. 163. The group is 0.98 meter high and 0.71 meter broad (Duetschke).

[1781] Bulle dates it at the beginning of the third century B. C.; both he and Amelung believe it to be the work of a follower of Lysippos; see also B. Graef, Jb., IX, 1894, pp. 119 f., who believes that the original heads of the group are preserved, the one still on the under pancratiast, the other on the statue of a Niobid in the Uffizi (Duetschke, III, no. 253), the head now on the upper pancratiast being a modern copy of it. See Amelung’s reply in A. A., 1894, pp. 192 f.

[1782] E. g., von Mach, Pls. 265 f.

[1783] H. N., XXXVI, 24; see note ad loc. by Jex-Blake.

[1784] Aeth., X, 31, 32; quoted in full by Krause, II, pp. 912 f.

[1785] Duetschke, Wolters, von Mach, and Lucas (the latter in Jb., XIX, 1904, pp. 127 f. and figs.) thought that the wrestling groups on the Roman mosaic of the Imperial period found in Tusculum in 1862 were influenced by the Florence group: Mon. d. I., VI, VII, 1857–63, Pl. LXXXII; Annali, XXXV, 1863, pp. 397 f.; Schreiber, Bilderatlas, Pl. XXIII, 10; Gardiner, p. 177, fig. 22.

[1786] J. H. S., XXV, 1905, p. 30.

[1787] He won in Ol. 142 ( = 212 B. C.): P., VI, 15.10; cf. V., 21.10; Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475.

[1788] E. g., by Gardiner, p. 146.

[1789] Bulle, no. 72; B. B., 285; von Mach, 236; Collignon, II, p. 427, fig. 222; Overbeck, II, p. 448, fig. 221; F. W., 1265; M. W., 1, Pl. XXXVIII, 152; Reinach, Rép., I, 465, 1, 2, 3; Clarac, V, 789, 1978; Gardiner, p. 147, fig. 21; etc. It is 3.17 meters high (Bulle).

[1790] An excellent one is in the Uffizi: Amelung, Fuehrer, 40; Reinach, Rép., I, 474, 1; a colossal replica was found in the sea off Antikythera: Arch. Eph., 1902, Suppl., Pl. B, 7; one in the Pitti Gallery will be mentioned immediately.

[1791] I. G. B., 345.

[1792] Duetschke, II, no. 36; Amelung, Fuehrer, p. 134; B. B., 284; M. W., XXXVIII, 151; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 210, 5. For the inscription, see I. G. B., 506; it has been needlessly attacked as a forgery—an ancient one by Winckelmann, Mon. Inediti, pp. LXXVI f., and a modern one by Maffei, Ars critica, III, 1, p. 76 (both quoted by Duetschke), and more recently by Stephani, Der ausruhende Herakles, pp. 164 f. The inscription is at least as old as the sixteenth century, as it is mentioned by Flaminius Vacca (see Duetschke).

[1793] Numism. Chron., Sér. 3, III, 1883, Pl. I, 5, p. 9.

[1794] Mentioned by Strabo, VI, 3.1 (= C. 278), and described by the late writer Niketas, Chron. de signis Constant., 5 (who wrongly calls Lysippos Lysimachos).

[1795] Gesch. d. bild. Kuenste, II², PP. 245 f.

[1796] P. 234.

[1797] Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2a and 2; Textbd., pp. 10–11; F. W., 323.

[1798] De olymp. Stat., p. 56.

[1799] On the “finsterer Blick” of this class of victor monuments, see Furtw., Mp., p. 173; Mw., p. 348; and Bronz. v. Ol., Text, pp. 10–11.

[1800] Thus Furtwaengler assigns it to the statue of the Akarnanian pancratiast (Philandridas) mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.1; see Bronz. v. Ol., p. 11. I have assigned an earlier marble head to Philandridas, infra, pp. 293 f.

[1801] So Overbeck, II, p. 168; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534; F. W., l. c.; etc.

[1802] Bronz. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; Textbd., pp. 11–12; F. W., no. 324.

[1803] De olymp. Stat., p. 56.

[1804] Cf. P., VI, 20, 13: ἐπίδειξις ἐπιστήμης τε ἡνιόχων καὶ ἵππων ὠκύτητος; Pindar, Ol., III, 36 f.: θαητὸν ἀγῶνα ... ἀνδρῶν τ’ ἀρετᾶς πέρι καὶ ῥιμφαρμάτου διφρηλασίας.

[1805] On the hippodrome and its events at Olympia and elsewhere, see A. Martin, in Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, 1900, pp. 193 f. (art. Hippodromos); on the chariot, Saglio, ibid., I, 2, pp. 1633 f. (art. Currus); K. Schneider, in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1735 f.; Julius, in Baum., I, pp. 692 f.; Pollack, Hippodromica, Diss. inaug., 1890; Gardiner, Ch. XXI, pp. 451 f.; Krause, I, pp. 557 f.; etc.

[1806] See Isokrates, XVI (de Bigis), 33 (p. 353 c); Xenophon, de Re equestr., II, 1; Aristotle, Politics, VI, 3.2 ( = 1289 b 35), VIII, 7.1 ( = 1321 a 11); Plut., de Adul. et Amic., Chs. 7 and 16 (latter quoting Karneades). On the expense of horse-breeding (ἱπποτροφία), see also Xen., Ages., I, 23; id., Oecon., II, 6; Plut., Ages., XX, 1; Pindar, Isthm., II, 38; IV, 29; etc.

[1807] The first, second, and fourth, according to Thukyd., VI, 16; the first, second and third, according to Eurip., fragm. 3 (= P. l. G., II, p. 266), and Isokr., de Bigis, 34 (p. 353 d). See Foerster, 275.

[1808] See Oxy. Pap., II, p. 222.

[1809] Besides 24 victories of both in various running races. The older part of the inscription (with a chariot-group in relief) was discovered by Leake: see Travels in the Morea, 1830, II, p. 521, and Pl. 71 (at the end of III); better reproduction by Dressler and Milchhoefer, A. M., II, 1877, pp. 318 f.; I. G. A., 79; Tod, Sparta Museum Cat., no. 440. The newer portion is discussed in B. S. A., XIII, 1906–07, pp. 174 f.

[1810] See Hill, Coins of Sicily, pp. 43 f.

[1811] VIII, 38.5; see Exped. scientif. en Morée, 1831–1838, II, p. 37, and Pls. XXXIII, XXXIV. It was 240 by 105 meters in extent, though the actual course was probably only a stade long.

[1812] See list in Pauly-Wissowa, VIII, pp. 1743–4.

[1813] Described by P., V, 15.5 f., and VI, 20.10 f. For its position, see Doerpfeld, Ergebn. v. Ol., I, p. 78; Curtius u. Adler, Olympia und Umgegend, 1882, p. 30; Boetticher, Olympia: Das Fest u. seine Staette², 1886, p. 119; G. Herrmann, de Hippodromo olympiaco, 1839 (= Opusc., VII, pp. 388). Five attempts at reconstruction are given by Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 643 f., and Pl. VI: those of Visconti (1796); A. Hirt (Gesch. d. Baukunst bei d. Alten, 1827, III, pp. 148 f., and Pl. XX, 8; reproduced in Baum., I, p. 693, fig. 750; Smith, Dict. Antiq.³, 1890, I, p. 963; Frazer, IV, p. 83, fig. 6); Lehndorff (Hippodromos, 1876); Pollack (op cit., p. 52); Wernicke (Jb., IX, 1894, p. 199). To these should be added those of A. Martin (op. cit., p. 198, fig. 3844); Weniger (Klio, IX, 1909, p. 303, the aphesis transcribed by Gardiner, p. 453, fig. 164). See also Guhl u. Koner, Das Leben d. Gr. u. Roem.⁶, 1893, pp. 233 f. and Fig. 271 (= restoration of Pollack), and cf. Krause, I, p. 150, n. 9.

[1814] See Blass, in Hermes, XXIII, 1888, p. 222 (n. 1); R. Schoene, A. A., 1897, pp. 77–8; id., Jb., XII, 1897, pp. 150 f. (Neue Angaben ueber den Hippodrom zu Olympia); Gaspar, in article on Olympia in Dar.-Sagl., IV, 1, p. 177 and n. 5; Frazer, V, p. 617; etc.

[1815] VI, 20.8.

[1816] Il., XXIII, 262–650. The four-horse chariot-race fills more than one and one-half times as many verses as the seven other contests combined (vv. 651–897). Homer’s description was often imitated by later poets, especially by Sophokles, Electra, 698–763 (race at Delphi); Nonnos, Dionys., XXXVII, 103–484; Quintus Smyrnæus, IV, 500–595; Statius, Theb., VI, 274–527; etc. Hesiod describes a race as wrought on Herakles’ shield: Scut., 305 f.

[1817] P., V, 10.6–7; VI, 21.6–7; VIII, 14.10–11; etc.; Pindar, Ol., I, 67 f.

[1818] Diod., IV, 73.3.

[1819] VIII, 4.5.

[1820] E. g., Nestor won at the games of Amarynkeus, Iliad, XXIII, 630 f. On such myths, see Krause, I, pp. 558 f.

[1821] E. g., the race between Pelops and Oinomaos was represented on the chest of Kypselos, P., V, 17.7, and in the sculptures on the East gable of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, P., V, 10.6–7. It appears also on many early vases: e. g., on the François vase in Florence and the Amphiaraos vase in Berlin. For the latter, see Mon. d. I., X, 1874–78, Pls. IV-V; Annali, XLVI, 1874, pp. 82 f. (Robert); Gardiner, p. 29, fig. 3.

[1822] V, 8.7.

[1823] See Plato, de Rep., III, 19 (= 412 B); Isokr., de Bigis, 33 (p. 353 c); Dio Cassius, LII, 30; Hdt., I, 167; Andok., 4, 26 (Contra Alcib.); Soph., Electra, 698; etc.

[1824] VI, 2.2; he won in the hoplite-race and chariot-race in Ols. (?) 83, 84 ( = 448, 444 B. C.): Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211 A.

[1825] Foerster thinks that the story arose from the small size of one of the horses in the monument of Lykidas.

[1826] These and the following figures are given in the Constantinople MS. The length of the four-horse chariot-race there given agrees with passages in Pindar (Ol., II, 50; III, 33; VI, 75; cf. Pyth., V, 33, for Delphi) and the scholiasts (on Ol., III, 59, Boeckh, p. 102, and Pyth., V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380). See also Pollack, Hippodromica, pp. 103 f., and Gardiner, p. 457.

[1827] P., V, 8.10.

[1828] Length stated by the MS. and by a scholiast on Pindar, Pyth., V, 39, Boeckh, p. 380.

[1829] Those of Troilos of Elis, who won in Ol. 103 ( = 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 345; Inschr. v. Ol., 166; and of Akestorides of Alexandria in the Troad, who won between Ols. 142 and 144 ( = 212 and 204 B. C.): P., VI, 13.7; Hyde, 119 and pp. 49–50; Foerster, 501; Inschr. v. Ol., 184.

[1830] For the date, see P., V, 8.10; Xen., Hell., I, 2.1; for the event, Krause, I, pp. 567 f.

[1831] Troilos, already mentioned, who won in Ol. 102 ( = 372 B. C.) and had a statue by Lysippos: P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338.

[1832] Euryleonis: P., III, 17.6; Foerster, 344.

[1833] The συνωρίς was introduced at Delphi in 398 B. C., while the ἅρμα τέλειον was introduced there in 582 B. C.: see Dar.-Sagl., III, 1, p. 202, for these and other dates of equestrian events at the Pythian games.

[1834] B. M. Vases, B 130.

[1835] The date is given in the Armenian version of Afr.; cf. also P., V, 8.11.

[1836] P., V, 8.8.

[1837] P., V, 8.11.

[1838] XV, 679–84; Hesiod, Scut., 285 f. On myths relating to it, see Krause, I, p. 582, n. 1. We read of equi desultorii at the games inaugurated by Cæsar in Rome: Sueton., Julius, 39. See supra, p. 3.

[1839] VI, 13.9.

[1840] P., V, 9.1. Polemon, frag. 21 (= F. H. G., III, p. 122), apud schol. on Pindar, Ol., V, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 117), says that the κάλπη ceased in Ol. 84 ( = 444 B. C.), if we accept Boeckh’s correction πδʹ for οδʹ. A scholiast on Pindar, Ol., V, lines 6 and 19 (Boeckh, pp. 119 and 122) says Ol. 85 ( = 440 B. C.); another on Ol., VI, Argum. (Boeckh, p. 129), says Ol. 85 or Ol. 86. But Ol. 85 may be reconciled with Pausanias’ and Polemon’s date by assuming that the proclamation of abolition fell in Ol. 84, but that the event was first omitted in Ol. 85; see Bentley, Diss. upon the Epistles of Phalaris, p. 200 (ed. W. Wagner).

[1841] VI, 9.2; Hyde, 84.

[1842] V, 9.1; he won Ol. 70 ( = 500 B. C.); Foerster, 157.

[1843] Anaxilas of Rhegion, whose victory fell sometime between Ols. (?) 70 and 76 ( = 500 and 476 B. C.), and was celebrated by Simonides, frag. 7 (= P. l. G., III, p. 390); Agesias of Syracuse, whose victory fell Ol. (?) 77 ( = 472 B. C.), and was celebrated by Pindar, Ol., VI; and Psaumis of Kamarina, whose victory, falling Ol. (?) 81 ( = 456 B. C.), was sung by the pseudo-Pindar, Ol., V (= P. l. G., I, pp. 109 f.); he also won in the chariot-race in Ol. (?) 82 ( = 452 B. C.), a victory sung by Pindar in Ol., IV. See Foerster, nos. 173, 210, 234, and 238.

[1844] Inschr. v. Ol., 220, 221; Foerster, 601.

[1845] The corrupt text of Africanus is here corrected by Gelzer, S. Jul. Afr. und die byzant. Chronographie, 1880, I, pp. 168 f. Gardiner, p. 165, n. 3, wrongly gives the victory of Germanicus as Ol. 194, thus confusing it with that of Tiberius.

[1846] Foerster, 642–647.

[1847] Ol. 208 ( = 53 A. D.); Foerster, 634.

[1848] Most of the gems representing such contests, however, refer to the Roman circus.

[1849] For illustrations of the two, see Dar.-Sagl., I, 2, pp. 1636 f., figs. 2203 f., and cf. Gardiner, pp. 458 f.; an excellent illustration of a four-horse chariot and driver is seen on an Attic-Corinthian goblet (dinos) in the Louvre: Perrot-Chipiez, X, Pl. II, opp. p. 116; also several at rest and racing on the François Vase: Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 141, fig. 93, p. 154, fig. 101 (= Furtw.-Reichhold, Griech. Vasenmalerei, 1904–1912, Pls. III, 10, and XI-XII.).

[1850] Von Mach, no. 5.

[1851] See, e. g., P. Gardner, Sculptured Tombs of Hellas, 1896, figs. 18–20.

[1852] C. Smith, B. S. A., III, 1896–7, pp. 183 f., dates these prize amphoræ from the middle of the sixth to the close of the fourth centuries B. C., as the last of the series is dated 313 B. C. In this article he publishes a mosaic found on Delos (Pl. XVI, a) and dating from the early second century B. C., which reproduces a Panathenaic amphora with an illustration of a chariot-race—the latest date at which either a prize-amphora (or picture of one) can be proved to have been used. He believes (p. 187) that it is the representation of an amphora won long before by the ancestor of the owner of the mosaic, carefully preserved in his family.

[1853] B. M. Guide to Greek and Roman Life, 1908, p. 200.

[1854] E. g., on a Panathenaic amphora in the British Museum, dating from the sixth century B. C.: B. M. Vases, B 132; Gardiner, p. 458, fig. 166; cf. also a silver tetradrachm from Rhegion in the British Museum, from the early fifth century B. C.: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168.

[1855] Philip won κέλητι in Ol. 106 ( = 356 B. C.): Plut., Alex., 3 and 4; cf. Justin, XII, 16, 6; ἅρματι twice at unknown dates: Foerster, 360, 364, 370. As we have no record of a victory by him συνωρὶδι, the two-horse chariot appearing on his coins (e. g., a gold stater in the British Museum, Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167, right) may refer to unrecorded victories, or else may be interpreted (with Gardiner) as a pun on his name.

[1856] E. g., on a silver tetradrachm of Rhegion in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 460, fig. 168. This and other coins commemorate the victory in this event of the Rhegion prince Anaxilas, already mentioned: Aristotle, frag. 228a, ap. Pollux, V, 73 (= F. H. G., II, p. 173); Foerster, 173.

[1857] E. g., a decadrachm of Akragas (dating from the end of the fifth century B. C.) and another of Syracuse (from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.) in the British Museum; reproduced by Gardiner, p. 465, fig. 172.

[1858] B. S. A., XIII, 1906–7, Pl. V; Gardner, p. 456, fig. 165.

[1859] Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCXLIX and CCL; Dar.-Sagl., l. c., fig. 2219. It was formerly in Lucien Bonaparte’s collection.

[1860] A. V., Pls. CCLI-CCLIV.

[1861] B. B., 586–7 and figs. 1–14 (text by Furtwaengler); Richter, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum, 1915, pp. 17 f., no. 40, and figs.; P. Ducati, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 74 f.; J. Offord, R. Arch., Sér. IV, III, 1904, pp. 305–7 and Pls. VII-IX, etc. Closely allied in style to its decorative designs are fragments of another chariot found at Perugia and now distributed among the Perugia, Munich, and British Museums: Petersen, A. M., X, 1894, pp. 253 f.; B. B., 588–589. Cf. also fragments of similar technique from Capua: Froehner, Cat. de la Collection Dutuit, 1897–1901, II, p. 199, no. 250, and Pls. 190–195.

[1862] A. J. A., XII, 1908, pp. 312 f., with plates and figures.

[1863] H. N., XXXVI, 31.

[1864] Vitruv., de Arch., VII (Praef.), §§ 12–13.

[1865] See B. M. Sculpt., II, nos. 1000–1005 and Pl. XVI; for discussion of the group, J. H. S., XXX, 1910, pp. 133–162 (J. B. K. Preedy).

[1866] E. g., XXXIV, 71 (Calamis et alias quadrigas bigasque fecit se impari, equis sine aemulo expressis); XXXV, 99 (Aristides ... pinxit et currentes quadrigas); XXXIV, 78 (Euphranor); 64 (Lysippus ... fecit et quadrigas multorum generum); 66 (Euthykrates); 80 (Pyromachos); 88 (Menogenes); 86 (Aristodemos).

[1867] P., VI, 12.1; to be mentioned infra, p. 279.

[1868] P., VI, 9.4–5.

[1869] P., V, 27.2.

[1870] P., VI, 14.12.

[1871] P., VI, 10.8 and 19.6, and cf. 10.8; Hdt., VI, 36; Hyde, 99a and p. 44; Foerster, 105. Pausanias here confuses this elder Miltiades with the son of Kimon, as does also the pseudo-Andok., IV, 33.

[1872] P., VI, 10.8; cf. Hdt., VI, 103; Hyde, 99b and p. 44; Foerster, 77–79.

[1873] Some time between Ols. (?) 68 and 70 ( = 508 and 500 B. C.): P., VI, 16.6; Hyde, 160 and pp. 58–9; Foerster, 797 (undated).

[1874] Kalliteles won some time between Ols. (?) 66 and 68 ( = 516 and 508 B. C.): Inschr. v. Ol., 632; Hyde, 161; Foerster, 774 (undated).

[1875] Pindar, Pyth., V, 34 f.; date given by schol. on Pyth., IV, Argum., Boeckh, p. 342. Pindar’s Pyth., IV and V celebrate this victory. The same scholiast also records a chariot-victory of Arkesilas at Olympia in Ol. 80 ( = 460 B. C.); Foerster, 229.

[1876] P., V, 12.5; Inschr. v. Ol., 634; I. G. B., 100. Kyniska won two chariot-victories in Ols. (?) 96, 97 ( = 396, 392 B. C.), and for them also had an equestrian group set up in the Altis, the work of the Megarian artist Apellas, which we shall discuss later: P., VI, 1.6 f.; Hyde, 7; Foerster, 326, 333; see infra, p. 267.

[1877] P., VI, 12.7; Hyde, 108; Foerster, 801 (undated).

[1878] He won some time between Ols. (?) 128 and 137 ( = 268 and 232 B. C.): P., VI, 1.9; Hyde, 169; Foerster, 446; Inschr. v. Ol., 178.

[1879] P., VI, 17.5; cf. 10.6–8. In the latter passage (§8) Pausanias says that Kleosthenes, who won in Ol. 66, was the first to dedicate his statue together with a chariot and horses and the statue of a charioteer. Foerster, 38, following Westermann, believes that Archidamas is the name which has fallen out of Phlegon, fragm. 4 (= F. H. G., III, p. 605), that of a victor from Dyspontion in Elis, and therefore wrongly gives the date of the victory as Ol. 27 ( = 672 B. C.); for a refutation of this view and an indeterminate date, see Hyde, 182 and p. 62.

[1880] He won Ol. (?) 79 ( = 464 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 8; Foerster, 233.

[1881] He won in two events, the hoplite-race and charioteering, in Ols. (?) 83, 84 ( = 448, 444 B. C.): P., VI, 2.1–2; Hyde, 12; Foerster, 211A. Perhaps one of his two statues by Myron represented his charioteer (so Foerster), though more probably the two statues represented the victor for his two victories.

[1882] He won some time between Ols. (?) 98 and 101 ( = 388 and 376 B. C.): P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17; Foerster, 310; his statue stood beside that of his son Aigyptos on horseback; the latter won κέλητι about the date of his father’s victory: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde 18; Foerster, 301. The two monuments were by the Sikyonian Daidalos.

[1883] He won συνωρίδι καὶ τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 102, 103 ( = 372, 368 B. C.): P., VI, 1.4; Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338, 345.

[1884] He won some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.): P., VI, 13.11; Hyde, 122; Foerster, 513: Inschr. v. Ol., 177.

[1885] Polykles won in Ol. (?) 89 ( = 424 B. C.): P., VI, 1.7; Hyde, 9; Foerster, 796 (undated). For this athletic genre group, see Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 534. On children’s hoops (τρόχοι) see L. Becq de Fouquières, Les Jeux des Anciens², 1873, Ch. VIII, pp. 159 f.

[1886] 1, 96 (quoting Ephoros, fragm. 106 = F. H. G., 1, pp. 262–3). Periandros won a chariot victory at Olympia at the end of the seventh or beginning of the sixth century B. C.: Foerster, 80, who assumes that it was a statue of Zeus, and not of Periandros.

[1887] Gelo won in Ol. 73 ( = 488 B. C.): P., VI, 9.4; Hyde, 90; Foerster, 180; Inschr. v. Ol., 143. This inscription on the recovered base and another from the base of the monument of Pantarkes, who won apparently in the chariot-race at the end of the sixth century B. C. (Inschr. v. Ol., 142; Foerster, 149), are the two oldest inscriptions known of chariot victors at Olympia.

[1888] He won Ol. 66 ( = 516 B. C.): P., VI, 10.6–7; Hyde, 99; Foerster, 143.

[1889] P., VI, 10.7.

[1890] We have mentioned the inscribed relief supra, pp. 257 and 258, and n. 1 on p. 258.

[1891] Line 15.

[1892] Pindar, Pyth., V, 26. For the above examples, see also Gardiner, p. 463.

[1893] P., VI, 2.8; he was represented on horseback.

[1894] P., III, 8.1; cf. VI, 1.6.

[1895] Inschr. v. Ol., 160; Loewy, I. G. B., 99; see A. G., XIII, 16.

[1896] A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, p. 151.

[1897] Noted in A. J. A., XV, 1911, p. 60.

[1898] H. N., XXXIV, 86: et adornantes se feminas. For the five larger bronze figures, see Inv., 5604–5, 5619–21; for the smaller sixth figure, usually known as the Praying Child, see Inv., 5603. All six are pictured in E. R. Barker’s Buried Herculaneum, 1908, Figs. 18–19.

[1899] P., VI, 12.1; cf. VIII, 42.9–10; Oxy. Pap.; Hyde, 105; Foerster, 199, 209, and 215. Pindar celebrates the victory of 476 B. C. in his first Olympian ode.

[1900] P., V, 27.2. See supra, pp. 28, 62, and 163.

[1901] P., VI, 14.12.

[1902] H. N., XXXIV, 71. On the basis of this and other references, Reisch built up a theory that there was also a fourth-century B. C. Kalamis, the contemporary of the younger Praxiteles: Jh. oest. arch. Inst., IX, 1906, pp. 199 f. He was followed by Amelung (R. M., XXI, 1906, pp. 285 and 287) and Studniczka (Abh. d. k. saechs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss., philolog.-histor. Klasse, XXV, no. IV, 1907, pp. 5 f.). Furtwaengler has shown the weakness of such an argument and has rightly referred the monument mentioned by Pliny to the great Kalamis and his younger contemporary, the elder Praxiteles: Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1907, pp. 160 f.

[1903] P., VI, 18.1. Kratisthenes won Ol. (?) 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Hyde, 185; Foerster, 193 A.

[1904] P., VI, 12.6; Hyde, 105d. The same Timon is mentioned again: P., VI, 2.8; Hyde, 17. This monument may have been set up for a second victory or even for the victory mentioned by Pausanias, VI, 2.8; however, I have classed it as an honor dedication, assuming two monuments: Hyde, p. 45.

[1905] Lampos won some time after Ol. (?) 105 ( = 360 B. C.): P., VI, 4.10; Hyde, 44; Foerster, 420. Philippi, the native city of Lampos, was founded in Ol. 105 by Philip, father of Alexander, on the site of an older town, Krenides.

[1906] H. N., XXXIV, 89; it was by the statuary Piston.

[1907] Reisch, p. 49, believes that she represented a Nike apteros; Rouse, p. 164, also believes that such figures were Victories.

[1908] H. N., XXXV, 108.

[1909] Ant. Denkm., I, 4, 1889, Pl. XLIV.

[1910] B. M. Sculpt., I, 814; Museum Marbles, IX, Pl. XXXVIII, fig. 2. A. H. Smith (op. cit., no. 814; cf. Guide to Græco-Roman Sculpt., I, no. 176) also mentions another similar votive tablet in the British Museum. It is mounted on a pilaster and represents the visit of Dionysos to Ikarios. Such tablets seem to have been commonly dedicated by agonistic victors.

[1911] Schoene, Griech. Reliefs, 1872, Pl. XVIII, fig. 80; F. W., 1142; von Sybel, Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen, 1881, no. 7014. Here only the arms and wings of Nike are left.

[1912] E. Huebner, Die antiken Bildw. in Madrid, 1862, 241, 559; Annali, XXXIV, 1862, Pl. G., and p. 103; Reisch, p. 51.

[1913] Arch. Eph., 1893, pp. 128 f. (Kabbadias) and Pl. IX; Rouse, p. 177.

[1914] Cf. Reisch, pp. 49–50; Rouse, p. 176.

[1915] Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1752; Guide, I, 437.

[1916] P., V, 17.8.

[1917] Frazer, III, p. 609, fig. 77; etc. See supra, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1918] We have already discussed the style and date of this relief in Ch. III, pp. 128–9. For the relief, see Dickins, no. 1342 and illustration on p. 275; von Sybel, Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen, no. 5039; Baum., I, p. 342, fig. 359; Studniczka, Jb., XI, 1896, p. 265, fig. 7; Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 664, fig. 342; B. B., 21; von Mach, 56; Collignon, I, pp. 378 f. and fig. 194; Overbeck, I, p. 203 and fig. 47; Le Bas, Voyage archeol. (Reinach’s ed.), pp. 50–51 and Pl. I; F. W., 97; cast in British Museum, B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 155. A small piece of the adjacent slab to the right (found on the eastern slope of the Akropolis in 1859–1860), fitting the main block exactly, shows two horses’ tails and one hind leg and proves that the chariot was represented at rest.

[1919] This fragment contains a head whose pointed beard and petasos have been thought to indicate the god: Dickins, no. 1343; Collignon, I, p. 378, fig. 195; von Mach, fig. 11, opp. p. 58; Conze, Nuove Memorie dell’ Instituto, II, pp. 408 f. and Pl. XIII A; F. W., 96.

[1920] So O. Hauser, Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 54 f.; he is followed by Robinson, Cat. of Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, no. 33. J. Braun, Gesch. d. Kunst, 1858, II, pp. 188 and 549 (quoted by F. W.), Conze, op. cit., Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1870, p. 123, Helbig, Das homerische Epos², 1887, p. 179 and n. 11, Springer-Michaelis, pp. 207–8 (and fig. 389), Dickins, and many others, also interpret the figure as male.

[1921] This coiffure, however, appears on several female heads: e. g., on the Harpy monument, F. W., 127 f. Knapp (Nike in d. Vasenmalerei, p. 10), Brunn (Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1870, II, pp. 213 f.), W. Mueller (Quaestiones vestiariae, 1890, p. 44), Collignon, Overbeck, Friedrichs-Wolters, Reisch (p. 49), and many others call the figure of the charioteer female.

[1922] E. g., the headless draped statue, resembling the Korai, in the Akropolis Museum: B. B., 551.

[1923] A. M., XXX, 1905, pp. 305 f. (especially 321) and Pls. XI, XII (the rebuilding of the temple referred to the time of Peisistratos). He also (p. 320) favors the well-known view of Doerpfeld (A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 25–61, 190–211; XV, 1890, pp. 420–439) that the Hekatompedon or Old Temple of Athena, rebuilt by the Athenians shortly after the Persian wars, existed not only down to 406 B. C., when Xenophon says that it was burnt (Hell., I, 6), but down at least to the time of Pausanias. This view is held by J. Harrison, Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, 1890, pp. 505 f., Dickins, l. c., and many archæologists. It has been rejected by many others, e. g., Petersen (A. M., XII, pp. 62–72), Wernicke (ibid., pp. 184–189), and in extenso Frazer (J. H. S., XIII, 1892–1893, pp. 153–187; reprinted in his edition of Pausanias, II, pp. 553–82). Murray, I, p. 143 and fig. 35, referred the relief to one of the metopes of the Old Temple of Athena.

[1924] Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1906, II, pp. 147 f.; cf. also ibid., 1905, pp. 433 f.

[1925] Springer-Michaelis (l. c.) think that it may represent a chariot victor; similarly Purgold (Arch. Eph., 1885, p. 251). Boetticher (Die Akropolis, 1888, pp. 85–6) believes that it represents a Panathenaic victor.

[1926] In the British Museum: B. M. Sculpt., II, 951 and Pl. XIII; Sir Charles Fellows, An Account of Discoveries in Lycia, 1841, p. 166. The Chimæra may be introduced as a heraldic device of the owner of the tomb (Smith). Bellerophon appears on Pegasos on a relief from a rock tomb of Pinara: B. M. Sculpt., I, 760. We should also compare with these the reliefs found by Fellows at Xanthos and now in the British Museum. They show a two-horse chariot with a seated charioteer (F. W., 131; Murray, I, Pl. IV), a two-horse chariot with a charioteer and a seated man (F. W., 133; Murray, Pl. III), and a young rider (F. W., 134). See Fellows, pp. 172, 176; Murray, I, pp. 124 f.

[1927] Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1870, slabs XI-XXIII; B. M. Sculpt., I, no. 325. The charioteers on slabs XII and XIV have long, close-fitting tunics.

[1928] Michaelis, op. cit., slabs XXIV-XXXIV; B. M. Sculpt., no. 327.

[1929] Theophrastos, ap. Harpokr., s. v. ἀποβάτης), says that it was peculiar to Athens and Bœotia, but there is evidence of its existence elsewhere, e. g., at Aphrodisias in Karia (C. I. G., II, no. 2758, G. col. IV, line 3, p. 507, and C. col. IV, l. 3), Naples (ibid., no. 5807, l. 4), Rome (C. I. L., VI, 2, 10047, b, line 8 = pedibus ad quadrigam), etc. On the race at the Panathenaia, see Michaelis, op. cit., pp. 324 f.; Mommsen, Heortologie, 1864, pp. 153 f., and Die Feste d. Stadt Athen im Altertum, 1898, pp. 89 f.; and for the race in general, Pauly-Wissowa, I, pp. 2814 f.

[1930] For a description of the race, see Bekker, Anecd. gr., I, pp. 425–6 and Dionys. Halikarn., VII, 73, 2–3; the former account says that the apobates mounted the chariot in full course by setting his foot on the wheel and dismounted again; the latter only that he dismounted in the last lap; the two are apparently describing different moments of the same race.

[1931] National Museum, no. 1391; Svoronos, II, pp. 340–1, Tafelbd., Pl. LVI (right); noted in A. M., XII, 1887, p. 146, no. 1; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 237 and fig.; Arch. Eph., 1910, pp. 251 f.; Reisch, p. 51. Staïs gives the measurements as 0.60 meter high and 0.36 meter broad.

[1932] A. M., III, 1878, pp. 410–14, no. 193 (Koerte); Mon. d. I., IV, 1844–48, Pl. 5; Annali, Pl. XVI, 1844, pp. 166 f. (F. J. Welcker), and Pl. E.

[1933] A third relief from Oropos, showing the same subject, is in Berlin (no. 725): see Furtwaengler, Samml. Sabouroff, I, Pl. XXVI (and text, on the subject of the race).

[1934] B. C. H., VII, 1883, Pl. XVII and pp. 458 f. (Collignon); Gardiner, p. 238, fig. 34; F. W., 1836.

[1935] Its antiquity has been questioned by Kekulé, who is quoted by F. W.; see on no. 1838.

[1936] B. M. Sculpt., II, 1037, Pl. XVIII; von Mach, 231; Ant. Denkm., II, 2, 1893–4, Pl. XVIII, 0; Collignon, II, p. 327, fig. 165; Newton, Travels and Discoveries in the Levant, 1865, II, p. 133, Pl. XVI; Gardner, Hbk., p. 430, fig. 111. It is 2 feet 1.5 inches high.

[1937] For the sarcophagus, see the work of Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, Une nécropole royale à Sidon, 1892; Text, pp. 272 f., and Pls. XXIII-XXVIII, XXX-XXXI, XXXIV-XXXVII; also Studniczka, Jb., IX, 1894, pp. 211 f. (who assigned it to Lysippos’ pupil, Eutychides); Judeich, ibid., X, 1895, pp. 165 f. and figs. 1–6; J. H. S., XIX, 1899, pp. 273 f.; Gardner, Hbk., pp. 466 f. and fig. 124 (= Hamdy-Bey et Reinach, Pl. XXIX); von Mach, 379–83; Richardson, p. 242, fig. 116; Springer-Michaelis, p. 348, fig. 627; etc.

[1938] We see it, e. g., on the cuirass of the statue of Augustus in the Vatican: von Mach, no. 418.

[1939] Von Mach, no. 232; Robinson, Report of the Trustees of the Museum of Fine Arts, 1897, pp. 18–19; Klein, Praxitelische Studien (= Suppl. to his Praxiteles), 1899, p. 1; in n. 1 Klein says that the statue was found in the Tiber.

[1940] Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, pp. 149 f.

[1941] Noted by Klein, op. cit., figs. 5 and 7.

[1942] E. g., on the vase in the British Museum, discussed in Guide to Greek and Roman Life, 1908, p. 200. Here the driver stands clothed in the regular chiton like that on the Charioteer from Delphi. (Fig. 66.) We see similarly clothed charioteers on various r.-f. vases: e. g., on those pictured by Gerhard, IV, Pls. CCLI-CCLIII; on those enumerated by Hauser, Jb., VII, 1892, p. 60 (including some r.-f. ones, e. g., the fifth-century B. C. one from Corneto by Euxithoos and Oltos = Baum., III, Pl. XCIII, 2 and p. 2141). Hauser also adds the draped charioteer in the Helios group from the Great Pergamene Altar relief (pictured in Baum., II, Pl. XXXIX, and pp. 1255–6). The general statement of W. Mueller (Quaestiones vestiariae, Goettingen, 1880, p. 44), nam aurigae semper fere longa tunica sola vestiti sunt, is, of course, correct.

[1943] E. g., the statue in the Palazzo dei Conservatori to be mentioned infra, p. 276; also other examples in Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 536, 6 (in Rome: B. Com. Rom., I, 1888, Pl. XV) and 7 (in Athens: Jb., I, 1886, p. 173; Staïs, op. cit., p. 221). We see nude charioteers entering two four-horse chariots on a r.-f. lebes, formerly in the collection of Lucien Bonaparte, now in Munich: Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCLIV (below).

[1944] Von Mach, no. 274; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 488, 7: A. Z., XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f. (Friedrichs) and Pls. CXXXIII, CXXXIV; Bonner Jb., XXVI, Pl. IV. It is 4 ft. 7 in. tall and represents a boy of about 14.

[1945] Friedrichs, though at first, because of the crown on the hair, interpreting it as a Bonus Eventus (A. Z., XVIII, 1860, pp. 1 f.), later (Beschr. d. Skulpt., no. 4, pp. 5–6) called it a charioteer.

[1946] B. Com. Rom., XVI, 1888, Pls. XV, XVI, 1, 2 (pp. 335 f.); Joubin, pp. 134 f., and fig. 40; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 973 (restored on p. 557, fig. 29); Guide, 597 (restored on p. 442, fig. 28); Furtw., Mp., pp. 81–82; Mw., pp. 115–116; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 536, 6. Mentioned supra, p. 275, n. 7.

[1947] Hamdy Bey and Th. Reinach, Une nécropole royale à Sidon, Pl. XXII, 2.

[1948] Including the Hestia Giustiniani in the Museo Torlonia, Rome: B. B., 491; von Mach, 75; the so-called Aspasia head, with copies in Paris (Photo Giraudon, no. 1219) and Berlin (A. Z., XXXV, 1877, Pl. VIII, two views), and the Apollo-on-the-Omphalos in Athens (Pl. 7B); he assigns the later related Athena in the Villa Albani to Praxias, the pupil of Kalamis and contemporary of Pheidias: F. W., 524; Mp., p. 78, figs. 29 and 30 (head); Mw., pp. 112–113, figs. 19 and 20 (head). However, as Richardson points out, pp. 137 and 207, the Hestia bears a strong resemblance to the East gable figures at Olympia, especially to those of Sterope and Hippodameia, and to several female statues in Copenhagen: Arndt, La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, Pls. VII (= Joubin, p. 161, fig. 53), XXXVIII, and fig. 3 on p. 13.

[1949] C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1896, pp. 178, 186, 362, 388, and Pls. I, II; A. A., 1896, pp. 173 f. (with fig.); Homolle, in Mon. Piot, IV, 1897, Pls. XV, XVI, pp. 169 f.; id., B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 579, 581–3; Fouilles de Delphes, IV, 1904, Pls. XLIX, L (4 views); Bulle, 199 and fig. 134 on p. 460; von Mach, 60; H. B. Walters, Art of the Anc. Greeks, 1906, Pl. XXVIII; Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 49 f. and Pls. VIII, IX; G. F. Hill, One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture, 1909, pp. 7–8 and Pl. V; Springer-Michaelis, p. 225, fig. 482; Robinson, Cat. Mus. Fine Arts in Boston, Suppl., pp. 1 f., no. 85; cast in British Museum, B. M. Sculpt., III, 2688; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 536, 1. It is 5 feet 10.75 inches high (A. H. Smith) or 1.80 meters (Bulle).

[1950] See Svoronos, p. 131, n. 3.

[1951] O. M. Washburn, Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., XXV, 1905, cols. 1358 f.; A. J. A., X, 1906, pp. 151–3; XII, 1908, pp. 198–208.

[1952] P., X, 15.6.

[1953] L. c., and Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., 1905, col. 1549.

[1954] Lechat, Rev. Arch., XI, 1908, pp. 126 f., Furtw., Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1907, II, pp. 157 f., Studniczka, Jb., XXII, 1907, pp. 133 f., and others, support Washburn’s view.

[1955] P., X, 9.7–8; cf. VI, 3.5, where Amphion is called the pupil of Ptolichos, the pupil of Kritios.

[1956] So von Duhn, A. M., XXXI, 1906, pp. 421 f.; a conclusion also reached independently by E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., p. 51.

[1957] So von Duhn, Gardner, and Mahler; the latter in Jh. oest. arch. Inst., III, 1900, pp. 142 f. Furtwaengler, l. c., found von Duhn’s view that the Charioteer is an original work of Pythagoras untenable. He also combated his interpretation of πολύζαλος as a proper name, preferring the suggestion of Washburn that it might be an adjective. However, in a former article (Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1897, pp. 129 f.) he had emphasized the similarity between the statue and a bronze statuette in London (B. M. Bronzes, 515 and Pl. XVI; Sitzb., l. c., Pl. V, two views) which he believed was almost certainly a product of Magna Græcia. He found the style of the Charioteer Ionic-Attic without Peloponnesian affiliations, and referred it to Amphion or to some unknown artist of the circle of Kritios and Nesiotes. For a similar view, see Homolle, Mon. Piot, IV, 1897, p. 207. Pottier (ap. Homolle, l. c.) assigned it to Kalamis. Cf. also Lechat, Pythagoras de Rhegion, 1905, p. 100.

[1958] A. D. Keramopoullos, A. M., XXXIV, 1909, pp. 33 f. Homolle, op. cit., pp. 176 f., and O. Schroeder, A. A., 1902, pp. 12 f., had also referred it to Gelo’s dedication.

[1959] P. 152.

[1960] See G. F. Hill, l. c.

[1961] Besides the Olympic victories already recorded, Hiero also won the chariot-race at Delphi in Pythiad 29 ( = 470 B. C.), and the horse-race there twice in Pythiads 26 and 27 ( = 482 and 478 B. C.); he also won a chariot-race probably at the Theban Iolaia in (?) 475 B. C.; Pindar celebrates the four victories in Pyth., I-III; Bergk, P. l. G.,⁵ I, pp. 175 f.

[1962] P., VI, 14.4; he won either before Ol. 67 ( = 512 B. C.) or in Ols. 69 or 70 ( = 504 or 500 B. C.): Hyde, 126 and p. 52; Foerster, 778 (undated).

[1963] He won κέλητι in Ols. 66 or 67 ( = 516 or 512 B. C.): P., VI, 13.9; Hyde, 120; Foerster, 129, 149a (two victories).

[1964] They won in Ol. 68 ( = 508 B. C.): P., VI, 13.10; Hyde, 121; Foerster, 152.

[1965] So Hyde, pp. 50–1.

[1966] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 598.

[1967] P., VI, 12.1.

[1968] P., VI, 2.8.

[1969] Xenombrotos won in Ol. (?) 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Hyde, 133 (following Robert, O. S., pp. 180–181); Foerster, 327; Xenodikos in Ol. (?) 84 ( = 444 B. C.): Hyde, 134; Foerster, 332.

[1970] Inschr. v. Ol., 154; I. G. A., 552a; Robert, O. S., pp. 179–81. However, Kirchhoff referred this base to the statue of a runner: A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 84; and Dittenberger to the victor D[amasi]ppos, who won in some running race at an unknown date: Foerster, 812. Robert read the mutilated inscription ἐλάσιππος (“horse-driving”) instead of the proper name Δαμάσιππος.

[1971] H. N., XXXIV, 75 and 78 (celetizontes pueri).

[1972] Pliny, XXXIV, 71.

[1973] B. M. Vases, B 133; Gardiner, p. 461, fig. 169; see also a Panathenaic amphora pictured in Perrot-Chipiez, X, p. 129, fig. 92 (left).

[1974] Gardiner, p. 459, fig. 167 (left). He won κέλητι in Ol. 106 ( = 356 B. C.): Plut., Alex., 3; Foerster, 360. Cf. a similar jockey on horseback on a coin of Tarentum: Head, Guide to the Principal Gold and Silver Coins ... in the British Museum, Pl. XXIV, 7.

[1975] B. M. Vases, B 144; Gerhard, IV, Pl. CCXLVII (lower half); Gardiner, p. 243, fig. 37.

[1976] See supra, p. 13 and n. 1.

[1977] Mentioned in J. H. S., XIV, 1894, p. 66 (H. Stuart Jones).

[1978] III, i, p. 200, fig. 3846 (from Dubois-Maisonneuve, Introd. à l’Étude des vases, Pl. XLIII); others are there mentioned, e. g., Mon. d. I., I, 1829–33, Pl. XXII, 3b and II, 1834–38, Pl. XXXII (bottom).

[1979] B. C. H., V, 1881, pp. 436 f., with figure (Collignon). This and the following three reliefs are mentioned by Rouse, p. 176.

[1980] F. W., 1206, formerly interpreted as Alexander and Boukephalos.

[1981] Von Sybel, Kat. d. Skulpt. zu Athen, 1881, no. 307.

[1982] Von Duhn, in A. Z., XXXV, 1877, pp. 167, no. 89 (cf. no. 88).

[1983] On the North frieze, Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1870, Tafelbd., slabs XXIV-XLII; B. M. Sculpt., I, 325, pp. 175 f.; West frieze, Michaelis, slabs II, IV, VI-VII, IX-XI; B. M. Sculpt., 326, pp. 179–80; South frieze, Michaelis, slabs I, III, X-XVI, XXII-XXIII; B. M. Sculpt., 327, pp. 181–85.

[1984] C. I. A., IV, 2, 373, line 99; cf. Studniczka, Arch. Eph., 1887, p. 146.

[1985] Vit. X Orat., 42 (p. 839b); he says that it stood in the ball-court of the maidens known as arrephoroi. Pausanias, I, 18.8, also mentions a statuette of Isokrates on a column near the Olympieion.

[1986] Carapanos, Dodone et ses ruines, 1877, p. 183 and Pl. XIII, 1; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 527, 1.

[1987] Arndt-Amelung, Einzelaufnahmen, no. 242.

[1988] Dickins, nos. 700, found in 1887 (height 1.12 meters, length of fragment 0.76 meter) and 697 (height 1.13 meters); Winter, Archaische Reiterbilder von der Akropolis, Jb., VIII, 1893, pp. 135–156, figs. 13a and b, 14a and b; Collignon, I, pp. 358–9, figs. 180 and 181; Schrader, Arch. Marmor-Skulpt. im Akropolis-Museum zu Athen, 1909, p. 81, figs. 72–3 (assuming a Chian sculptor for no. 700); B. B., 459; no. 700 = Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 639, fig. 327; 697 = ibid., p. 637, fig. 326. Winter, in the article cited, gives fourteen cuts of such archaic horse monuments.

[1989] See preliminary account by Th. Reinach in C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1919, (Jan.-Feb.), pp. 56–59 and fig. on p. 58. It is 49 centimeters high.

[1990] J. Sieveking, Die Bronz. d. Samml. Loeb, 1913, p. 70, Pl. 29; it is 0.12 meter high. An exact copy is in the Cabinet des Médailles in Paris; Babelon et Blanchet, Cat. des bronzes ant. de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 1893, no. 893. For further examples of horsemen in bronze and marble, see Reinach, Rép., II, 2, pp. 527–533.

[1991] The race is described by P., V, 9.2; cf. Plutarch, Quaest. conviv., V, 2 (675 C.) For possible examples in sculpture, see Reinach, Rép., II, 2, pp. 532–3.

[1992] E. g., on a silver stater of the early third century B. C. from Tarentum in the British Museum: Gardiner, p. 462, fig. 170 (right).

[1993] Les ἱππεῖς athéniens, 1902 (Extrait des Mémoires de l’Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres, Vol. XXXVII). Cf. Gardiner, pp. 71–2.

[1994] Heralds (κήρυκες), trumpeters (σαλπισταί), flutists (αὐληταί), cithara-players (κιθαρισταί), and those who sang with them (κιθαρῳδοί), are mentioned as victors in many inscriptions: e. g., at Oropos, C. I. G. G. S., I, nos. 419–20; at Tanagra, ibid., 540; at Plataiai, ibid., 1667; at Thespiai, ibid., 1760 and 1773; on Mt. Helikon, ibid., 1776; at Akraiphia, ibid., 2727; at Koroneia, ibid., 2871; etc. Cf. Frazer, III, p. 628. Also on Samos: see inscription discussed in J. H. S., VII, 1886, p. 150.

[1995] Afr.; Foerster, nos. 302 (Timaios) and 303 (Krates); they are not mentioned by Pausanias in his account of the introduction of various contests at Olympia, V, 8.6 f. Lucian mentions the contests of heralds at Olympia: de morte Peregrini, 32.

[1996] V, 22.1.

[1997] Nestor (F. H. G., II, p. 485^*, quoted by Athenæus, X, 7, p. 415a) says that he was periodonikes ten times, while Pollux (IV, 89) says seven times. For the dates of the victories, which fell some time between Ols. (?) 113 and 122 ( = 328 and 292 B. C.), see Foerster, nos. 395, 399, 402, 404, 406, 411, 415, 422, 425, and 428.

[1998] Athen., X, 7 (p. 414e).

[1999] Amarantos of Alexandria, apud Athen., l. c., says that he was 3.5 ells in height; Pollux, l. c., four ells. Athenæus relates examples of his voracity.

[2000] For the inscribed basis of his statue at Olympia, see Inschr. v. Ol., 232; cf. Foerster, 815–19 (undated). The inscription appears to belong to the first century A. D.

[2001] B. S. A., XIII, 1906–7, pp. 146–7 (Dickins) and fig. 3; cf. A. J. A., XIII, 1909, p. 83 and fig. 6. It is 0.131 meter high.

[2002] B. M. Bronzes, 223 (quoted by Dickins, l. c.).

[2003] See P., X, 9.2.

[2004] Fragm. 65 (= F. H. G., I, 207, quoted by Strabo, VI, 1.9, C. 260). For the story about his victory, see Timaios, Strabo, l. c., Clemens Alexandr., Protrept., I, p. 2, and poetically in A. G., VI, 54 (Paulus Silentiarius), and IX, 584.

[2005] Cf. Reisch, p. 52.

[2006] IX, 30. 2 f.

[2007] In another passage, X, 7. 2, Pausanias says that Thamyris won a prize for singing at the Pythian games; he also mentions a painting of him by Polygnotos: X, 30. 8. On Thamyris, cf. also P., IV, 33. 3 and 7.

[2008] For the story of the poet Arion and the dolphin, see P. III, 25. 7.

[2009] In X, 7. 4, Pausanias says that Sakadas won in flute-playing at Delphi three times, the first in the third year of Ol. 48 ( = 585 B. C.). In another passage, II, 22.8, he says that Sakadas was the first to play the “Pythian tune” on the flute. For a description of this tune, see Pollux, IV, 84, and Strabo, IX, 3.10 (C. 421).

[2010] XIV, 24 (p. 629a).

[2011] C. I. A., I, 357.

[2012] Froehner, Notice, no. 16; Clarac, 122, 342; M. W., I, Pl. 13, 46; etc.

[2013] A. M., XII, 1887, pp. 378 f. (Wolters) and Pl. XII.

[2014] V, 7.10; cf. Plutarch, de Musica, 26. Athenæus, IV, 39 (p. 154a), quotes from the first book of the catalogue of Olympic victors by Eratosthenes to the effect that the Etruscans used to box to the music of the flute.

[2015] P., V, 17. 10.

[2016] Ph., 55.

[2017] Plut., l. c.

[2018] See Pinder, Ueber den Fuenfkampf d. Hellenen, 1867, pp. 97 f.

[2019] He won sometime between Ols. (?) 58 and 62 ( = 548 and 532 B. C.): P., VI, 14.9–10; Hyde, 128b and p. 52. He also won six victories at Delphi and fluted at the pentathlon: cf. P., l. c. and Ph., 55.

[2020] So Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 604. An example, on the other hand, of a very small man erecting a large statue is that of the poet Lucius Accius, whose statue was set up in the temple of the Camenae in Rome: Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 19; cf. Bernouilli, Roem. Ikonogr., I, p. 289.

[2021] E. g., to Aristotle of Stagira: P., VI, 4.8; Hyde, 41b; to Gorgias of Leontini: P., VI, 17.7; Hyde, 184a; Inschr. v. Ol., 293; etc.

[2022] The first part of the present chapter appeared under the caption, Lysippus as a Worker in Marble, in A. J. A., 2d Series, XI, 1907, pp. 396–416, and figs. 1–6; the second part, entitled, The Head of a Youthful Heracles from Sparta, appeared ibid., XVIII, 1914, pp. 462–478, and fig. 1. Both parts have been rewritten. The author is indebted to the former editor-in-chief, Dr. James M. Paton, for permission to use the original papers in writing the present chapter.

[2023] First noted by Homolle, Gaz. B.-A., XII, 1894, III Sér., pp. 452 f.; id., B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 592 f.; id., ibid., XXIII, 1899, pp. 421 f.; id., Rev. Arch., 1900, p. 383; P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f. (The Apoxyomenos of Lysippos). For a good summary and a new identification of the figures of the group (without discussing the style), see Miss E. M. Gardner and K. K. Smith, A. J. A., XIII, 1909, pp. 447 f. (Pl. XIV and 21 text-cuts).

[2024] The group was composed of nine statues: three of athletes, those of the brothers Agias, a pancratiast, Telemachos, a wrestler, and Agelaos, a boy runner; four statesmen, and the son of the dedicator, and one unknown: B. C. H., XXI, pp. 592 f.; Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 45–46.

[2025] Gaz. B.-A., XII, 1894, p. 452: “un des meilleures exemples de la manière de Lysippe.”

[2026] B. C. H., XXI, 1897, p. 598.

[2027] B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 470–1: “L’auteur de la statue d’Agias ... ne peut être cherché que dans l’école de Lysippe ou dans sa dépendance immédiate....” On p. 472 he says that in the Agias we have a statue “qui approche aussi près que possible d’un original de Lysippe.”

[2028] Ein delphisches Weihgeschenck, 1900; for the inscription referring to the statue of Agias, see B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 592–593. Preuner’s ingenious theory was based on a combination of the inscriptions on the bases of the group.

[2029] Fouilles de Delphes, IV, 1904, Pls. LXIII (full length), LXIV (head); statue of Sisyphos I, Pl. LXV; Sisyphos II, LXVIII (= B. C. H., XXIII, Pl. IX); Agelaos (= B. C. H., XXIII, Pl. IX). For the Agias, see also B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, Pls. X (head, two views) and XI (statue); von Mach, 234; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 596; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 549, 11 (before the discovery of the lower legs). The name is to be spelled either Agias or Hagias; the former has now become usual.

[2030] Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (1760–1836) visited Pharsalos in September 1811.

[2031] In the Braccio Nuovo: Amelung, Vat., I, p. 86, no. 67 and Pl. XI; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, no. 23; Guide, I, no. 31; B. B., 281 (head = 487); Bulle, 62 (head = 213); and reconstruction in a bronzed cast on a high pedestal in the Museum of the University of Erlangen, ibid., pp. 117–18, fig. 22, a, b, c (cf. Muenchner Jb. f. bild. Kunst., 1906, p. 36); von Mach, 235; Baum., II, p. 843, fig. 925; Mon. d. I., V, 1849–53, Pl. XIII; Rayet, II, Pl. 47 (text by Collignon); Overbeck, II, p. 157, fig. 182; Collignon, II, p. 415, fig. 218; Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., Pl. XXXIV and pp. 107–10; Springer-Michaelis, p. 337, fig. 603; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 546, 2; Clarac, V, 848B, 2168A; F. W., 1264; etc.

[2032] Cf. F. W., p. 449, paragraph 2 of the notes. E. Braun (Annali, L, 1850, pp. 223 f.) first identified the statue with Lysippos’ Apoxyomenos; cf. also Brunn (Bulletino d. Inst., 1851, p. 91).

[2033] Cf. Becker, Gallus,³ III, p. 108; and especially J. Kueppers, Der Apoxyomenos des Lysippos, in Progr. des Bonner Gymnas., 1869.

[2034] H. N., XXXIV, 62.

[2035] Ibid., XXXIV, 65.

[2036] Especially its surface modeling was supposed to confirm Pliny’s criticism of the master: op. cit., XXXIV, 65.

[2037] One Hundred Masterpieces of Sculpture, 1909, p. 39.

[2038] Unless we except the Athenian torso to be mentioned infra, p. 290, n. 4.

[2039] Cf. Tarbell, Congress of Arts and Sciences, St. Louis, 1904, III, p. 614.

[2040] De Alex. Magn. fort. aut virt., Orat. II, 2 (p. 335, b, c); S. Q., no. 1479.

[2041] J. H. S., XXIII, p. 130, n. 28; it is also quoted by Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 220–1.

[2042] See Ada Maviglia, L’attività artistica di Lisippo ricostruita su nuova base, 1914. For the Uffizi statue, see supra, pp. 136–137.

[2043] In his discussion of the Athenian torso, which he believed was another copy of the original of the Vatican statue: A. M., II, 1877, pp. 57–8, Pl. IV; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 819, 1. This torso had the left leg free, while the Vatican one had the right one free; it is also dry and hard in its technique.

[2044] That of Emil Braun, in Annali, L, 1850, p. 249.

[2045] E. g., Loewy, R. M., XVI, 1901, p. 392. Furtwaengler, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1904, II, p. 379, n. 1, says that the Agias “dem Lysipp gaenzlich ferne steht,” and assigns it to an Athenian artist.

[2046] Especially the Gardner brothers: P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 130–131 (where he identifies the Apoxyomenos with the Perixyomenos of Daïppos, the son or pupil of Lysippos, a work mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 87); ibid., XXV, 1905, pp. 234 f., especially p. 236 (on pp. 255 f. he dates the Apoxyomenos just after 300 B. C., though ultimately deriving it from the school of Lysippos); id., Class. Rev., 1913, p. 56; E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., p. 222; Hbk., p. 443. T. L. Shear, A. J. A., XX, 1916, p. 292, makes the Agias the centre of his treatment of Lysippos. Still others who think that the two statues can not be by the same sculptor are cited by Wolters, Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1913, III, no. 4, p. 44, n. 3. See also F. Paulson, Delphi, 1920, pp. 288–289.

[2047] E. g., Collignon, Lysippe, p. 31; Amelung, R. M., XX, 1905, pp. 144 f.; id., Vat., I, p. 87 (where he says that the Agias offers the closest analogies in style to the Apoxyomenos); Michaelis, Die archaeol. Entdeckungen des 19ten Jahrh., 1906, p. 276; A Century of Archæological Discoveries (transl. of preceding, by Bettina Kahnweiler, 1908), p. 323; id., Springer-Michaelis, p. 335; for others, cf. Wolters, l. c., n. 2.

[2048] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 61 (= S. Q. no. 1444), quotes Douris as saying that Lysippos was the pupil of no artist. He tells how the painter Eupompos advised the sculptor as a boy naturam ipsam imitandam, esse non artificem. Such a judgment, of course, can not be literally true, as every artist is to a large extent a child of his age and circumstances. Cf. Jex-Blake, pp. xlviii f., for the anecdotal character of Pliny’s statement. That the statement comes, perhaps, from Eupompos is the view of Kalkmann, Quellen der Kunstgeschichte des Plinius, 1898, p. 165.

[2049] B. C. H., XXI, 1897, p. 598; id., XXIII, 1899, p. 471; cf. T. L. Shear, A. J. A., l. c. On the relation of Skopas to Lysippos, see P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 126 f., and E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., p. 198. The influence of Skopas is especially observable in Lysippos’ treatment of forehead and eyes and in the consequent intensity of expression.

[2050] Jb., XXV, 1910, pp. 172–3.

[2051] See Wolters, l. c., pp. 45 f. Most scholars have followed the contention of Preuner that the statue at Pharsalos was the older: e. g., Kern, I. G., IX, 2, 249.

[2052] Cf. Hill, op. cit., p. 39.

[2053] Mp., p. 364 and n. 2; Mw., p. 597 and n. 3; for the Berlin athlete, see Beschr. d. ant. Skulpt., no. 471; for a copy of the Berlin head in the Museo delle Terme, Rome, see Helbig, Fuehrer, II, 1380 bis; Jb., XXVI, 1911, p. 278, n. 1; and cf. R. M., XX, 1905, pp. 147 f., figs. 5–7; for the Dresden statues, see Hettner, Bildw. d. kgl. Antiken-samml., nos. 245–6; one of these has a beardless head, which is analogous to a more beautiful head in Copenhagen: La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, no. 1072. Of this head, which is earlier than that of the Apoxyomenos, Furtwaengler says that it is “one of the finest and most purely Lysippan works in existence.” In Mp., p. 338, he mentions a bronze statuette of Hermes from Athens now in Berlin (Invent. 6305) “in the swinging posture of the Apoxyomenos,” and says that it is of the purest Lysippan style.

[2054] J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 239–40 and Pl. XVI; Duetschke, IV, 151.

[2055] La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, no. 240; Mahler ascribes this work to Lysippos: Polykl. u. s. Sch., 1902, p. 153, n. 1.

[2056] B. M. Sculpt., 1747, p. 102; Mp., p. 298 and fig. 126; Mw., pp. 515 and 517 and fig. 93; cf. Mrs. Strong, in Strena Helbigiana, 1900, p. 297. It is 6 ft. 8 in. high without the plinth (Smith).

[2057] A better copy is the torso in the Louvre, Photo Giraudon, no. 1289; a head is in the Lateran, no. 891.

[2058] De olymp. Stat., Halle, 1902, and enlarged, 1903, pp. 27 f.

[2059] Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. LIV, 3–4, and Textbd., p. 209, fig. 237; Ausgr. v. Ol., V, 1881, Pl. XX.

[2060] VI, 2.1.

[2061] The head is still exhibited at Olympia in the same room as the Hermes.

[2062] A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114; cf., Ausgr. v. Ol., V, pp. 13–14.

[2063] Olympia², 1886, pp. 343 f. and Pl. XVI (right).

[2064] Restauration d’Olympie, 1889, p. 137.

[2065] In Roscher, Lex., I, 2, s. v. Herakles, p. 2166.

[2066] E. g., Graef, R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 189–226, especially p. 217; von Sybel, in Luetzow’s Zeitschr. fuer bild. Kunst, N. F., II, pp. 253 f.

[2067] Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 209 and n. 1.

[2068] B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 456–7.

[2069] Polyklet u. seine Schule, p. 149.

[2070] Preuner (op. cit., p. 12) dates the dedication 339–331 B. C.; Homolle (B. C. H., XVIII, 1899, p. 440) more closely, 338–334 B. C. Preuner dates Agias’ victory about 450 B. C.

[2071] Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 208, gives these measurements: height with neck, 0.270 meter; height of head alone, 0.215 meter; breadth of face, 0.127 meter; height of face, 0.155 meter.

[2072] H. N., XXXIV, 65.

[2073] The hair, however, of the Apoxyomenos is an exception, for, even if worked out with some care, it is devoid of expression.

[2074] The use of the drill is seen in the Praxitelian Hermes, but is not seen in the Tegea heads, nor is it common in the first half of the fourth century B. C.: cf. Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 309.

[2075] So Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 208 (though formerly in A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, p. 114, he called it a pancratiast with Herakles features); Reisch, p. 43, n. 1; Flasch, in Baum., p. 1104 00; Furtwaengler, in Roscher’s Lex., s. v. Herakles, I, 2, p. 2166; etc.

[2076] See pp. 75 and 94.

[2077] E. g., Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 208 f.

[2078] Supra, pp. 167 f.

[2079] Michaelis, pp. 451 f., no. 61; Specimens, I, Pl. XL; Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 297, fig. 125, Mw., p. 516, fig. 92; Graef, R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 189 f., and Pls. VIII-IX; Springer-Michaelis, p. 336, fig. 600; Clarac, V, 788, 1973; etc. It was found in 1790 in the ruins of Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli.

[2080] VI, 1.4.

[2081] VI, 2.1.

[2082] VI, 5.1.

[2083] VI, 4.6.

[2084] VI, 17.3.

[2085] East of the temple of Zeus; see infra, Ch. VIII, p. 342, n. 4.

[2086] See list in Hyde, pp. 3 f. Here nos. 91 and 136 refer to the same victor.

[2087] VI, 1.3.

[2088] Bildw. v. Ol., p. 209. See Plans A and B.

[2089] P., VI, 1.4.

[2090] P., VI, 1.6.

[2091] P., VI, 3.2.

[2092] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). See Plans A and B.

[2093] This fact, together with its place of finding not far from the Great Gymnasion, led Treu to believe that the statue once adorned the interior of the exercise-place of the athletes: Bildw. v. Ol., p. 209.

[2094] The Praxitelian Hermes similarly shows an unfinished treatment of the back hair; in fact the entire back of the statue is carelessly done (Bildw. v. Ol., p. 203, fig. 233), though chisel-rasps show a subsequent attempt to better it. This condition led Treu at first (Ausgrab. v. Ol., V, p. 10; followed by Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 308, n. 7; Mw., p. 531, n. 3) to believe that the statue was made at Olympia with regard to its position in the Heraion. Later (Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 204–5) Treu believed that this merely indicated that the statue was intended to stand against a wall; and since the present base is not the original one (see Bulle, apud Purgold, Ergebnisse v. Ol., II, pp. 157 f.), that the statue was not originally meant for the temple, but was moved thither, perhaps in Nero’s day; cf. also Wernicke, Jb., IX, 1894, pp. 108 f. For the Hermes, mentioned by P., V, 17.3, and found in the cella of the Heraion on May 8, 1877, see Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. XLIX-LIII; Textbd., pp. 194 f. and figs. 225–234.

[2095] However, Lysippos made the statue of Polydamas of Skotoussa, who won the pankration in Ol. 93 ( = 408 B. C.), many years after the victory: see P., VI, 5.1; Hyde, 47; Foerster, 279; H. L. von Urlichs, Ueber Griech. Kunstschriftsteller, Diss. inaug., 1887, p. 26.

[2096] P. 27.

[2097] Inschr. v. Ol., 166; cf. P., VI, 1. 4 (both victories wrongly in Ol. 102); Hyde, 6; Foerster, 338 and 345.

[2098] Date given by P., VI, 4.2. See Hyde, 37; Foerster, 349, 353, 359.

[2099] For the earlier dating of Lysippos, see Winter, Jb., VII, 1892, p. 169 (who begins the artist’s activity with the seventies), Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 211, and Milchhoefer, Arch. Stud. fuer H. Brunn, p. 66, n. 2; see also Hyde, pp. 26–7, (who gives the sculptor’s artistic activity as Ols. 103–115 = 368–320 B. C.); E. A. Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 216–217, who dates his activity 366–316 B. C.; P. Gardner, infra, next note.

[2100] J. H. S., XXV, 1905, pp. 243–249; on p. 245 he says: “There is some evidence for work by Lysippos at a later date than B. C. 320. And if he were born, as seems probable, about B. C. 390, he may well have accepted commissions, to be executed mainly by his pupils, for several years after 320.”

[2101] P., VI, 4, 6–7; Hyde, 41; Foerster, 384 and 392, who, on the basis of I. G. B., p. 75, to no. 93b, dates the victories Ols. (?) 112 and 113 ( = 332 and 328 B. C.).

[2102] L. c., p. 246.

[2103] P., VI, 17, 3; Hyde, 175; Foerster, 390 and 397 (= Ols. ? 113 and 114, = 328 and 324 B. C. on the basis of I. G. B., p. 75).

[2104] E. g., Furtwaengler, who gives 350–300 B. C. as the period of his artistic activity: Mw., p. 523, n. 3.

[2105] B. C. H., XXI, 1897, p. 598 (and copied in XXIII, 1899, p. 422). The Agias is but slightly later than the Hermes, if we accept Furtwaengler’s dating for the latter, about 343 B. C.: Mp., pp. 307–308; Mw., pp. 529–531. Brunn had regarded the Hermes as a youthful work of Praxiteles: Deutsche Rundschau, VIII, 1882, pp. 188 f. Purgold, Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet, pp. 233 f., and S. Reinach, Gaz. Arch., 1887, p. 282, n. 9, had assigned it to the year 363 B. C.

[2106] H. N., XXXIV, 37.

[2107] Ibid., 61 f.

[2108] The two are contrasted in XXXV, 156: [Varro] laudat et Pasitelen qui plasticen matrem caela turae et statuariae scalpturaeque (= sculpturae) dixit, etc. Cf. infra, Ch. VII, p. 324, n. 4. They are also contrasted in XXXVI, 15. Sculptura is the modern title of Bk. XXXVI.

[2109] II, p. 150. See also Bulle, p. 137. Amongst recent writers who oppose this view are Koepp, Ueber d. Bildnisse Alex. d. Gr., p. 29, and Preuner, op. cit., pp. 46–7.

[2110] Thus the Sikyonian Kanachos worked in marble, bronze, gold and ivory, and cedar-wood: Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 50 and 75; XXXVI, 41; P., II, 10.5; IX, 10.2; etc.

[2111] F. Spiro, Woch. f. kl. Philologie, XXI, 1904, col. 792 (in his review of my de olymp. Stat. a Paus. commem.).

[2112] See Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. LV, 1–3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.

[2113] This is substantially Preuner’s view: op. cit., pp. 39–40 and 46–47; the later view of P. Wolters that the Delphi group was older than the statue at Pharsalos has already been mentioned supra, p. 292; see Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1913, III, no. 4, pp. 44–45.

[2114] In A. J. A., XI, 1907, pp. 414–16, I argued that the statue of Agias was an original and not a copy; in the present work this view is somewhat modified.

[2115] So Homolle, B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, pp. 445 and 459; S. Reinach, C. R. Acad. Inscr., 1900, pp. 8 f.; H. Lechat, Rev. des Études anciennes, II, 1900, pp. 195 f.; Gardner, Hbk., p. 441; P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXIII, p. 127; cf. Preuner, op. cit., p. 38; etc. Homolle, l. c., p. 471, says that if the Agias is a copy, “c’est celui d’une copie authentique immédiate, contemporaine du modèle.” The view that the Delphi group was not original is well expressed by P. Wolters, l. c., p. 50, who says that “niemand die delphischen Statuen fuer Originale des Lysippos erklaeren wird.”

[2116] Hbk., p. 441, n. 2; only two small marble props, reaching to the calves, support the ankles.

[2117] This treatment gives the impression of texture and profusion; see Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 309.

[2118] Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 69–71 (list of bronze works).

[2119] Mechanically exact copies were unknown in the fourth century B. C. Furtwaengler has shown that such copies began to be made in the second century B. C., or possibly at the end of the third, and became common only in the first: Ueber Statuencopien im Altertum, 1896.

[2120] It is mentioned by Pausanias, IX, 35.3, and the Surname “Oulios” by Strabo, XIV, 1.6 (C. 635); it is described by Plutarch, de Musica, 14 ( = 1136 A), and Macrobius, Sat., I, 1713.

[2121] Schol. on Pindar, Ol., XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293.

[2122] Bekker, Anecd. gr., p. 299, 8–9; cf. Athen., X, 24 (p. 424 f.). It appears on Athenian coins also: see Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8–9.

[2123] P., VIII, 46.3; Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 75. Cf. Brunn, I, pp. 74 f.

[2124] P., IX, 10.2.

[2125] Op. cit. The transference to the minor arts—reliefs, coins, gems and vase-paintings—was, of course, especially common at all times. See also F. Hauser, Die neu-attischen Reliefs, 1889, and Flasch, A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, p. 119.

[2126] P., VI, 8.5 and VII, 27.5. He won the pankration in Ol. 94 ( = 404 B. C.): Hyde, 81; Foerster, 286.

[2127] B. C. H., XXI, 1897, pp. 616–20 (Homolle).

[2128] See Amelung, R. M., IX, 1894, pp. 162 f. and Pl. VII. Cf., Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 190–191, and fig. 222 B, on pp. 188–189.

[2129] J. H. S., XXIX, 1909, pp. 151–2, fig. 1 a and b (F. H. Marshall).

[2130] XIII, 1909, pp. 151–7, with Pl. IV and figs. 1–3 (A head of Heracles in the style of Scopas.)

[2131] Ibid., pp. 156 and 157.

[2132] Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, VIII, no. 46 (Aug., 1910), p. 26.

[2133] II, 10.1.

[2134] F. Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner, p. 30 (reprinted from articles which appeared in the J. H. S., VI-VIII, 1885–1887).

[2135] Discussed by Graef, R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 189–226. For the coin, see ibid., pp. 212–14.

[2136] For the two heads of heroes, see Kabbadias, pp. 154 f., nos. 179, 180; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 33; B. B., no. 44; Collignon, II, pp. 239, figs. 118 and 119; Ant. Denkm., I, 3, 1888, Pl. XXXV, 2–3, 4–5 (from casts); Milchhoefer, A. M., IV, 1879, pp. 133–4, nos. 24–25; G. Treu, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 98 f.; Luetzow, Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst, XVII, 1882, pp. 322 f.; Baum., III, pp. 1667 f. and figs. 1733 and 1734; von Sybel, Weltgesch. d. Kunst, pp. 255 f.; Springer-Michaelis, p. 306, figs. 544, a, b; Gardner, Hbk., p. 412, fig. 105; von Mach, 469.

[2137] VIII, 45.6–7; see Mendel, B. C. H., XXV, 1901, pp. 257 f., and Pls. IV, V (= head of Atalanta?), VI (= torso of Atalanta?), VII, VIII (= heads of Herakles); Gardner, Hbk., p. 416, fig. 106, has reconstructed the Atalanta from Pls. IV and VI just mentioned.

[2138] L. c., p. 259. The head has been restored by a German sculptor, and the chin appears to have been made too retreating: see Encyl. Brit., 11th ed., vol. XII, s. v. “Greek Art,” Pl. III, fig. 63.

[2139] From his Atalanta of Tegea, in J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, pp. 172–3, quoted in part by Dr. Bates, l. c., pp. 155–6.

[2140] It was chiefly the preponderance of the lower part of the face over the upper, in consequence of the large chin and strongly marked cheek-bones, that led Treu to predicate Peloponnesian rather than Attic influence in the Tegea heads: A. M., VI, 1881, p. 408. He found them Polykleitan in character, as did also Graef, l. c., p. 210, Furtwaengler, Mp., p. 523, and Collignon, II, p. 238. L. R. Farnell, however, long ago combated the theory of Peloponnesian influence, and found analogies in fifth-century Attic works of the time of Pheidias, as well as in works from the beginning of the fourth century B. C.: see J. H. S., VII, 1886, pp. 114 f.

[2141] Descriptiones stat., B (in Philostrati opera, ed. Kayser, p. 891). He also says (ibid.) that Skopas ὥσπερ ἔκ τινος ἐπιπνοίας κινηθεὶς εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀγάλματος δημιουργίαν τὴν θεοφορίαν ἐφῆκε. The words with which Diodoros (Fragm. 1, Bk. XXVI) characterized Praxiteles, as ὁ καταμίξας ἄκρως τοῖς λιθίνοις ἔργοις τὰ τῆς ψυχῆς πάθη, apply much better to Skopas, for Praxiteles’ “emotions of the soul” are mood and temperament rather than emotion and passion.

[2142] B. C. H., XXV, 1901, Pls. IV-V.

[2143] The same overhanging masses of flesh, which we see in the male heads, are, however, visible in several other female heads attributed to Skopas: e. g., in the colossal one called Artemisia from the Eastern pediment of the Mausoleion: Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. LIX; in the head of an Aphrodite found in the sea off Laurion: J. H. S., XV, 1895, pp. 194f. and fig. (Aphrodite ?); in the head of a goddess found south of the Akropolis (and in the copy of it in Berlin): Gardner, Hbk., p. 457, fig. 119; and in the Dresden statuette of a Mænad: Treu, Mélanges Perrot, Pl. V; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. LII; etc.; they are also plainly visible in the Demeter of Knidos: Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. LIII; etc. These heads are discussed by Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 190f., and are ascribed by him to Skopas.

[2144] J. H. S., XXVI, 1906, p. 174. Gardner (ibid.) does not explain this contrast in expression between the Atalanta and the surrounding heroes on the analogy of the contrast in the calmness of Apollo among the struggling Lapiths from the Olympia pediment, since the action in the torso of Atalanta shows that she was no mere spectator. He finds the explanation rather in the sex and youth of the heroine; for this reason he thinks that the sculptor did not represent her as sharing equally with the others the passion of the combat. He finds a truer analogy in the contrast between calm and passion in the Lapiths and Centaurs of the Parthenon metopes, where the human and bestial are thus distinguished; just so the heroine-goddess is here distinguished from her human companions. He also supposes that Skopas was not ready thus early in his career (just after 395 B. C., when the temple of Athena Alea was destroyed by fire) to apply his new extreme of expression to female heads. However, it must not be overlooked that these male heads—because of their marked individuality—presuppose a more mature genius, and so can just as well be assigned to the period of the Arkadian revival of 370 B. C. It has recently been seriously disputed whether the Atalanta should be assigned at all to the Eastern pediment, where the French excavators placed it; thus Cultrera has looked upon it as an akroterion figure, while Thiersch and Neugebauer have identified it with a single figure representing Nike. See Cultrera, Atti dell’ Accad. dei Lincei, 1910, pp. 22f.; H. Thiersch, Zum Problem des Tegeatempels, Jb., XXVIII, 1913, p. 270; Neugebauer, Studien ueber Skopas, Leipsic, 1913; the latter has argued that the head and torso do not belong together, while Dugas has maintained the older view, that the turn and position of the neck fit the torso: Rev. de l’art anc. et mod., 1911, pp. 9f.

[2145] The effect in the Tegea heads is heightened by the abrupt transition from the brow to the socket—the outer end of the upper lid being almost hidden.

[2146] Kabbadias, I, p. 416, no. 869; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, pp. 168 f. and fig.; Conze, Griech. Grabreliefs, IX, 1897, no. 1055 and Pl. CCXI; B. B., 469; Bulle, 267; von Mach, 369; P. Gardner, Sculptured Tombs of Hellas, 1896, Pl. XIV and p. 152; Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. LXV and p. 208; Graef, R. M., IV, 1889, pp. 199 f.; von Sybel, Weltgesch. d. Kunst, fig. 204; id., Zeitschr. f. bild. Kunst, N. F., II, p. 293; cf. Wolters, A. M., XVIII, 1893, p. 6. It is 1.68 meters in height and 1.07 in breadth (Staïs). The likeness of the head of the athlete in this relief to that of the Agias is striking.

[2147] It was formerly in the Sala di Meleagro, but was later removed to the Sala degli animali; Helbig, Fuehrer, I, 128, and Nachtrag; Guide, I, p. 78, no. 133; Amelung, Vat., II, p. 33, no. 10, and Pls. II and XII; B. B., 386; von Mach, 216; id., Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles, 1903, pp. 279 f.; Bulle, p. 484, fig. 145; Ant. Denkm., I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 1a, 1b (head); Graef, R. M., IV, pp. 218 f.; Reinach, Rép., 1, 479, 2; Clarac, 805, 2021. It is 2.10 meters high (Amelung).

[2148] De olymp. Stat., p. 28.

[2149] Mp., 296 f.; cf. Homolle, B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, p. 450, n. 2. Furtwaengler thought that the head was Attic and believed that it was the direct successor of the Munich Oil-pourer (Pl. 11), the Standing Diskobolos of the Vatican (Pl. 6), the Florence Apoxyomenos (Pl. 12), and analogous to the Ilissos relief (Fig. 74), two bronze heads from Herculaneum (a = F. W., 1302, and Comparetti e de Petra, La Villa Ercol., Pl. VII, 3; b = ibid., Pl. X, 2), and other works; Graef, op. cit., p. 199, and Gardner, Sculpt., pp. 198–9, regard it as Skopasian; Kalkmann, Die Proport. d. Gesichts in d. gr. Kunst, 53stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 60, n. 3, believes that it shows Polykleitan influence.

[2150] Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, p. 451.

[2151] P. Gardner, J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, p. 128 (cf. XXV, 1895, p. 240), has called it “definitely a Lysippic work”; similarly Cultrera, Una Statua di Ercole, Mem. della R. Accad. dei Lincei, p. 188; recently, T. L. Shear, A. J. A., XX, 1916, pp. 297–298.

[2152] Op. cit., pp. 219 f.

[2153] Von Mach, 214; Reinach, Rép., I, 484, 1; another in Copenhagen: Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., Pl. XXXII (opp. p. 98); a head is also in the Ny-Carlsberg collection there: La Glypt. Ny-Carlsberg, no. 362 and Pl. 100.

[2154] Ant. Denkm., I, 4, 1889, Pl. XL, 2a, 2b, p. 29 (Petersen); Collignon, II, p. 250, fig. 127; Bulle, 212 and fig. 144, on p. 481; Furtw., Mp., Pl. XV. For the Apollo torso, see M. D., I, no. 215.

[2155] Mentioned in Not. Scav., 1895, p. 196, and figs. 1–2, and in R. M., X, p. 92 (Petersen); briefly described by R. Norton, Harvard Graduates’ Magazine, VIII, 1900 (June), pp. 485 f.; von Mach, 215; Reinach, Rép., II, 2, 555, 6. Cf. A. J. A., IV, 1900, p. 275 and V, 1901, pp. 29 f. (latter = abstract of paper by von Mach). The Cambridge copy was found about 300 feet from the spot where the Berlin copy was discovered.

[2156] H. N., XXXIV, 66; in the text, et Alexandrum Thespiis venatorem, it is best to understand venatorem as an appositive, therefore indicating a statue of Alexander as hunter. As the boar (in the bronze original no support was necessary) is a Roman accessory like the chlamys, it is best to call the work under discussion not Meleager, but merely hunter and dog (so Furtw.-Urlichs, Denkm., l. c.). It was probably dedicated by a successful hunter to Artemis, or else it was a grave-monument, as such figures are common on sarcophagi: see Robert, Ant. Sarcoph. Reliefs, IV, Pls. XLVII, 154, and XLIX, 155, pp. 188 f.; and also on Attic grave-reliefs: e. g., on the Ilissos relief mentioned above (Fig. 74).

[2157] Furtw., Mp., pp. 304–5; Furtw.-Urlichs, Amelung, Helbig, von Mach, Arndt, E. Sellers-Strong (see introduction to Furtw., Mp., p. XIII), etc.

[2158] J. H. S., XXIII, 1903, pp. 128–129.

[2159] Sculpt., p. 219.

[2160] Cf. P. Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, 1883, Pl. XII, 16.

[2161] Pl. LXIX in Six Greek Sculptors. E. A. Gardner (p. 226) is doubtless right in believing that this form of brow was a personal peculiarity of Alexander, as it recurs so often in his portraits. It is seen in the head of Alexander on the sarcophagus from Sidon (either by a pupil of Lysippos or by some sculptor under his influence), the reliefs from which portray the same subject as the bronze group by Lysippos in Delphi mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 64, dedicated by Krateros on the occasion narrated by Plutarch, Vita Alex. Magni, 40, who states that the group was executed conjointly with Leochares: see Hamdy Bey et Th. Reinach, Une nécropole royale à Sidon, 1892, Pl. XXXIII, no. 6 (reproduced by Gardner, Sculpt., Pl. LXXI). So far as I know, it occurs in Lysippan work to a prominent degree only in likenesses of Alexander. We know that Lysippos created the Alexander-type of head, as he alone could reproduce his manly and leonine air (cf. Plut., de Alex. M. fortuna aut virtute, oratio II, 2, = p. 335). It is, to a less extent, present in the Azara head in the Louvre, which, owing to its likeness to the head of the Apoxyomenos, used to be taken as the nearest copy of the original by Lysippos.

[2162] It should be observed that the axis of the right eye in the head from Sparta droops slightly, which causes the eyeball to turn in. This seems to me to be merely the result of imperfect skill in modeling. It has a tendency to give to the face a look of greater intensity.

[2163] See supra, pp. 295–6.

[2164] B. C. H. XXIII, 1899, p. 455. Furtwaengler, Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 10 f., has shown that it was a favorite device to represent boxers and pancratiasts with a sombre look (“der finstere Blick”).

[2165] 1102:κοὐδεὶς τροπαῖ’ ἔστησε τῶν ἐμῶν χερῶν.

[2166] In the passage already cited from de Alex. Magn. fort. aut virtute, Orat. II, 2, (= p. 385c); ... καὶ τῶν ὀμμάτων τὴν διάχυσιν καὶ ὑγρότητα, κ. τ. λ.; cf. also his Vita Alex. Magni, IV (= p. 666), ... τὴν ὑγρότητα τῶν ὀμμάτων.

[2167] The hair of the head from Sparta, like that of the Agias and the Philandridas, has not the expression displayed in some Lysippan heads (notably in portraits of Alexander), nor the detail which we should expect from Pliny’s statement that Lysippos excelled in his treatment of hair (H. N., XXXIV, 65; see next note). But the Agias and the Philandridas represent pancratiasts, and here we should not expect such expression. In the Agias, the hair, even if lacking in detail, is treated carefully and with variety.

[2168] H. N., XXXIV, 65: propriae huius videntur esse argutiae operum custoditae in minimis quoque rebus. Here the word argutiae means “subtlety,” rather than “animation,” as given in Harper’s Latin Dictionary.

[2169] I need hardly add that such an idealizing tendency should be carefully distinguished from the deification of mortals which came into prominence after the time of Alexander, but existed in Greece from the early fifth century B. C., at least. The case of heroizing the Thasian Theagenes, who won at Olympia in boxing and the pankration in Ols. 75 and 76 ( = 480 and 475 B. C.), has been discussed with similar ones in Ch. I, p. 35. But the fact that a victor wanted his statue to be more or less assimilated to the ideal type of the hero, whom he regarded as his athletic prototype and ideal, does not mean that he had any idea of looking upon himself as a god.

[2170] This would explain the simple, even sketchy, treatment of the closely cropped hair, just as in the Agias and the Philandridas. The similarly parted lips of the Sparta head are certainly more appropriate to an athlete represented as weary with his toil than to a youthful Herakles. The slightly fierce expression of the face, augmented by the already noted imperfection in the modeling of the right eyeball, recalls the γοργόν look characteristic of boxers and pancratiasts; cf. supra, p. 317, n. 2. On the threatening eyes of contestants in general, see Xenophon, Mem., III, 10, 6–8, and supra, p. 59.

The head appears to me to be that of a boy of about sixteen years; its style is too early for a victor in the boys’ pankration, as this event was not introduced at Olympia until the 145th Olympiad ( = 200 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.11 and Ph., 13. The wrestling match for boys was introduced in 01. 37 ( = 632 B. C.): see Paus., V, 8.9, and Afr. Boys were first allowed to box in Ol. 41 ( = 616 B. C.): see Paus., ibid. (though Philostratos, 13, gives two traditions, Ols. 41 and 60).

[2171] We have record of only one statue of a victor set up in Sparta, that of the wrestler Hetoimokles, who won at the beginning of the sixth century B. C.: see Paus., III, 13.9, and cf. infra, Ch. VIII, p. 362, no. 4.

[2172] In the present chapter I have partly rewritten two articles which have appeared in the A. J. A.; the first, entitled, Were Olympic Victor Statues Exclusively of Bronze?, in vol. XIX, 2d Ser., 1915, pp. 57–62; the second, The Oldest Dated Victor Statue, in vol. XVIII, 2d Ser., 1914, pp. 156–164 and Fig. I. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief, for permission to use them in the present work.

[2173] On p. 16 he says: id unum dubitari non potest quin Olympionicarum statuae posteriorum temporum omnes ad unam aeneae fuerint; on p. 17 he again says: fieri non potest quin existimemus illas statuas omnes ex aere factas fuisse.

[2174] Inschr. v. Ol., p. 235.

[2175] II, 2, p. 530 (note on P., VI, 1.1).

[2176] F. W., under no. 213, p. 101.

[2177] Denkm.³, p. 101; Engl. ed., p. 117.

[2178] VI, 1.1–18.7.

[2179] Pauly-Wissowa, VII, pp. 2189 f.; and cf. Brunn, I, p. 72. See supra, Ch. III, School of Argos, pp. 109–110.

[2180] Brunn, I, p. 34; etc.

[2181] The inscription gives a fragmentary enumeration of various victories: Inschr. v. Ol., 234, p. 346; see infra, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 3.

[2182] Inschr. v. Ol., 235, pp. 346–347; see infra, Ch. VIII, p. 360 and n. 4.

[2183] Ch. IV, pp. 254–5; Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 10–11; Tafelbd., Pl. II, 2, 2a; F. W., 322; etc.

[2184] Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 11–12; Tafelbd., Pl. III, 3, 3a; F. W., 324. See supra, p. 255.

[2185] Bronz. v. Ol., p. 12; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, 5, 5a. Furtwaengler assigned it to a statue “freien Stiles.” Cf. F. W., 325.

[2186] Bronz. v. Ol., p. 22; Tafelbd., Pl. VI, no. 63. Even the veins are here indicated.

[2187] Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 12–13; Tafelbd., Pl. IV, nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, etc., and see text on p. 16. In this connection we have omitted bronze fragments in modern museums known to have once stood in the Altis, e. g., the head from Beneventum (Fig. 3) in the Louvre: B. B., 324; von Mach, 481. These have been already discussed in Ch. II, pp. 62 f.

[2188] E. Curtius, Peloponnesos, 1851–2, I, p. 85; II, pp. 16 and 96, n. 14; F. Dahn, Die Germanen in Griechenland, in A. Z., XL, 1882, pp. 128 f. Of course, long before the barbarians entered Greece many of the best of these statues had been removed to Italy by Roman generals and emperors, especially Nero, and others were destroyed in various ways.

[2189] He won in Ol. 59 ( = 544 B. C.): P., VI, 18.7; Hyde, 187; Foerster, 113.

[2190] He won in Ol. 61 ( = 536 B. C.): P., l. c.; Hyde, 188; Foerster, 120.

[2191] That of Rhexibios was of fig-wood and that of Praxidamas of cypress, and consequently less decayed than the other. We know that cypress-wood was largely used for the early ξόανα because of its hardness and durability: e. g., the gilded statue in Ephesos, mentioned by Xenophon, Anab., V, 3.12. Theophrastos speaks of the durability of this wood: de Plant. hist., V, 4.2 (χρονιώτατα δοκεῖ τὰ κυπαρίττινα εἶναι). Cf. Hehn, Kulturpflanzen und Haustiere⁶, 1894, pp. 276 f.; H. Bluemner, Technologie und Terminologie d. Gewerbe und Kuenste bei Griechen und Roemern, 1879, II, pp. 257 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 625.

[2192] VII, 27.5. Scherer also, p. 18, n. 4, adduces a passage from the work of the second-century A. D. rhetorician Aristeides, κατὰ τῶν ἐξορχ., II, p. 544 (ed. Dindorf), which he thinks points to the exclusive use of metal for victor statues: τοὺς ἐπὶ στεφανιτῶν ἀγώνων σκεψώμεθα, οἷον τὸν Δωριέα ... καὶ πάντας, ὦν εἰκόνες χαλκαί; he also refers to a passage in Dio Chrysost., Orat., XXVIII, A, p. 531 R (289 M).

[2193] F. W., no. 213, p. 101; Scherer, p. 18, n. 3; Vischer, Aesthetik, III, §607, p. 377; and cf. S. Reinach, R. Ét. Gr., XX, p. 413.

[2194] See Koehler, Gesam. Schriften (ed. Stephani), VI, p. 345.

[2195] VI, 1.2.

[2196] See Hyde, op. cit., Catalogue, pp. 3–24. There 188 victors are listed, Philon of Corcyra appearing twice, nos. 91 and 136.

[2197] H. N., XXXIV, 16.

[2198] P., VI, 1.1, says that not all victors set up statues. This has been discussed in Ch. I, p. 27.

[2199] Pliny differentiates carefully between ars sculptura (i. e., sculpture in stone) and ars statuaria (i. e., in bronze): thus Bk. XXXIV of the H. N. is concerned with the latter, Bk. XXXVI with the former. In XXXVI, 15, he says that sculptura is the older, and that both bronze statuary and painting began with Pheidias in Ol. 83 ( = 448–445 B. C.), a statement which is inconsistent with XXXIV, 83, where he speaks of Theodoros (of the middle or second half of the sixth century B. C.) as casting a likeness of himself in bronze. But it is well known that Pliny in his long work quotes from a variety of sources, without any attempt to reconcile them.

[2200] Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, p. 414, says, less correctly, one-sixth. Forty inscribed bases may be referred to victor statues mentioned by Pausanias, while 63 others have been referred to victor statues not mentioned by him: see infra, Ch. VIII, pp. 340 f., 353 f.

[2201] Taken from Treu’s account in Bildw. v. Ol., pp. 29–34 and 216–218.

[2202] Chapter III, supra, pp. 162–3; a = Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1–4 (with fragments, ibid., 5–6, 7–8, and figs. 30–32 in the text); b = ibid., Pl. VI, 9–10.

[2203] Textbd., p. 216, fig. 241; Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 2. Furtwaengler, despite the size and material of this torso, ascribed it to the statue of a boy victor: 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., 1890, pp. 147–148; similarly Treu, l. c.; both refer it to the fifth century B. C. and to a Peloponnesian sculptor.

[2204] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI, 3; F. W., 330.

[2205] Tafelbd., Pl. LVI. 4.

[2206] P. 216, n. 4 and fig. 242; a = buttocks; b = right upper leg; c = bent upper leg with knee; d = upper arm bent at elbow.

[2207] V, 17.3; here he enumerates images of ivory and gold, the marble Hermes of Praxiteles, an Aphrodite in bronze. Similarly, in II, 17.6, he mentions dedications, of different materials, in the Heraion of Argos; in I, 26.3, he mentions a bronze statue of Olympiodoros at Delphi dedicated by the Phokians, but says nothing of the material of two statues at Athens, where most of the offerings were marble; in I, 28.1, he speaks of a bronze statue of Kylon on the Akropolis; etc.

[2208] P., VIII, 40.1; to be discussed in the second part of the present chapter, pp. 326 f.

[2209] R. Ét. Anc., X, 1908, pp. 161 f.

[2210] Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pls. XLVI-XLVIII; Textbd., pp. 182 f. and Figs. 210 f.; and Ergebnisse, II (Baudenkmaeler), Pl. XCIII (basis) and pp. 153–5; cf. P., V, 26.1.

[2211] P., V, 17.3 (already mentioned on p. 325, n. 3).

[2212] See Treu, Bildw. v. Ol., p. 216. To-day marble is far commoner than bronze for artistic work; the reverse was true in antiquity. Many varieties of bronze—a combination of copper and tin in varying proportions—were named from places where it was manufactured: e. g., Corinthian, Delian (the favorite with Myron), Aeginetan (the favorite with Polykleitos), etc.

[2213] Cf. Furtwaengler, Bronz. v. Ol., pp. 21–2; 50stes Berl. Winckelmannsprogr., p. 147; Reisch, p. 39. Good examples are the Tuebingen bronze hoplitodrome discussed in Ch. IV, pp. 206 f. (Fig. 42) and the παῖς κέλης from Dodona (Carapanos, Dodone et ses Ruines, Pl. XIII. 1). For diskoboloi, see E. von Sacken, Die ant. Bronzen des k. k. Muenz- und Antiken-Cabinetes in Wien, 1871, Pls, XXXV, 1, XXXVII, 4.

[2214] VIII, 40.1: Φιγαλεῦσι δὲ ἀνδριάς ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀγορᾶς Ἀρ<ρα> χίωνος τοῦ παγκρατιαστοῦ, τά τε ἄλλα ἀρχαῖος καὶ οὐχ ἥκιστα ἐπὶ τῷ σχήματι· οὐ διεστᾶσι μὲν πολὺ οἱ πόδες, καθεῖνται δὲ παρὰ πλευρὰν αἱ χεῖρες ἄχρι τῶν γλουτῶν. πεποίηται μὲν δὴ ἡ εἰκὼν λίθου, λέγουσι δὲ καὶ ἐπίγραμμα ἐπ’ αὐτὴν γραφῆναι. καὶ τοῦτο μὲν ἠφάνιστο ὑπὸ τοῦ χρόνου, κ.τ.λ.

On the various spellings of the name, Arrhachion, Arrhachon, Arrhichion, etc., see critical note in Rutgers, p. 19, and Foerster, no. 103.

[2215] Both Africanus (see Rutgers, l. c.), and Pausanias (l. c.) date the third victory. Pausanias and Philostratos, 21, place the other two victories in the Ols. just preceding. Cf. Rutgers, p. 20, n. 1, and Foerster, nos. 98, 101, 103. The story how Arrhachion expired at the moment of victory, throttled by his adversary, whose toe he succeeded in putting out of joint, is told by Africanus, Pausanias (VIII, 40.2), and Philostratos (Imag., II, 6 = p. 411); Pausanias also mentions that the body was crowned.

[2216] Frazer, IV, pp. 391–2; III, pp. 40–1. The statue has otherwise not been published. In all probability it is the same one listed by Waldemar Deonna, in his Les Apollons archaïques, Geneva, 1909, p. 187, no. 79. This was seen at Phigalia in 1891 by M. Chamonard and notices of it are to be found in the following works: B. C. H., XV, 1891, pp. 440 and 448; Chroniques d’Orient, II, p. 36; R. Ét. gr., 1892, p. 127; Mueller, Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altoriental. und aelteren griech. Kunst, Diss. inaug., 1906, p. 100; Rouse, p. 307.

Pausanias’ description of Arrhachion’s statue is discussed by the following: Scherer, pp. 16 and 23; Iwan v. Mueller, Handbuch, VI, p. 530: Dumont, Mélanges d’ Arch., p. 53; Lange, Darstellung des Menschen in der aelteren griech. Kunst, 1899; Brunn, Griech. Kunstgesch., II, p. 73; Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, p. 12, no. 9; Klein, p. 146; Reisch, p. 40; Collignon, I, p. 117, n. 1, and B. C. H., V, 1881, p. 321; cf. Deonna, op. cit., p. 13, n. 4.

[2217] See Lange, op. cit., pp. XI f., who states the formula, which we have already given supra, Ch. IV, p. 175, cf. Loewy, Die Naturwiedergabe in der aelteren griech. Kunst, 1900, pp. 25, 27; id., Lysipp und seine Stellung in der griech. Kunst, pp. 17–18. On the pose, cf. S. Reinach, Manuel de Philologie classique (ed. 2), 1907, II, p. 91 n. 2.

[2218] Deonna, op. cit., p. 85, says that the size of the αἰδοῖα is an indication of archaism, as the earlier artists exaggerated them in order to show the sex better. Figs. 7 (example from the Kerameikos) and 72 (example from Delphi), on pp. 132 and 179 respectively of his work, resemble our statue in this feature.

[2219] I, pp. 21 f.; cf. Rhein. Mus., N. F., X, 1856, pp. 153 f.

[2220] See bibliography in Collignon, I, pp. 117–18; cf. G. Kieseritzky, Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 182 f.

[2221] A. Z., XL, 1882, pp. 55 f.

[2222] Mw., p. 712.

[2223] I, pp. 117–19; more fully in Gaz. Arch., 1886, pp. 235 f.; cf. also his later treatment in Mon. Piot, XX, 1913, pp. 5 f.; he assumes less influence in the corresponding archaic draped female type. Cf. also, for a similar view, F. W., p. 11 (to no. 14); von Sybel, Weltgesch. d. Kunst, p. 114; Kieseritzky, l. c.; Loewy, Jh. oest. arch. Inst., XII, 1909, pp. 243 f.; cf. id., ibid., XIV, 1911, pp. 1 f,; id., Griech. Plastik, 1911, p. 5. While Loewy believes Egyptian influence reached Greece via Crete, Poulson believes that it came via Phœnicia: see the latter’s Der Orient u. d. fruehgriech. Kunst, 1912, and cf. his article in Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., XXXIV, 1914, cols. 61 f.; Richardson, p. 39; E. Kroker, Jb., I, 1886, pp. 114 f.; etc.

[2224] Gaz. B.-A., XXI, 1899, pp. 177 f.; 313 f.; for a similar view, see also Overbeck, I, pp. 37 f.

[2225] Les Apollons archaïques, pp. 21 f.; id., L’Archéologie, sa valeur, ses methodes, II, pp. 193 f.; id., L’influence égyptienne sur l’attitude du type statuaire debout dans l’archaïsme grec, in Festgabe H. Bluemner ueberreicht, 1914, pp. 102–142.

[2226] Greek Sculpture, Its Spirit and Principles, 1903, p. 84. On p. 324, however, he admits Oriental influence on the Greek minor arts, especially that of Assyria on early vases.

[2227] So Pottier, B. C. H., XVIII, 1894, pp. 408 f.; cf. Gardner, Hbk., pp. 47 f.; Sculpt., pp. 17 f.; etc.

[2228] Schliemann, Orchomenos, Pl. I (restored); Perrot-Chipiez, VIII, p. 543, fig. 220 (fragment), (restored on p. 544, fig. 221, from Schliemann); Springer-Michaelis, p. 115, fig. 246; etc.

[2229] E. g., I, 42.5; II, 19.3; VII, 5.5; cf. IV, 32.1.

[2230] I, 98.

[2231] Bulle dates the Old Kingdom from the 30th to the 25th centuries B. C. But early Egyptian dates are too unsettled to be discussed here. For a tabular view of the chronology of the Egyptian dynasties as given by different scholars—Sethe, Meyer, Petrie, Breasted, Maspero, etc., see Encycl. Brit., eleventh ed., vol. IX, p. 79 (in the article on Egypt, Chronology and History, by R. S. Poole and F. Ll. Griffith). Breasted, A History of Egypt², 1916, chart on p. 21, dates dynasties I-VI, 3400–2475 B. C.; XI-XVII, 2160–1580 B. C.; XVIII-(part of) XX, 1580–1150 B. C.

[2232] Both are given by Bulle, Pl. 5; cf. id., Pl. 37 (“Apollos” of Tenea and Volomandra); Ra-nefer, in Maspero, Art in Egypt, 1912, p. 82, fig. 148; Perrot-Chipiez, I, 1882, p. 655, fig. 436; Tepemankh, in Maspero, p. 84, fig. 155, and in Perrot-Chipiez, p. 678, fig. 461. The statue of Ra-nefer is 1.73 meters tall, that of Tepemankh 1.66 meters.

[2233] Ka-aper in Bulle, Pls. 6 and 7 (two views of the head); von Bissing, Denkm. aegypt. Skulpt., I, 1914, Pl. XI; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 11, fig. 7; Maspero, op. cit., p. 83, figs. 151, 152; id., Manual of Egyptian Archæology, 1895, p. 218, fig. 188, and p. 221, fig. 191. The “wife,” in Bulle, Pl. 9 (two views); Maspero, p. 83, fig. 154; id., Manual, p. 222, fig. 192.

[2234] Breasted, A History of Egypt², l. c., dates dynasties XI-XII, 2160–1788 B. C.; the Hyksos, dynasties XIII-XVII, 1788–1580 B. C.

[2235] Bulle. Pls. 11 (two views) and 12 (head); von Bissing, op. cit., I, Pl. XL, A (left); Maspero, Art in Egypt, p. 110, figs. 203–204.

[2236] We should add to the New Empire the Deltaic dynasties, from the twenty-first on. Breasted, l. c., assigns to the New Empire dynasties XVIII-XIX and part of XX, 1580–1150 B. C.

[2237] Bulle, Pl. 17 (left); Maspero, Hist. anc. des peuples de l’Orient classique, II, p. 531; id., Art in Egypt, p. 201, fig. 390 (= the Lady Naï); Mon. Piot, II, 1895, Pls. II-IV.

[2238] Bulle, Pl. 17 (right); von Bissing, II, Pl. LXIV; Maspero, Hist., III, pp. 503–504 and Pl. II; id., Art in Egypt, p. 238, fig. 455; Perrot-Chipiez, I, p. 714, fig. 481 (profile). Though the face is lifeless, the bust and lower trunk are delicately modeled.

[2239] We see the Egyptian treatment of the hair especially marked in the upper part of a stone “Apollo” discovered at Eleutherna in Crete, which is now in the Candia Museum: Rendiconti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, 1891, p. 599 (Loewy); Rev. Arch., 1893, Pls. III-IV (Joubin); Gardner, Hbk., p. 147, fig. 21; Perrot-Chipiez, p. 431, fig. 208; etc.

[2240] E. g., in the statue of Ra-nefer.

[2241] E. g., in the statue of the Sheik-el-Beled.

[2242] High-placed ears are common to many archaic Greek works other than the “Apollos.” They persist even in some of the figures on the Parthenon frieze.

[2243] On these common characteristics, see Richardson, p. 39; cf. H. N. Fowler, History of Sculpture, 1916, pp. 59–60; etc.

[2244] Pottier, op. cit., p. 414, assumes a religious reason for the left foot being advanced in both types. For another, natural explanation, see Homolle, de antiquiss. Dianae Simul., p. 95, quoted by Collignon, I, p. 118, n. 3.

[2245] The Greeks first copied the type in statuettes: e. g., alabaster figurines from Naukratis: W. Flinders Petrie, Naukratis², 1888, I, Pls. 1, 3, 4; G. Kieseritzky, Jb., VII, 1892, Pl. VI (with head, three views); ibid. p. 189 (figure in Boston). Pottier, op. cit., p. 409, cites two alabaster examples from Egypt (probably from Naukratis) which are nude, and on Pl. XVII, he reproduces four terra-cotta draped figurines in the Louvre, of Phœnician manufacture, similar to Egyptian works. The nudity of the “Apollos” marks the distinction between Greek and barbarian art.

[2246] Brunn, in his Kunst bei Homer, 1868, quoted by Gardner, Hbk., p. 47, showed by a very true analogy the way in which the Greek artist became an imitator. The Greeks borrowed their alphabet from Phœnicia, but wrote Greek and not Phœnician with it; just so the Greek artist borrowed the alphabet of art from Egypt, but with it wrote his own language of art.

[2247] Gesch. des Materialismus,³ I, p. 127 (quoted by F. W., on p. 12).

[2248] This is the view of K. Kouroniotis, who carefully examined them. I quote his words incorporated in Dr. Svoronos’ letter to me of Dec. 29, 1911: τὰ γράμματα ἐπὶ τοῦ κορμοῦ, νομίζω ὅτι δὲ ἔχουσι καμμίαν σημασίαν, ἴσως δὲ μάλιστα εἶνε τὰ χαράγματα νέου τινός.

The inscriptions on the great majority of victor monuments found at Olympia were engraved upon the horizontal upper face of the base in front of the feet—at least down to the fourth century B. C.: see Inschr. v. Ol., p. 235. Dittenberger and Purgold have referred two inscribed convex bronze fragments found in the Altis to the flanks of victor statues set up in imperial times: ibid., nos. 234–5.

[2249] Only one other victor from Phigalia is known, Narykidas, who won πάλῃ some time in the first half of the fourth century B. C., as the mutilated epigram and artist’s name found upon fragments of the pedestal of his statue at Olympia attest, a date out of the question for our statue: see Inschr. v. Ol., no. 161: cf. P., VI, 6, 1; Foerster, no. 324.

[2250] P., VI, 15.8; Hyde, 148; Foerster, 61, 62.

[2251] P., I, 28.1; cf. for the date, Foerster, no. 55. See infra, p. 362.

[2252] P., III, 13.9; Foerster, nos. 86–90. See infra, p. 362.

[2253] P., VI, 3.8; Hyde, 29; Foerster, 6.

[2254] P., VI, 13.2; it was accordingly set up about Ols. 77–8 ( = 472–468 B. C.): see Hyde, no. 111, and cf. p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–46. See infra, p. 362.

[2255] The god was so described in the Homeric Hymn to the Delian Apollo, v. 134, and that to the Pythian Apollo, v. 272. On the grounds of long hair and nudity G. Koerte identified the example from Orchomenos: see his article, Die Antiken Skulpturen aus Boeotien, A. M., III, 1878, pp. 305 f.

[2256] So Vitet, Gaz. B.-A., XII, 1862, p. 29.

[2257] See list in Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, p. 13, n. 1.

[2258] E. g., on an amphora from Vienne: see Annali, XXI, 1849, Pl. D., and pp. 159 f.; on another from Nola, now in the British Museum: B. M. Vases, III, p. 230, E 336; cf. also ibid., E 313; on a wall-painting from Pompeii: A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 58; on a marble bas-relief in the Palazzo Corsini in Florence: Duetschke, II, p. 114, no. 283. These examples represent the god only.

[2259] I, 98. Cf. Brunn, Griech. Kunstgesch., II, p. 76, and Griech. Kuenstler, I, pp. 36–37, no. 11; Mueller, Nacktheit und Entbloessung in d. altorient. und aelteren griech. Kunst, Diss. inaug., 1906, pp. 112 and 122; Roscher, Lex., I, s. v. Apollon, p. 450; Overbeck, I, pp. 38 and 78.

[2260] P., VIII, 53. 7–8.

[2261] P., II, 32. 5; cf. IX, 35. 3; described by Plut., de Musica, 14 (p. 1136); cf. Annali, XXXVI, 1864, p. 254; etc. Discussed infra, p. 335 and n. 7.

[2262] See list in B. M. Sculpt., I, pp. 81 f. (from which we have taken some of the following examples).

[2263] Petrie, Naukratis, I, Pl. 1, fig. 4.

[2264] A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 323.

[2265] Deonna, op. cit., nos. 1, 2; cf. Gaz. Arch., 1886, p. 235.

[2266] See Deonna, nos. 28 f.; B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 66 f.; B. B., 12; etc.

[2267] B. M. Sculpt., no. 210.

[2268] B. M. Sculpt., nos. 202 (torso = Petrie, Naukratis, I, Pl. I, fig. 9) and 204 (torso = Naukratis, I, Pl. I, fig. 3).

[2269] Ibid., no. 203 (= Naukratis, II, Pl. XIV, fig. 13).

[2270] See A. M., IV, 1879, p. 304.

[2271] See Rapporto d’un viaggio nella Grecia nel 1860, in Annali, XXXIII, 1861, p. 80.

[2272] J. H. S., I, 1880, pp. 168 f., already quoted. For the monument of Dermys and Kitylos, see Gaz. Arch., 1878, Pl. 29; A. M., III, 1878, Pl. XIV; F. W., 44.

[2273] On the subject of hair on “Apollo” statues, see Overbeck, Griech. Kunstmythol., III, Apollon, p. 14 (cf. note f); and cf. Milchhoefer, A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, p. 54, who discards this feature as a criterion.

[2274] For examples, see Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, p. 12, n. 4 and n. 5.

[2275] Cf. the colossal bearded statue of Dionysos found in the quarries on Naxos (Komiaki), described by Deonna, p. 221. In a preceding note (p. 334, n. 4) we have already listed examples of the type of Apollo appearing on vases, etc.; see B. M. Sculpt., I, p. 82.

[2276] The date of these sculptors is fixed by that of their pupil, the Aeginetan Kallon, who lived at the beginning of the fifth century B. C.; cf. Akropolis inscription, I. G. B., no. 27. This statue is mentioned by P., IX, 35. 3, as holding the Graces in one hand. Plutarch, who cites Antikles and Istros as his authorities, gives a better description of it in de Musica, 14; he says that it held the bow in the right hand and the Graces playing on musical instruments in the left. A scholion on Pindar, Ol., XIV, 16, Boeckh, p. 293, mentions such an image of Apollo in Delphi, manifestly a copy of the Delian one. Both the scholiast and Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1, 17. 13, place the bow in the left hand and the Graces in the right, an arrangement confirmed by Athenian coins which are copied from the replica of the statue in Athens (Bekker, Anecdota gr., I, p. 299, ll. 8–9). Frazer, V, p. 174, figs. 8–9, reproduces two of these coins.

[2277] This image, known as the Philesian Apollo, already discussed on pp. 118f., is described by Pliny, H. H., XXXIV, 75. It was made between 494 and 479 B. C.: see Frazer, IV, pp. 429–30. It is copied on Milesian coins, which represent the god nude, holding a stag in the right hand and a bow in the left: see Overbeck, Griech. Mythol., III, Apollon, Muenztafel I, 22 f. P., IX, 10.2, mentions a cedar replica of the statue in Thebes. In the British Museum is a bronze, the so-called Payne Knight statuette, a copy of the one on the coins; it is reproduced by Frazer, l. c., p. 430, fig. 45 (= B. M. Bronzes, no. 209); Frazer mentions as other copies a statuette in Berlin, described in A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, pp. 84–91, and one from the Ptoian sanctuary, described in B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 190–6, and Pl. IX. On Milesian reliefs, see one published by Kekulé von Stradonitz, Ueber d. Apoll. des Kanachos, Sitzb. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss., 1904, I, fig. on p. 787, and p. 797, and another by Th. Wiegand, Siebenter vorlaeufiger Bericht ueber Ausgrabungen in Milet und Didyma (Abh. Berl. Akad. d. Wiss., Philosoph.-histor. Cl., 1911), p. 21.

[2278] Mentioned by P., X, 24. 5, and Philochoros, in F. H. G., I, fragm. 22 on p. 387. Imperial Delphic coins from the time of Hadrian on represent the god nude with outstretched arms; such coin-types may be copies of this statue; cf. Frazer, V, p. 352.

[2279] See B. C. H., XII, 1888, p. 468.

[2280] In the Ottoman Museum, Invent. no. 374; Reinach, Rép., II, 1, 78, 2. It is described by Mendel, in B. C. H., XXVI, 1902, pp. 467 f.; cf. Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, p. 226, no. 127.

[2281] See Deonna, pp. 191 f., no. 81 and figs. 84–90; cf. Annali, XXXVI, 1864, p. 253 (Michaelis).

[2282] Ibid., pp. 185 f., no. 77 and fig. 82.

[2283] E. g., the two colossal statues from Cape Sounion discovered by Staïs in 1906 in front of the ruins of the temple of Poseidon, and now in Athens, possibly meant for the Dioskouroi: see Deonna, pp. 135–8, nos. 7–8 and figs. 14–17; for one, see A. M., XXXI, 1906, pp. 363–4; Deonna, no. 7, pp. 135 and 347; Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, no. 2720, pp. 6–7 and fig.; Gardner, Hbk., p. 197, fig. 40; it is 3.05 meters high (Staïs); two from Delphi, called either Kleobis and Biton, or the Dioskouroi by Homolle, B. C. H., XXIV, 1900, pp. 445 = B) and 446 (= A), and 450 f.; Homolle here has the letters changed; his B = Fouilles de Delphes, IV, 1 (= our A, = Pl. 8B); see Deonna, pp. 176–8, nos. 65–6, figs. 66–9; see list of statues from sanctuaries of Apollo and other gods, ibid., pp. 18–19.

[2284] See Milchhoefer, A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, pp. 54–55.

[2285] See Loeschke, A. M., IV, 1879, p. 304; cf. Furtwaengler, A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 57; Hiller von Gaertringen, Thera, III, 1904, p. 285; Ross, Reisen auf d. griech. Inseln des Aegaeischen Meeres, I, 1840, p. 8.

[2286] See Deonna, Les Apollons archaïques, pp. 238–9, no. 141; B. M. Sculpt., 207 (= torso).

[2287] Deonna, p. 247, no. 155. This is one of the most recent of the series and belongs to the end of the sixth or beginning of the fifth century B. C.: Orsi, Monumenti antichi, I, pp. 789 f.

[2288] Bulle, 37 (left).

[2289] Vit. Apoll. Tyan., IV, 28; see supra, pp. 106–7. Scherer, op. cit., pp. 23 ff., thought that this statue conformed with the type of the Apollo of Kanachos already mentioned. Reisch, p. 40, rightly believes that it had “noch geschlossene Beine, aber geloeste Arme,” i. e., like the Apollo of Tektaios and Angelion already discussed.

[2290] Arndt, La Glyptothèque Ny-Carlsberg, pp. 1–2 and Pls. I-II; Deonna, pp. 143–4, no. 21. It has been ascribed to different artists of the last quarter of the sixth century B. C.: Lechat, Au Musée de l’Acropole, pp. 359–60; Klein, I, p. 246 f.; we have already discussed it on pp. 127–8. E. A. Gardner, J. H. S., VIII, 1887, p. 190, refers some of the statues found at the Ptoian sanctuary to athletes, but Holleaux believes that these statues represent Apollo: B. C. H., X, 1886, p. 68; cf. also Staïs, Marbres et Bronzes, p. 8. W. Vischer, Kleine Schriften, II, 1878, p. 307, admits that some of the “Apollos” can be athletes, as Conze and Michaelis had done: Annali, XXXIII, 861, p. 80.

[2291] See Deonna, p. 253.

[2292] Thus Scherer, p. 22, n. 3, and Reisch, p. 40, leave the question unsettled; Gardner, Hbk., p. 98, n. 1, thinks that the material for a decision as to a given statue, whether of this god or that, or of a worshiper or athlete, hardly exists; Collignon, Mythol. figurée de la Grèce, p. 84, recognizes that these statues stood for both gods and athletes; Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 1, p. 262, think that the type passes equally well for gods and sepulchral statues; Overbeck, I, pp. 114–115, and F. W., p. 11, believe that it represents a general scheme for athletes, sepulchral statues, and Apollos.

[2293] The first part of this chapter appeared, under the title The Positions of Victor Statues at Olympia, in A. J. A., XVI, 2d Ser., 1912, pp. 203–229, with Plan; the second part, entitled, Greek Literary Notices of Olympic Victor Monuments outside Olympia, appeared in Trans. Amer. Philol. Assn., XLII, 1912, pp. 53–67. I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Paton, former editor-in-chief of the A. J. A., for permission to use the former, and to Prof. Clarence Bill, the present secretary of the American Philological Association, for permission to use the latter. Only slight changes have been made in the original articles for the present work. The summary of the last section, Statistics of Olympic Victor Statuaries, is revised from my note published in Proceedings of the American Philological Association, XLIV, 1913, pp. xxx-xxxi. I am also indebted to Professor Bill for permission to use it in the present work.

[2294]ἵππων ἀγωνιστῶν ... καὶ ἀνδρῶν ἀθλητῶν τε καὶ ἰδιωτῶν ὁμοίως (VI, 1.1).

[2295] VI, Chs. 1–16. 169 in my de olympionicarum Statuis: Philon of Kerkyra, who had two statues, is there named twice, under nos. 91 and 136.

[2296] VI, Chs. 17–18.

[2297] See Ergebn. v. Ol., Karten u. Plaene, 1899, III, IV (Doerpfeld); cf. also H. Luckenbach, Olympia und Delphi, 1904, p. 11, fig. 5 (= A. J. A., XVI, 1912, p. 204, fig. 1).

[2298] A. Z., XL, 1882, pp. 119 f. (and Sketch-plan).

[2299] Pp. 45 f.

[2300] In Baum., II, pp. 1094 f.

[2301] Olympia, Ergebnisse, Textbd., I (Topographie und Geschichte), pp. 87 f.; cf. A. M., XIII, 1888, pp. 335 f.

[2302] De olymp. Stat., Ch. III, pp. 63 f. The outline therein forms the basis of the present treatment. The numbers of the victors from the catalogue of that work, showing the order of presentation by Pausanias, are here retained in parentheses: e. g., Telemachos (122). A letter after the number indicates either that an adjacent “honor” statue, e. g., Philonides (154a), stood next to a victor statue, e. g., Menalkeas (154), or that no statue is mentioned.

[2303] E. g., Kalkmann, Pausanias der Perieget, 1886, p. 88.

[2304] E. g., nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 were Eleans; 7–9 and 11–14 were Spartans; 17–18 and 23–26 were Eleans; 45 and 48–49, 51, 54, 57 were Arkadians; 6–9 and 11–14 were victors in chariot-races; 30, 34, 37, 40 were pancratiasts; 25–28 had statues by Sikyonian artists; 39–40 had statues by Athenian artists; 59–63 formed a family group; etc.

[2305] Ueber Pausanias, 1890, p. 393.

[2306] The lack of continuity in describing the altars led R. Heberdey, Eranos Vindobonensis, 1893, pp. 39 f., (Die Olympische Altarperiegese des Pausanias), to conclude wrongly that Pausanias took over bodily from an earlier work his enumeration of the altars, only here and there interposing a remark of his own, as e. g., V, 15. 2, where he parenthetically describes the Leonidaion.

[2307] E. g., the statue of the Akarnanian boxer (10) stood among those of Spartan victors (7–14); Eukles (52), a grandson of Diagoras, had his statue away from his family group (59–63); the two statues of Timon (17 and 105 d) stood in different parts of the Altis.

[2308] VI, 1.3.

[2309] So Furtwaengler, A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, p. 146; Treu, ibid., p. 207; Flasch, Hirschfeld, and Scherer, in the works already cited.

[2310] So Doerpfeld, l. c., p. 88; Michaelis, A. Z., XXXIV, 1876, p. 164; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 531; etc.

[2311] Hyde, p. 64. I here append three such passages: in V, 24.3, in speaking of the statue of the Zeus of the Lacedæmonians, he says that it τοῦ ναοῦ δέ ἐστιν ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ μεγάλου Ζεὺς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς ἡλίου, i. e., at the southeast corner of the temple near where the pedestal was found (cf. Inschr. v. Ol., 252, and Olympia, Ergebn., Textbd., I, p. 86); in V, 26.2, in speaking of the offerings of Mikythos, he says that they stood παρὰ δὲ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ μεγάλου τὴν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ πλεύραν, i. e., on the northern side of the temple of Zeus, where most authorities find their foundations (cf. Inschr. v. Ol., 267–269, and Flasch, op. cit., p. 1093); in VIII, 38.2, he says that Mount Lykaion is ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς Δεσποίνης, i. e., to the north of that temple. Cf. also V, 21.2. Professor Bluemner, reviewing my monograph de olymp. Stat., in the Berl. Philol. Wochenschr., XXIV, 1904, col. 1382, objects to my interpretation of ἐν δεξιᾷ, and admits not one but three possibilities: (a) of the temple pro persona, i. e., its south side; (b) of a spectator facing the chief, i. e., east front, the northern half of the space before it; (c) of a spectator with his back to this front, i. e., the southern half of this space. But if Pausanias had meant either of the two latter, he would have said πρὸ τοῦ ναοῦ, as in VIII, 37.2, κατὰ τὸν ναόν, cf. V, 15.3, or ἀντικρὺ τοῦ ναοῦ, cf. V, 27.1.

[2312] For locations of bases, see Insch. v. Ol., nos. 166 (Troilos), 160 (Kyniska), 172 (Sophios). Because of the finds in the Prytaneion both Hirschfeld and Scherer started this ἔφοδος west of the Heraion.

[2313] From the unfinished condition of the back of the Lysippan marble head from the statue of Philandridas (10), as well as its excellent surface preservation (Frontispiece and Fig. 69), we have already argued that some of these early statues may have stood along the southern steps of the temple against the columns of the peristyle: supra, p. 300.

[2314] See Inschr. v. Ol., no. 248; cf. P., V, 27.9.

[2315] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 161 (Narykdas); 146 (Kallias); 159 (Eukles); 144 (Euthymos); 156 (Charmides); 155 (Hellanikos). Other bases of statues which must have stood in this vicinity have also been found, far from their original positions: i. e., those of Athenaios (36), 56 meters west of the Leonidaion; of Polydamas (47), fragments 26 meters southeast of the Echo Hall; of Diagoras (59), five fragments near the Metroon; of Damagetos (62), in the Leonidaion; of Dorieus (61), near the Victory of Paionios; of Kyniskos (45), inside the Byzantine church; of Damoxenidas (54), near the Heraion. See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 168 (Athenaios), 151 (Diagoras), 152 (Damagetos), 153 (Dorieus), 149 (Kyniskos), 158 (Damoxenidas); for the sculptured base of Polydamas (47), see Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., PI. LV, 1–3; Textbd., pp. 209 f.

[2316] Argum., Boeckh, pp. 157–8. Pausanias names them in the order: Diagoras, Akousilaos, Dorieus, Damagetos, Peisirhodos. The scholiast names them in the order: Diagoras, Damagetos, Dorieus, Akousilaos, Eukles, Peisirhodos.

[2317] See for Aristotle, F. H. G., II, p. 183, fragm. 264. Apollas Ponticus is little known: cf. F. H. G., IV, p. 307, fragm. 7; he probably copied from Aristotle’s work.

[2318] This is Dittenberger’s explanation, Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 151 and 159; and also that of Robert, O. S., p. 195, Scherer, p. 49, and Gurlitt, op. cit., p. 411; Purgold, however, Inschr. v. Ol., p. 262, has tried to reconcile the two accounts on the theory of no change.

[2319] However, Kalkmann, Pausanias der Perieget, p. 90, thinks that the two groups of Diagoras and Alkainetos stood apart.

[2320] The base of the statue of Pythokles was found between the Heraion and the Pelopion: see Inschr. v. Ol., 162–163.

[2321] Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, p. 412, assumed the possibility of the existence of two different statues of Lysandros, one 35 a, and the other somewhere after Charmides (58) in the family group of Diagoras; Kalkmann, op. cit., p. 105 and note 4, explains the discrepancy between the scholiast and Pausanias on the theory that the latter borrowed from older lists; Purgold, Aufsaetze E. Curtius gewidmet, pp. 238 f., assumed but one statue of Lysandros.

[2322] Scherer, p. 51 (cf. Plan opposite p. 56), and Flasch, l. c., p. 1095, note 1, proposed a route south from the Heraion to the west of the so-called Great Altar site, while Hirschfeld, l. c., p. 119, made it run to the east of it. Doerpfeld, op. cit., p. 88, starting east of the Heraion, made the route run first to the west along the south side of the temple, and thence around the western side of the Pelopion, and so across to the Eretrian Bull; Michaelis, l. c., p. 164, with the same starting-point, had it bear first to the east parallel with the Treasury Terrace, and thence south. See Plans A and B.

[2323] See Inschr. v. Ol., no. 259, and Ol., Ergebn., Textbd., II, pp. 153–155, etc.; cf. P., V, 26.1.

[2324] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 157 (So[si]krates; for the restoration of the name, see Hyde, p. 37); 167 (Kritodamos); 164 (Xenokles). The plate from the pedestal of the statue of the unknown Arkadian victor (79) was found far away from this point, in the Palaistra. We have shown (supra, pp. 244–5,) that the statue of Philippos (79a), mentioned by Pausanias as the work of Myron (cf. VI, 8.5), was probably only that of this older unknown Arkadian, later used for Philippos, who won some time between Ols. (?) 119 and 125 ( = 304 and 280 B. C.); see Inschr. v. Ol., no. 174; cf. Hyde, op. cit., pp. 39–41.

[2325] On the name, see Hyde, p. 42.

[2326] See Ol., Ergebn., Textbd., I, p. 86, and cf. II, p. 78. A slit in the lower step of the base of the Zeus may have contained the tablet mentioned by P., V, 23.4. Three of the four inscribed blocks of Gelo’s chariot base were found in the Palaistra: Inschr. v. Ol., under no. 143.

For Doerpfeld’s identification of the Council-house (Bouleuterion) with the tripartite building south of the temple of Zeus just outside the South Altis wall, see Ausgrab. zu Ol., IV, 1878–1879, pp. 40–46, and Olympia, Ergebn., Textbd., II, pp. 76–79. Others, on the basis of a passage in Xenophon’s Hell., VII, 4.31, wrongly place it near the Prytaneion in the northwestern part of the Altis. Cf. Frazer, III, pp. 636 f., and Doerpfeld, l. c., pp. 78 f. See Plans A and B.

[2327] See Inschr. v. Ol., no. 177. It stands on the south edge of the South Terrace wall between its gateway and the later East Byzantine wall of the Altis.

[2328] Hyde, pp. 49 f., where I assume that the passage VI, 13.8 is a digression, and that the name of a victor has dropped out at the end of 13.7. There I have inserted, from a recovered inscription, the name of Akestorides of Alexandria Troas, placing his statue next to that of Agemachos (118) of similar date, the only other Asiatic in this part of the Altis. Foerster, 501, dates Akestorides wrongly in the second century B. C. (on the basis of Furtwaengler, A. M., V, 1880, p. 30, n. 2, end), although the inscription from the base is referred by Dittenberger to the end of the third; Agemachos won in Ol. 147 ( = 192 B. C.); I have therefore dated Akestorides tentatively between Ol. (?) 142 and Ol. (?) 144 ( = 212 and 204 B. C.).

[2329] See Inschr. v. Ol., 147, 148 (Tellon, inscription renewed in the first century B. C.); 165 (Aristion); 184 (Akestorides).

Roehl (I. G. A., no. 355 and Add., p. 182) referred an inscription on two marble fragments found in 1879 (cf. A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, p. 161, no. 312), one found near the Heraion, the other east of the temple of Zeus, to the victor Agiadas (103); Dittenberger (cf. Inschr. v. Ol., no. 150) and others have rightly rejected this ascription. Similarly the inscribed base of the statue of Areus (105 b), son of Akrotatos, King of Sparta, found in the Heraion (see Inschr. v. Ol., no. 308), belongs rather to the second statue of Areus (148 a) dedicated by Ptolemy Philadelphus; cf. Hyde, pp. 44–45. I have also referred the second inscription of the artist Pythagoras (Inschr. v. Ol., no. 145) found in the Leonidaion, to the statue of Astylos (110), because of its similarity to that on the base of the statue of Euthymos (56) likewise by Pythagoras: ibid., pp. 47–48.

[2330] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 169 (Aristophon), 154 (Xenombrotos and Xenodikos), following Robert’s ascription, O. S., 1900, pp. 179 f.; a second epigram referring to Xenombrotos alone (Inschr. v. Olymp., no. 170) must belong to a second monument not mentioned by Pausanias; cf. Hyde, p. 53.

[2331] E. g., Furtwaengler, A. Z., XXXVII, 1879, p. 140 (quoted by Dittenberger); Frazer, IV, p. 43.

[2332] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 176 (Aischines; see Foerster, no. 451), 173 (Archippos), 186 (Epitherses), 304 (Antigonos); supra, p. 255 and n. 3.

[2333] VI, 18.7. He gives this honor to Praxidamas and Rhexibios (187–188), who won in Ols. 59 and 61 ( = 544 and 536 B. C.) respectively. We have already pointed out that the statue of Oibotas (29), who won in Ol. 6 ( = 756 B. C.), was set up in Ol. 80 ( = 460 B. C.) by the Achæans (VI, 3.8).

[2334] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 294 (Leonidas; cf. A. M., XIII, 1888, p. 322, note 1, Treu); 183 (Seleadas; this is my own ascription; see Hyde, p. 58; Dittenberger wrongly restored the name as Σέλευκος); 632 (Polypeithes and Kalliteles); 171 (Deinosthenes); 178 (Glaukon; his monument was a little bronze chariot, not a statue, thus imitating earlier sixth-century victor dedications, like that of Kyniska (7); no. 296 is another inscription from a statue of Glaukon dedicated by Ptolemy Euergetes.)

The pedestal of the statue of Paianios (167) was found behind the south side of the Echo Colonnade and therefore far removed (Inschr. v. Ol., no. 179); Pausanias again mentions Paianios in VI, 15.10. Another pedestal (no. 632), found south of the west end of the Byzantine church, has been referred by Purgold to the statue of Lysippos (162): cf. A. Z., XXXIX, 1881, pp. 85 f., no. 387. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 615, and others have rejected the ascription.

[2335] Διέστηκε δὲ ἀγυιὰν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐσόδου τῆς πομπικῆς, τοὺς γὰρ δὴ ὑπὸ Ἀθηναίων καλουμένους στενωποὺς ἀγυιὰς ὀνομάζουσιν οἱ Ἠλεῖοι.

[2336] See A. M., XIII, 1888, pp. 327–336 and Pl. VII (Die Altis Mauer in Olympia). On the west of the Altis are the ruins of two parallel walls, the inner Greek, the outer Roman; the original South wall of the Altis ran along the line of the South Terrace wall, the later Roman wall (dating from Nero’s time) to the south of it. Thus in Pausanias’ day, the ἔσοδος πομπική was opposite the Leonidaion. In two other passages, however, it appears to be at the southeast corner of the Altis (V, 15.7; VI, 20.7). R. Heberdey (in Eranos Vindobonensis, 1893, pp. 34–47) explains this discrepancy by saying that Pausanias, in mentioning the southwestern entrance, is writing from his own observation after the Roman extension, and in the other passages is copying from other writers who wrote before that extension. Doerpfeld’s explanation, however, is better: in the Roman extension a gate was built at the southwest corner of the new West wall superseding the older southeast entrance. Processions still passed along the same way, but were now inside the Altis, the great gateway of Nero at the southeast corner being given up after his death. Cf. Frazer, III, pp. 570–572; Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 375–6.

[2337] P., VI, 17.1.

[2338] A. M., XIII, 1888, pp. 317–326 (Die Bauinschrift des Leonidaions zu Olympia); and cf. Inschr. v. Ol., no. 651, and Olympia, Ergebn., Textbd., II, Die Baudenkmaeler, pp. 83–93, and Tafelbd., Pls. LXII-LXVI (R. Borrmann).

[2339] E. g., K. Lange, Haus und Halle, 1885, pp. 331 f; Hirschfeld, A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 121; Flasch, in Baum., II, pp. 1095 and 1104 K. Others placed it elsewhere: e. g., Curtius-Adler, Olympia und Umgegend, 1882, pp. 23 f.; Scherer, op. cit., pp. 55 f. (and Plan), identified it with the “South-east Building,” where he had this second ἔφοδος begin.

[2340] V, 13.9. For full account of the altar, see V, 13.8–11.

[2341] Thus Curtius, Altaere v. Ol., Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1882, p. 4 (= Gesammelte Abhandlungen, 1894, II, pp. 42 f.); Adler, A. A., 1894, p. 85; ibid., 1895, pp. 108 f. (cf. his reconstruction in Olympia, Ergebn., Tafelbd., II, Pl. CXXXII and Textbd., II, pp. 210 f.); Curtius-Adler, Olympia u. Umgegend, p. 35; Flasch, op. cit., p. 1067 (cf. Funde v. Ol., pp. 238–239); Boetticher, Olympia², 1886, pp. 190 f. (and Plan); Furtwaengler, Bronzen v. Olympia, p. 4; Hirschfeld, op. cit., p. 119 (= Plan); Scherer, op. cit., p. 56 (with Plan); Trendelenburg, Der grosse Altar des Zeus in Olympia, 1902, pp. 17 f.; Doerpfeld, Olympia, Ergebn., Textbd., II (Baudenkmaeler) p. 162, (cf. I, p. 82, where he admits the possibility that it may have stood further northwest, nearer the Heraion); Frazer, III, p. 556; etc.

[2342] See A. M., XXXIII, 1908, pp. 185–192 (Olympia in praehistorischer Zeit); cf. Year’s Work in Classical Studies, III, 1908, p. 12.

[2343] For Puchstein’s location and form of the altar of Zeus, see A. A., 1893, p. 22; ibid., 1895, p. 107; Jb., XI, 1896, pp. 53 f. (with “oblong” reconstruction by Koldewey, pp. 76–77); for Wernicke’s view, see Jb., IX, 1894, pp. 93 f. This view was already refuted by Adler, A. A., 1895, p. 108, and Doerpfeld, Ergebn. v. Ol., Textbd., II, pp. 162 f. Doerpfeld later referred these remains also to prehistoric houses (cf. preceding note)

[2344] V, 13.8. The exact site of the Pelopion is given in V, 13.1 (see Plans A and B). Wernicke, (l. c., pp. 94 f.) placed the older altar of Zeus (who was at first worshiped in common with Hera) between the Heraion and Pelopion (as Puchstein also did). He believed that later, however, after the building of the temple of Zeus and the Pelopion, the altar was moved east of both and stood somewhere northwest of the elliptical depression, where Pausanias saw it. He explained the lack of remains on the theory that the Christians would completely destroy this, the chief pagan altar. But it is difficult to see why the few Christian settlers in this out of the way place should have shown any such anger. Doerpfeld (Ergebn. v. Ol., Textbd., II, Baudenkmaeler, p. 163) suggested that it may have stood south of the Exedra of Herodes Attikos, where its site must certainly be sought.

[2345] Hitz.-Bluemn., II, i, p. 359, rightly say that the words of Pausanias point to a place in the Altis where there are neither foundations nor ashes. Since it is incredible that the Christians should have destroyed it so completely, they assume that Pausanias made a mistake in his directions. Their conclusion that the elliptical depression best fits the conditions is untenable now.

[2346] Op. cit., p. 164.

[2347] See A. M., XIII, 1888, pp. 335–336, and Ergebn., Textbd., I, p. 88. In the latter he says: “Zu unserer Verwunderung sehen wir, dass der zweite Teil die ununterbrochene Fortsetzung des ersten Teiles ist, also in Wirklichkeit nur eine Ephodos, nur ein einziger Rundgang.”

[2348] This pillar stood between the Great Altar and the temple of Zeus: P., V, 20. 6.

[2349] Ἀνδριάντας δὲ ἀναμεμιγμένους οὐκ ἐπιφα <νέ> σιν ἄγαν ἀναθήμασιν, κ. τ. λ., (VI, 17.7); again in VI, 18.2 he says that he discovered the statue of Anaximenes “by searching” (ἀνευρών).

[2350] Similarly, on arriving at the statue of Telemachos, he moved first to the east and then returned (passing the chariot of Kleosthenes) before proceeding west, without mentioning it: see supra, p. 345.

[2351] On analogy with V, 15.1. See Hyde, p. 68.

[2352] The Terrace wall can still be traced before the western front of the temple and also to the northeast of it; cf. Treu, A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, p. 36: “So umgab denn vermutlich einst den ganzen Tempel eine statuenbekroente Terrasse.” Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, p. 619, suppose such a road to the west and north of the temple, but would interpret it as being ἐν ἀριστερᾷ.

[2353] Cf. Hyde, p. 70. Hitz.-Bluemn. (see preceding note) rejected this textual change of mine as unnecessary, and followed Hirschfeld and Doerpfeld in having Pausanias return along the south side of the temple of Zeus. I proposed this change by analogy with the text of V, 24.1, V, 21.2, and other passages.

[2354] The bronze tablet of Demokrates (170), found south of the southwest corner of the temple of Zeus, did not belong to his victor statue, but to a base which stood probably inside the temple: Inschr. v. Ol. no. 39. Also the archaic marble helmeted head and arm with the remains of a shield attached (see Bildw. v. Ol., Tafelbd., Pl. VI, 1–4, and 5–6), the head being found west of the temple and the arm before the gate of the Pelopion, wrongly ascribed by Treu (A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 48 f., and Bildw. v. Ol., III, pp. 33–34) and Overbeck (I, pp. 198 f., and p. 178) to Eperastos (183), I have referred to an older hoplite, Phrikias of Pelinna (Foerster, nos. 151, 155): see Hyde, p. 43, and supra, Ch. III, pp. 162–3 and Fig. 30a, b.

[2355] See Inschr. v. Ol., no. 293.

[2356] See Inschr. v. Ol., nos. 267–269. The supposed foundation was found thirty feet north of the temple; cf. Frazer, III, pp. 646 f.; etc.

[2357] V, 20.6 f. A large foundation, between the pedestal of Dropion, King of the Paionians, Inschr. v. Ol., no. 303, (see Plans A and B), and the pedestal of the Eretrian Bull, may have formed part of the house of Oinomaos (cf. Curtius-Adler, op. cit., p. 40; Flasch, l. c., p. 1074). Wernicke, (Jb., IX, 1894, p. 95), however, refers it to the oval depression called the Great Altar site. Doerpfeld (Ergebn. v. Ol., Textbd., I, p. 82) is opposed to this view and places it further north, near the Metroon.

[2358] This is Kalkmann’s theory (op. cit., p. 89), who calls this section (VI, 18.7) the “letzter Trumpf,” an addition having no connection with the second ἔφοδος. He compares it with V, 24.9, where Pausanias, after ending the periegesis of the altars, adds one more, that of “Zeus Horkios,” which stood in the Council House, though he had already passed this point twice without mentioning the fact. Kalkmann also compares it with V, 27.12 (the transition to the account of the victor statues). Gurlitt (op. cit., p. 392) explains this last section, i. e., V, 27.12, as due to a later revision of Pausanias’ work.

[2359] VI, 19.1.

[2360] See the Catalogue in my de olymp. Stat., (pp. 3 f.) for dates; and cf. ibid., Ch. IV, pp. 72 f., for results. The summaries are made only on the basis of the 153 monuments which can be exactly or approximately dated.

[2361] Eutelidas (148), Praxidamas (18), Rhexibios (188), Polypeithes and Kalliteles (160–161).

[2362] On the date of the temple of Zeus (?468–456 B. C.), cf. Doerpfeld, Ol., Ergebn., Textbd., II, pp. 19. f.

[2363] Enation (176) is simply called an Arkadian by P., VI, 17.3.

[2364] VI, 1.2, and cf. his words in VI, 17.1.

[2365] The last dated victor statue at Olympia, known from inscriptions, is that of Valerios Eklektos of Sinope, four times victor as herald, winning in Ols. 256, 258, 259, 260 ( = 245, 253–261 A. D.): Foerster, 741–744. Philoumenos of Philadelphia in Lydia, victor in wrestling (?) in Ol. (?) 288 ( = 373 A. D.), Foerster, 750, had a statue, as we learn from the conclusion of an epigram preserved by Panodoros in Cramer’s Anecd. gr. Parisiensia, 1839–41, II, p. 155, 17 f.; cf. Inscr. Graecae metricae, ed. Preger, 1891, no. 133. It may have been in Olympia.

[2366] On his use of older lists of victors and especially of the Elean register, see P. Hirt, de Fontibus Pausaniae in Eliacis (Greifswald, 1878), pp. 12 f.; Mie, Quaestiones agonisticae (Rostock, 1888), pp. 17 f.; Kalkmann, Pausanias der Perieget, pp. 72 f. and 103 f.; Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, p. 426, note 43; Robert, Hermes, XXIII, 1888, pp. 444 f.; Hirschfeld, A. Z., XL, 1882, pp. 105 and 111; J. Juethner, Philostratos ueber Gymnastik, pp. 60–74 (Elean register), and 109 f.; Gardiner, p. 50. Pausanias frequently mentions such sources himself, especially the Elean register: e. g., III, 21.1; V, 2.19; VI, 2.3. Hirschfeld (l. c., pp. 105 and 113) and others have unreasonably doubted whether Pausanias ever visited Olympia at all.

[2367] Hyde, 146; Foerster, 472, 476; P., VI, 15.3 f.

[2368] Hyde, 150; Foerster, 474, 475; P., VI, 15.10 (two statues).

[2369] Hyde, 119 and pp. 49–50; Foerster, 501; P., VI, 13.7, and Inschr. v. Ol., 184.

[2370] Hyde, 42; Foerster, 800; P., VI, 4.9.

[2371] Hyde, 40; Foerster, 494; P., VI, 4.5.

[2372] Hyde, 152; Foerster, 391; P., VI, 16.2.

[2373] Hyde, 162; Foerster, 515; P., VI, 6.7.

[2374] Hyde, 125a; Foerster, 651; P., VI, 14.2.

[2375] Hyde, 111b; Foerster, 648–650; P., VI, 13.3.

[2376] Hyde, 111a; Foerster, 654–6, 659, 660, 662–664; P., VI, 13.3.

[2377] H. N., XXXIV, 16. See supra, pp. 27 and 54.

[2378] Cf. Inschr. v. Ol., p. 235. P., VI, 1.1, distinctly states that not all victors had statues, adding that some of the most distinguished had none.

[2379] Thus the epigram on the base of a monument of Xenombrotos (133; cf. P., VI, 14.12) states that it was a portrait of the victor: Inschr. v. Ol., 170. We have, however, aside from this inscription, no record that he was a victor more than once. See supra, pp. 54–5. On the basis of three or more victories, several victors should have had portrait statues: e. g., Foerster, 60, 86, 144, 351, 358, 495, 603, 741, 815.

[2380] Discussed supra, Ch. II, p. 58.

[2381] For dates, places of finding, and contests, references are constantly made by number to Dittenberger, Inschr. v. Ol.; the number of each victor is given also from Foerster’s lists, which, though incomplete, are the best that have yet appeared. Where the exact dates are known they are cited from Foerster; otherwise, the probable dating of the inscription as given by Dittenberger is followed. See Plans A and B.

[2382] See Inschr. v. Ol., 142 (Pantares, son of Menekrates of Gela); Foerster, 149, = Ol. (?) 67 ( = 572 B. C.); Gelo won in Ol. 73 ( = 488 B. C.): Foerster, 180.

[2383] Phrikias won twice, in Ols. 68 and 69 ( = 508 and 504 B. C.): Foerster, 151 and 155. Phanas was three times victor on the same day (τριαστής), in the στάδιον, δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης, in Ol. 67 ( = 512 B. C.): Foerster, 144–146. For the ascriptions, see supra, pp. 162–3.

[2384] Inschr. v. Ol., 150. Roehl (I. G. A., 355 and Add., p. 182) wrongly ascribed it to Agiadas (103), boy boxer of Elis, whose statue was by the Aeginetan Serambos (P., VI, 10.9). His victory should fall between Ols. 72 and 74 inclusive ( = 492 and 484 B. C.): Hyde, p. 44. Foerster, 519, following Roehl and Gurlitt (op. cit., pp. 369 and 419), who placed Serambos in the second century B. C., referred the victory of Agiadas to Ol. (?) 161 ( = 136 B. C.). Robert, O. S., p. 181, identifies the inscription with Epitimiadas mentioned in the Oxy. Pap. as victor in παγκράτιον in Ol. 78 ( = 468 B. C.). Dittenberger and Loewy (latter in I. G. B., 416) refer the inscription to the first half or middle of the fifth century B. C.

[2385] Inschr. v. Ol., 170; cf. Hyde, p. 53.

[2386] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 175; Foerster, 375. Foerster’s proposed dating of this victor, Ol. 110 ( = 340 B. C.), is wrong.

[2387] Ibid., no. 180.

[2388] Ibid., no. 181.

[2389] Ibid., no. 182.

[2390] Ibid., no. 185.

[2391] Ibid., no. 187.

[2392] Ibid., no. 188.

[2393] Ibid., no. 189.

[2394] This Greek building dates from the first half of the fifth century B. C. Cf. F. Adler, Ol., Ergebn., Textbd., II (Die Baudenkmaeler), pp. 93–105 (especially 98 f.), and Flasch, in Baum., pp. 1070–1 and 1104 M f., both of whom identify it with the workshop of Pheidias (P., V, 15.1); Curtius, Die Altaere v. Ol., Abhandl. d. k. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1882, p. 20 (= Gesamm. Abhandl., 1894, II, pp. 57 f.), refers it to the Theekoleon, generally identified with the easternmost of the two buildings further north. See Plans A and B.

[2395] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 190.

[2396] Ibid., no. 192.

[2397] Ibid., no. 193.

[2398] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 194; Foerster, 484.

[2399] Ibid., no. 195.

[2400] Ibid., no. 196.

[2401] Ibid., no. 197; Foerster, 808 (undated).

[2402] Ibid., no. 191; Foerster, 807 (undated).

[2403] Ibid., nos. 198–204; see Foerster, 542–547; one of the group, Telemachos, son of Leon, had another statue at Olympia: Inschr. v. Ol., 406.

[2404] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 205; Foerster, 822 (undated).

[2405] Ibid., no. 206; Foerster, 828 (undated).

[2406] Ibid., no. 207.

[2407] Ibid., no. 208.

[2408] Ibid., no. 209; Foerster, 482.

[2409] Ibid., no. 210.

[2410] Ibid., no. 211.

[2411] Ibid., no. 212.

[2412] Ibid., no. 213; Foerster, 614, 619.

[2413] Ibid., nos. 214, 215.

[2414] Ibid., nos. 216, 217; Foerster, 550.

[2415] Ibid., no. 218; Foerster, 535 (= Ol. ? 171 = 96 B. C.).

[2416] Ibid., no. 219; Foerster, 593; he won in Ol. 190 ( = 20 B. C.).

[2417] Ibid., no. 220; Foerster, 601, who dates the victory in Ol. (?) 194 ( = 4 B. C.).

[2418] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 221; Foerster, 612. He won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 199 ( = 17 A. D.); his statue was set up by M. Antonios Peisanos.

[2419] Ibid., no. 222; Foerster, 585, 587. He won two victories (perhaps after 17 A. D.) in an unknown contest; Foerster dates them Ols. (?) 184 and 185 ( = 44 and 40 B. C.).

[2420] Ibid., no. 223; Foerster, 568; his statue was erected by his mother, Klaudia Kleodike.

[2421] Ibid., no. 224; Foerster, 823 (undated); his statue was set up by his native state.

[2422] Ibid., no. 225; Foerster,632. The base contained two epigrams by T. Klaudios Thessalos, of Kos: E. Cougny, Epigramm. Anth. Pal., III, 1890 (Appendix nova), p. 26, no. 169.

[2423] Ibid., 226; Foerster, 634. His statue was erected by L. Betilenos Phloros, of Elis.

[2424] Ibid., no. 227; Foerster, 666; he won Ol. 217 ( = 89 A. D.). His brother Diodoros set up the statue. The victor was an ἔφεδρος; see A. E. J. Holwerda, A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 171 f.

[2425] Ibid., 228; Foerster, 671.

[2426] Ibid., nos. 229, 230 (newer inscription); I. G. B., 125; Foerster, 624–625. He was a περιοδονίκης and won in Ols. (?) 205 and 207 ( = 41 and 49 A. D.).

[2427] Inschr. v. Ol., no. 231; Foerster, 595 and 597. Foerster dates his two Olympic victories in Ols. (?) 191 and 192 ( = 16 and 12 B. C.). Hermas was περιοδονίκης twice, and also gained victories besides at the Nemean and other games.

[2428] Ibid., no. 232; Foerster, 815–819 (undated). He was twice περιοδονίκης and won besides at the Isthmus, Nemea, and at other games—eighty victories in all.

[2429] Ibid., no. 234 and p. 346; he won in either πάλη or παγκράτιον.

[2430] Ibid., no. 235 and pp. 346–347. These bronze fragments have been noted in our list of surviving fragments of victor statues, Ch. VII, p. 322.

[2431] Ibid., no. 233 (name restored from no. 440, line 4). On her father, see Foerster, under no. 634.

[2432] Ibid., 236; Foerster, 686. Both Gurlitt, op. cit., p. 421, and Foerster think that this monument is mentioned by P., V, 20.8 (that of a Roman senator). Dittenberger is against this view, and the place of finding also is against it. On the victor’s full name and that of his father, see Foerster, l. c.

[2433] Ibid., no. 237; Foerster, 692. He won at Olympia in Ol. 229 ( = 137 A. D.), and the inscription names many other victories elsewhere.

[2434] Ibid., no. 238; Foerster, 679 and 681, who dates the victories in Ols. (?) 224 and 225 ( = 117 and 121 A. D.), while Dittenberger dates them in the next century. He was twice περιοδονίκης: see Foerster, l. c.

[2435] Ibid., no. 239; Foerster, 746 (date = end of second or third centuries B. C.). For the epigram, see also Cougny, Epigramm. Anth. Pal., III (Appendix nova), p. 46, n. 284.

[2436] Ibid., nos. 242–243; Foerster, 741–744. He was a τρισπερίοδος, i. e., three times περιοδονίκης. For his other victories outside Olympia, see Foerster, l. c.

[2437] Ibid., nos. 240–241; Foerster, 739. Asklepiades won the πένταθλον in Ol. 255 ( = 241 A. D.).

[2438] Philinos, son of Hegepolis of Kos (173), won 24 victories, 5 at Olympia, 4 at Delphi, 4 at Nemea, 11 at the Isthmus, mostly in the στάδιον, he was, therefore, four times περιοδονίκης. He won in Ols. 129 and 130 ( = 264 and 260 B. C.): cf. P., VI, 17.2 and Foerster, 441 and 442; Leonidas of Rhodes (111c) was τριαστής in the four different Ols. 154–157 ( = 164–152 B. C.), winning 12 races: cf. P., VI, 13.4, and Foerster, 495–497, 498–500, 502–504, 507–509.

[2439] Omitting the votive bronze diskos of the victor P. Asklepiades of Corinth mentioned above.

[2440] Foerster, pp. 26–30, records the names of 634 Olympic victors who are known to us from all available sources.

[2441] Sepulchral monuments are either entirely excluded or mentioned only incidentally. The tombs of nine Olympic victors are known from various sources.

[2442] The dating of victories in the present section will necessitate certain repetitions of dates already given elsewhere in this work. While heretofore dates have been referred usually to the compilations of Foerster and Hyde, the original authorities for them will be cited in this section.

[2443] Chionis, (= Charmis in Afr.), according to P., III, 14.3, won seven victories at Olympia: four in the στάδιον, in Ols. 28 to 31 ( = 668 to 656 B. C.); 1–4 = Afr.; 1 = P., IV, 23.4; 2 = IV, 23.10; 3 = VIII, 39.3; three in the δίαυλος, probably in Ols. (?) 29–31: see Rutgers, p. 11, n. 4, and pp. 10–11; Hyde, 111 and p. 48; Foerster, 39, 41–46.

[2444] Kylon won the δίαυλος in Ol. 35 ( = 640 B. C.): Afr.; cf. Rutgers p. 13; Foerster, 55.

[2445] Hdt., V, 71; Thukyd., I, 126; Plut., Solon, 12.

[2446] A. M., V, 1880, p. 27 and n. 1. Kuhnert, Jahrb. f. classische Philol., Supplbd., XIV, 1885, pp. 278 f., and n. 2, agrees with Furtwaengler, and thinks that it was set up long after the death of Kylon, and that it is possible that the name of the conspirator became mixed with that of an Athenian victor of the same name, but of later date.

[2447] A. Z., XXIV, 1866, pp. 183 f.; he is followed by Frazer, II, p. 348.

[2448] Thukyd., I, 134.

[2449] Loeschke, A. M., IV, 1879, p. 295, n. 1.

[2450] See also Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, pp. 299–300.

[2451] His six victories in πάλη are mentioned by P., III, 13.9; he won πάλη παίδων in Ol. 37 ( = 632 B. C.): P., V, 8.9; Afr.; πάλη ἀνδρῶν in Ols. 39–43 ( = 624–608 B. C.): Afr.; Foerster, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 73. He is mentioned by Ph., I.

[2452] See Wide, Lakonische Kulte, 1893, pp. 38 f.; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 2, pp. 792–3.

[2453] Pausanias, III, 13.9, mentions his five victories in πάλη. He must have won after his father’s victories, and so at the beginning of the sixth century B. C. Rutgers, pp. 109 f., conjectures that the first victory was πάλη παίδων; Foerster, 86–90.

[2454] Arrhachion (on various spellings of the name, cf. Rutgers, p. 19) won thrice in the παγκράτιον in Ols. 52–54 ( = 572–564 B. C.). The third victory is recorded by Afr. and P., VIII, 40.1; the first two by P., l. c. Cf. also Ph., 21. Foerster, 98, 101, 103. See supra, pp. 326 f.

[2455] He had the nickname Koalemos: Plut., Cimon, 4. He won two victories τεθρίππῳ in Ols. 62 and 64 ( = 532 and 524 B. C.); his horses, under the name of Peisistratos, won in the same event in Ol. 63 ( = 528 B. C.): Hdt., VI, 103; they were buried in front of the city beyond the so-called “Hollow Way,” opposite the tomb of Kimon; Hdt., l. c.; Plutarch, Cato Major, 5. Cf. Aelian, de Animal., XII, 40, where he says that the mares of Miltiades—meaning Kimon—were buried in the Kerameikos. See Foerster, 124, 128 and 132.

[2456] Var. Hist., IX, 32.

[2457] Hdt., VI, 103.

[2458] IV, 33.

[2459] On Nubes, 64.

[2460] Foerster, 85.

[2461] He won in an unknown contest. He accompanied Dorieus, the younger brother of Kleomenes I of Sparta, on his futile expedition to Sicily, and died there: Hdt., V, 47. Kleomenes began to reign in 519 B. C., and the Sicilian expedition occurred about 510 B. C.; Foerster, 138, therefore dates the victory of Philippos about Ol. 65 ( = 520 B. C.).

[2462] Hdt., V, 47; Eustath., on Iliad, Bk. III (p. 383, 43).

[2463] Astylos (on variations of the name, see Rutgers, pp. 32 f.) won victories in στάδιον and δίαυλος in three successive Ols.: P., VI, 13.1: στάδιον in Ols. 73–75 ( = 488–480 B. C.): 1 = Afr., and Dionys. Hal., VIII, 1; 2 = Afr., and Dionys., VIII, 77; 3 = Afr., Dionys., IX, 1, and Diod. Sic., XI, 1. So the victories in δίαυλος, 1, 2, 3, must have been in the same Ols. The Oxy. Pap. also names Astylos a victor twice as ὁπλίτης, in Ols. 75 and 76 ( = 480 and 476 B. C.). So Grenfell and Hunt thought that P. had mixed the victories in δίαυλος and as ὁπλίτης; Robert, O. S., pp. 163 f., however, supports P., and thinks that Astylos won eight victories, the victories in δίαυλος and στάδιον all preceding Ol. 76, as other names appear here in the Oxy. Pap. Astylos, therefore, won three victories in Ol. 75, one in Ol. 76, and the other four in Ols. 73–74. Cf. Rutgers, pp. 32, 34–35; Foerster, 176–177, 181–182, 187–188; Hyde, 110.

[2464] Rutgers, p. 34, n. 1 (cf. Robert, O. S., p. 164) has shown that the tyrant named Hiero by Pausanias should be Gelo; cf. Hertzberg, Gesch. v. Hellas u. Rom, I, 1879, p. 181; Foerster, 181–2.

[2465] I, pp. 409–410; Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 59, calls the statue of Astylos that of a stadiodromos.

[2466] Euthymos won πύξ three times in Ols. 74, 76, and 77 ( = 484, 476, and 472 B. C.): 1 = P., VI, 6.5; 2 and 3 = P., VI, 6.6 and Oxy. Pap. Cf. Rutgers, pp. 34, 38, 41; Foerster, 185, 195, 207; Robert, O. S., pp. 167, 184 f.; Hyde, 56.

[2467] Inscribed base found: see Inschr. v. Ol., 144; I. G. B., 23; I. G. A., 1882, 388.

[2468] See Kallimachos, apud Plin., H. N., VII, 152.

[2469] Strabo, VI, 1.5 (= C. 255); Aelian, Var. Hist., VIII, 18; Suidas, s. v. Εὔθυμος; P., VI, 6. 7–11. Cf. also E. Curtius on the Olympia base, A. Z., XXXVI, 1878, p. 83, no. 127. On the legend of the statue, see Eusebios, Praep. evang., V, 34.7.

[2470] Theagenes won πύξ in Ol. 75 ( = 480 B. C.): P., VI, 6.5; Oxy.Pap.; and παγκράτιον in Ol. 76 ( = 476 B. C.): P., VI, 11.4; Oxy. Pap.; he was twice περιοδονίκης and won many victories elsewhere, carrying off 1400 crowns, according to P., VI, 11.5, and 1200, according to Plut., Praec. reipub. ger., 15, p. 811 D. Cf. Rutgers, pp. 36, 38; Foerster, 191, 196; Hyde, 104. Dio Chrys., Orat., XXXI, p. 339 M, wrongly mentions three Olympic victories.

[2471] Op. cit., p. 340 M.

[2472] Praep. evang., V, 34.7.

[2473] Deor. Conc., 12; cf. P., VI, 11.9.

[2474] Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1900, p. 332, n. 2.

[2475] Ladas won δόλιχος in Ol. (?) 76 ( = 476 B. C.): Robert, O. S., p. 165, because of an older dating for Myron, 480–444 B. C., necessitated by the Oxy. Pap. (see also ibid., p. 184). Foerster, 249, has given Ol. (?) 85 ( = 440 B. C.) as the date of the victory, on the basis of the earlier dating of Myron, 460–420 B. C.; cf., e. g., Brunn, 1, p. 142; Bergk, P. l. G., III, p. 473, no 125 and note, and Rutgers p. 107.

[2476] A. Pl., nos. 53, 54; see supra, Ch. IV, pp. 196–197.

[2477] Foerster assumed that the statue by Myron stood in Olympia. Against this view, see Furtwaengler (Mw., p. 379, n. 5), Kalkmann (Jb., X, 1895, p. 56, and XI, 1896, p. 197), Studniczka (article cited in note on Theagenes preceding), Brunn (Sitzb. Muen. Akad., 1880, pp. 474 f.). Benndorf (de anthol. Gr. Epigram., 1862, 15, n. 1) thought it more probable that the statue stood formerly at Olympia, but in the time of Pausanias was in Rome. Thus it is best to assume two statues, the one in Argos not by Myron. Brunn (p. 475) showed that Ladas was a Spartan because of P., III, 21. I and VIII, 12.5; Benndorf (op. cit., p. 13) thought that he was an Argive. Kuhnert (Jahrbuecher f. cl. Philol., Supplbd., XIV, p. 269 n. 13) argued that the Argive statue was set up by the Argive state, an improbable assumption if Ladas were a Spartan. A different Ladas is the stade runner from Aigion, mentioned by P., III, 21.1, and X, 23.14.

[2478] Kallias won παγκράτιον in Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.): P. V, 9.3. He was περιοδονίκης: C. I. A., I, 419. Cf. Foerster, 208; Hyde, 50. Three other Athenian victors at Olympia named Kallias are known: Kallias, son of Pheinippos, won κέλητι in Ol. 54 ( = 564 B. C.): Foerster, 104; Rutgers, p. 21; Kallias, son of Hipponikos, grandson of preceding, won τεθρίππῳ thrice in Ol. (?) 74, and Ols. 83, 84 ( = 484, 448, 444 B. C.): Foerster, 186 a, 242, 247; Rutgers, p. 142; Kallias, mentioned by Polyb., XXVIII, 16, won παγκράτιον in the second century B. C.: cf. Foerster, under no. 208.

[2479] Inscribed base found: Inschr. v. Ol., 146; I. G. B., 41.

[2480] C. I. A., I, 419. The painter Mikon, mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXV, 59, is also named by him as a sculptor of athlete statues: op. cit., XXXIV, 88; he is also known from an inscription found on the Akropolis at Athens: C. I. A., I, 418; I. G. B., 42.

[2481] Diagoras won πύξ in Ol. 79 ( = 464 B. C.): schol. on Pindar, Ol., VII, Argum., Boeckh, p. 157, and Oxy. Pap. He was περιοδονίκης, and his other victories are mentioned by Pindar and the scholiast on the ode cited. On Diagoras, see H. van Gelder, Geschichte der alten Rhodier, 1900, p. 435; on Kallikles, see Robert, O. S., pp. 194 f. Cf. Rutgers, p. 43; Foerster, 220; Hyde, 59.

[2482] Boeckh, p. 157 and cf. p. 159; F. H. G., IV, p. 410 (= Gorgon, fragm. 3).

[2483] Agias was περιοδονίκης. The date of his victory in the παγκράτιον at Olympia can not be determined exactly. Although the dedication of Daochos occurred in the latter half of the fourth century B. C., the time of Lysippos (Preuner = between 339 and 331 B. C.: see Ein delphisches Weihgeschenk, 1900, p. 12; Homolle dates it more closely between 338 and 334 B. C.; B. C. H., XXIII, 1899, 440), the victory of Agias fell over a century earlier. Homolle proposed 428 B. C. as the floruit of Agias, but gave no date for his victory at Olympia; Preuner (p. 17) sets the victory before the middle of the fifth century B. C.; K. K. Smith (Class. Phil., 1910, pp. 169–174) has proposed Ol. 80 ( = 460 B. C.), the only lacuna for παγκράτιον in the Oxy. Pap.; however, Robert (O. S., p. 183) has placed Timodemos of Acharnai in that place. Foerster, 214, dates Timodemos Ol. (?) 78 ( = 468 B. C.).

[2484] Pharsalos, p. 28. See supra, pp. 286–287.

[2485] Cheimon won πάλη in Ol. 83 ( = 448 B. C.): Oxy. Pap.; cf. Robert, O. S., pp. 171 and 191; Hyde, no. 88. Foerster, 285, had proposed Ol. (?) 94 ( = 404 B. C.), on the basis of the older dating of Naukydes = 423–390 B. C. (see Robert, Arch. Maerchen, 1886, p. 107). Kalkmann, Pausanias der Perieget, 1886, p. 192, n. 1, thought that the statue at Olympia and the one at Rome were identical; Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, 1890, pp. 374 and 423, n. 38 a, has shown that the assumption is unfounded.

[2486] The temple of Peace was built by Vespasian (between A. D. 70 and 75) east of the Forum Augusti. Pliny (H. N., XXXIV, 84, and XXXV, 102) mentions works of art in it; Josephus (de Bell. Judaico, VII, 5.7) also describes it.

[2487] Leon, according to Eustathius, on Iliad, II, 851 (= p. 361, 10), won τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 85 ( = 440 B. C.). This date is followed by Schubart, Pausanias und seine Anklaeger, Jb. f. cl. Philol., XXX, 1884, p. 99, and Preger, Inscript. Gr. metricae ex scriptoribus praeter anthologiam collectae, (Lipsiae, 1891), on no. 128. He won in Ol. 89 ( = 424 B. C.), according to Polemon (fragm. 22), the date followed by Foerster, 264 and 264 N. Foerster places Arkesilaos of Sparta ( = 250) as victor τεθρίππῳ in Ol. (?) 85; Hyde (13) places Arkesilaos either in Ol. 86 or Ol. 87, leaving Ol. 85 free for Leon. Polemon (fragm. 22) calls Leon the “father of Antikleidas”; Preger, op. cit., p. 49, proposes the “son of Antikleidas,” thus having Leon win with his father’s chariot. Bergk, P. l. G., III, p. 40, note, changed the name to Antalkidas.

[2488] Fragm., 22 (= schol. on Euripides, Hippolytus, 230); see F. H. G., III, p. 122; cf. P. l. G., l. c.

[2489] Eubotas (on the name, cf. Hitz.-Bluemn., II, 2, pp. 573–574) won στάδιον in Ol. 93 ( = 408 B. C.): Afr.; Xen., Hell., I, 2.10; Diodoros, XIII, 68.1; and τεθρίππῳ in Ol. 104 ( = 304 B. C.): P., VI, 8.3 and cf. VI, 4.2; Foerster, 277, 350; Hyde, 75. Pausanias (VI, 8.3) says that his Olympia statue was made before his victory. Ol. 104 was a non-Olympiad; see on no. 28 infra (Xenodamos), p. 369 and notes.

[2490] Aelian, Var. Hist., X, 2.

[2491] Promachos won παγκράτιον in Ol. 94 ( = 404 B. C.): see Rutgers, p. 56, n. 4, who gives this date on the basis of P., VII, 27.6, and Ph., 22. Cf. Foerster, 286; Hyde, 81.

[2492] He won in an unknown contest, either in the fifth or the fourth century B. C.: Preger, op. cit., no. 144, on the basis of the epigram. Cf. Foerster, 293a; Foerster, in another place, under no. 159, wrongly refers this same epigram (which he there ascribes to Simonides) to another unknown victor of Argos who won in some gymnic contest, some time between Ols. 65 and 76 ( = 527 and 476 B. C.), the dates of Simonides’ sojourn in Greece (cf. K. Sittl, Gesch. d. griech. Litt., 1884–1887, III, pp. 59 f.). It can, however, refer to but one victor.

[2493] I, 7, p. 1365a and I, 9, p. 1367b.

[2494] Ap. Eustath., on Od., XIV, 350 (= p. 1761, 25).

[2495] See G. Kaibel, Quaestiones Simonideae, Rhein. Mus., XXVIII, 1873, pp. 452–3. Cf. P. l. G., III, p. 503; fragm. 163 (Simonides).

[2496] Kyniska won τεθρίππῳ twice in Ols. (?) 96 and 97 ( = 396 and 392 B. C.): see Hyde, 7, on the basis of Robert, O. S., p. 195; Foerster, 326 and 333, proposed Ols. (?) 100 and 101 ( = 380 and 376 B. C.) on the basis of the inscription found at Olympia (Inschr. v. Ol., 160; I. G. B., no. 99 and p. XXI). Cf. Rutgers, pp. 143–144.

[2497] She won συνωρίδι some time near the middle of the fourth century B. C.; Foerster, 344, dates the victory Ol. (?) 103 ( = 368 B. C.).

[2498] Curtius, Peloponnesos, II, 1852, p. 313, n. 29; for King Pausanias, see Thukyd., I, 134.

[2499] Archias won as κῆρυξ in three successive Olympiads: Pollux, IV, 92; the epigram says (ὃς τρὶς ἐκάρυξεν). Foerster, 351, 356, 361; he proposes (see under no. 351) Ols. (?) 104–106 ( = 364–356 B. C.).

[2500] A. Pl., 372; also in Pollux, IV, 92.

[2501] [Phil]okrates won συνωρίδι about the middle of the fourth century B. C. (see Koehler on the inscription cited in the following note). Foerster, 365, proposes Ol. (?) 107 ( = 352 B. C.)

[2502] C. I. A., II, 3, 1303; see L. Ross, Die Demen von Attika, 1846, pp. 80 and 111.

[2503] C. I. A., II, 3, 1319; Le Bas, Voyage archéologique, I, Attique, no. 595. The inscription appears to belong to the fourth century B. C.

[2504] Phorystas won as κῆρυξ some time toward the end of the fourth century B. C., i. e., in the time of the artist Kaphisias: see Loewy, on the inscription cited in the following note. Foerster, 405, proposes Ol. (?) 117 ( = 312 B. C.).

[2505] C. I. G., I, 1582; Kaibel, Epigr. Gr. ex lapid. conlecta, 1878, no. 938; Loewy, I. G. B., 119; Collitz and Bechtel, Samml. d. gr. Dialekt-Inschr., 1883–90, no. 945.

[2506] I. G. B., 120. See Foerster, under no. 405.

[2507] Aristophon won παγκράτιον some time between Ols. (?) 115 and 130 ( = 320 and 260 B. C.), as we infer from the date of the inscription from the base of his statue at Olympia: see Inschr. v. Ol., no. 169. Cf. Hyde, 123 and p. 51. Foerster, 758 (following Rutgers, p. 122) had left the victory undated.

[2508] C. I. A., II, 3, 1475. See Ross, Die Demen von Attika, no. 70; Le Bas, Attique, no. 115.

[2509] Strabo, XII, 4.2 (= C. 624).

[2510] Attalos won ἅρματι πώλων some time during the reign of his older brother Philetairos, founder of the Attalid dynasty, i. e., between Ols. 124 and 129 ( = 284 and 264 B. C.): see Foerster, 436. An epigram of the philosopher Arkesilaos of Pitane (mentioned by Foerster), celebrating the chariot-race of this Attalos, is preserved by Diog. Laert., IV, 6.30; cf. Fraenkel on the inscription, no. 10 (see next note).

[2511] Inschr v. Pergamon (ed. Fraenkel), 1890, I, nos. 10–12; cf. I. G. B., no. 157.

[2512] He won παγκράτιον ἀνδρῶν in Ol. 211 ( = 67 A. D.): P., X, 36.9.

[2513] A. Z., XL, 1882, p. 110.

[2514] P., VI, 22.2.

[2515] Ibid.

[2516] P., VI, 22.3; 4.2; cf. 8.3 (where Eubotas won τεθρίππῳ, no. 17 supra).

[2517] V, pp. 454–455; cf. Hitz.-Bluemn., III, 2, p. 829.

[2518] Vit. Apoll. Tyan., V, 7.

[2519] Suetonius, Nero, 24; Dio Cassius, LXIII, 14. Foerster, 642–647.

[2520] Cf. also Schubart, Pausanias u. seine Anklaeger, Jb. f. cl. Philologie, XXIX, 1883, pp. 472 f.; Brunn, ibid., XXX, 1884, p. 24; and Foerster, 641 and under no. 638.

[2521] T. Phlabios Artemidoros won παγκράτιον twice. He was also περιοδονίκης. The Magna Capitolia, in which he was also victor, were instituted by Domitian in 86 A. D.; Foerster, 657, 661, proposes Ols. (?) 215 and 216 ( = 81 and 85 A. D.) for the two victories.

[2522] C. I. G., III, 5806; Kaibel, Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital., 1890, no. 746.

[2523] T. Phlabios Metrobios won δόλιχος, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 217 ( = 89 A. D.): cf. Boeckh on the inscription (see next note) and Rutgers, p. 91, n. 2; Foerster, 665. He was also περιοδονίκης and won δόλιχος at the Capitolia in Rome, as “first of all men.”

[2524] C. I. G., II, 2682.

[2525] Sarapion won πὺξ παίδων in Ol. 217 ( = 89 A. D.): P., VI, 23.6. Cf. Foerster, 667; Rutgers, p. 91, n. 3, who doubts whether Sarapion was an Olympic victor, though Pausanias says that he was.

[2526] I. e., Sarapion, from Alexandria, who won στάδιον in Ol. 204 ( = 37 A. D.): Afr.; Foerster, 620; Rutgers, p. 86; another Sarapion, from Alexandria, who, Pausanias (V. 21.18) says, came to Olympia in Ol. 201 ( = 25 A. D.) to enter the παγκράτιον, but ran away the day before the contest and was fined for cowardice; Sarapion of Magnesia ad Sipylum, victor in an unknown contest and at an unknown date, known from an inscription from Tralles: C. I. G., II, 2933; Foerster, 824; Rutgers, p. 156.

[2527] M. Aurelios Demetrios won παγκράτιον some time before his son’s victory in the same contest in Ol. 240 ( = 181 A. D.), as we learn from the inscription mentioned in the next note; cf. Rutgers, p. 96; Foerster, 719. Foerster, 682, therefore proposes Ol. (?) 225 ( = 121 A. D.) for the father’s victory; cf. Rutgers, p. 122. Both father and son were περιοδονῖκαι. The father was called ὁ παράδοξος.

[2528] C. I. G., III, 5912, 5913, and 5914; Kaibel, Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital., 1102–1104.

[2529] This victor won πάλη ἀνδρῶν, first of his countrymen, in Ol. 229 ( = 137 A. D.); date from the inscription (see next note); Foerster, 691.

[2530] B. C. H., XI, 1887, pp. 80 f. (P. Foucart).

[2531] Kranaos won στάδιον in Ol. 231 ( = 145 A. D.): Afr.; and πένταθλον twice, δίαυλος once, and as ὁπλίτης once, according to Pausanias (II, 11.8), but in unknown Olympiads: Foerster, 697, 702–703, 707–708. He dates the four last victories in Ols. (?) 232 and 233 ( = 149 and 153 A. D.).

Most writers have identified the Granianos of Pausanias with Kranaos of Africanus, as both are from Sikyon; cf. Rutgers, p. 94 and n. 1. Kalkmann, Pausanias der Perieget, p. 74, note 6, however, is doubtful of the identification.

[2532] T. Ailios Aurelios Apollonios won as κῆρυξ during the reign of Antoninus Pius ( = 138–161 A. D.): cf. Dittenberger on the inscription (see next note). Foerster, 700, proposes Ol. (?) 231 ( = 145 A. D.). He was περιοδονίκης.

[2533] C. I. A., III, 120 (Dittenberger).

[2534] Mnasiboulos won στάδιον in Ol. 235 ( = 161 A. D.): Afr., and P., X, 34.5; and as ὁπλίτης in Ol. 235: P., ibid. He was περιοδονίκης in both events: Foerster, nos. 712–713. His son of the same name had a statue in the temple of Athena Kranaia at Elateia, whose marble inscribed plate has been recovered: see B. C. H., XI, 1887, p. 342, no. 13 (P. Paris).

[2535] Aurelios Toalios won (?) παγκράτιον twice in the time of Alexander Severus ( = 222–235 A. D.): see Holleaux and Paris on the inscription (see next note). Foerster, 735–736, proposes Ols. (?) 251 and 252 ( = 225 and 229 A. D.).

[2536] B. C. H., X, 1886, pp. 233 f., no. 13.

[2537] Aurelios Metrodorus won παγκράτιον about the time of Alexander Severus (see Boeckh, on the inscription mentioned in the next note). Foerster, 737, proposes Ol. (?) 253 ( = 233 A. D.).

[2538] C. I. G., III, 3676.

[2539] Valerios Eklektos won as κῆρυξ four times in Ols. 256, 258, 259, and 260 ( = 245, 253, 257, and 261 A. D.): see inscription mentioned in the next note; Foerster, 741–744. He was περιοδονίκης thrice (= τρισπερίοδος), and won 80 crowns in various games.

[2540] Inschr. v. Ol., 242–243; A. Z., XXXVIII, 1880, pp. 164 f., no. 369.

[2541] C. I. A., III, 129 (Dittenberger).

[2542] Klaudios Rhouphos won (?) πάλη or (?) πύξ or (?) παγκράτιον near the beginning of the fourth century A. D. (see Kaibel and the inscription mentioned in the next note); Foerster, 748–749, and Rutgers, p. 154. He was twice περιοδονίκης.

[2543] C. I. G., III, 5910; Kaibel, Inscript. Gr. Sicil. et Ital., no. 1107, p. 299.

[2544] Philoumenos won (?) πάλη, according to Rutgers, p. 98, n. 3, either in Ol. 288 ( = 373 A. D.) or certe non multo prius (on the basis of the passage in Panodoros cited in the following note). He is also mentioned in a Roman inscription given by Rutgers, ibid. Foerster, 750.

[2545] Ap. Cramer, Anecd. gr. Parisiensia, 1839–41, II, p. 155, 17 (quoted by Foerster); Preger, Inscr. Gr. metricae, no. 133.

[2546] Ainetos was victor in πένταθλον. Cf. Rutgers, p. 112; Foerster, 754, who wrongly gives the contest as πύξ.

[2547] Nikokles, according to Pausanias, l. c., won five prizes in running δρόμος in two Olympiads. Foerster, under nos. 788–792, explains these words by arranging victories in δίαυλος, δόλιχος, and as ὁπλίτης in one Olympiad, and two of these contests in the next; none of them could have been in στάδιον, since his name does not appear in Africanus. Cf. Rutgers, pp. 105–106, 107, and 126. Le Bas long ago (R. arch., II, 1845, p. 220) connected a restored inscription with this victor.

[2548] Aigistratos won πάλη παίδων: Foerster, 806.

[2549] C. I. G., II, 2527.

[2550] He won in an unknown contest and was three times περιοδονίκης, gaining 35 crowns at various games. Cf. Foerster, 825–827.

[2551] C. I. G., I, 1715.

[2552] Ross, Arch. Aufsaetze, 1855–1861, I, pp. 163 f; C. I. A., I, 376; I. G. B., 39; E. S. Roberts, An Introduction to Greek Epigraphy, I, 1887, 68a.

[2553] Rhein. Mus., XVI, 1861, p. 224.

[2554] Hermes, XII, 1877, p. 345 and n. 29.

[2555] E. g., by R. Schoell, Hermes, XIII, 1878, p. 437; cf. Gurlitt, Ueber Pausanias, pp. 158 f., Loewy on the inscription, and Hitz.-Bluemn., I, 1, p. 261.

[2556] IX, 105.

[2557] C. I. A., I, 402; I. G. B., 46; Ross, Arch. Aufsaetze, I, pp 168 f. This is possibly to be connected with the statue of the Volneratus deficiens mentioned by Pliny, H. N., XXXIV, 74. See supra, p. 199. However, the lettering is not later than 444 B. C., while Diitrephes is known to have been living as late as 411: Thukyd., VIII, 64.

[2558] Th. Bergk, Zeitschr. f. d. Altertumswissensch., III, 1845, pp. 961 f.; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XII, 1877, p. 346; Furtwaengler, A. M., V, 1880, p. 28 and n. 2; cf., however, Gurlitt, op. cit., pp. 159 f.; Robert, Die Marathonschlacht in der Poikile und Weiteres ueber Polygnot, 18stes Hallisches Winckelmannsprogr., 1895, p. 22; Hitz.-Bluemn., I, i, pp. 255 f. and 262 f.

[2559] II, p. 289; cf. ibid., pp. 275 f.

[2560] Jb., VII, 1892, pp. 185 f. Cf. the remarks of Gercke, ibid., VIII, 1893, pp. 113 f.

[2561] III, 75; IV, 119 and 129.

[2562] Mw., pp. 278 f.

[2563] Vit. X Orat., IV (Isokrates), 42, (p. 839 c.) It was in the ball-court of the Arrephoroi. The same author, IV, 41, (839b), also mentions a bronze statue (with inscription) of Isokrates set up by the orator’s adopted son Aphareus. See supra, pp. 24 and 281. I assume that these two passages refer to one and the same monument.

[2564] Three victors, Ladas (no. 11), Agias (no. 14), and Sarapion (no. 30), had two statues each. Theagenes (no. 10) had several, according to Pausanias, who, however, mentions only one definitely. We have omitted from our total the statue set up by T. Phlabios Artemidoros (28a) to his father.

[2565] We have here included the tablet of Chionis at Sparta (no. 1), a victor of the seventh century B. C., whose monument, however, was erected in the fifth century B. C.

[2566] Including the two Lysippan statues of Agias, a victor of the fifth century, B. C.

[2567] Of the 192 monuments referred to 187 victors mentioned by Pausanias in his victor periegesis at Olympia, only 153, belonging to 148 victors, can be exactly or approximately dated. Of these, 33 monuments (referred to 32 victors) belong to the epoch prior to the approximate date of the founding of the temple of Zeus, i. e., prior to Ol. 77 ( = 472 B. C.); 51 monuments (referred to 50 victors) from this date on, to the approximate date of the battle of Aigospotamoi (B. C. 404), i. e., down to Ol. 93 ( = 408 B. C.); 36 monuments (referred to 34 victors) from then on, to about the time of the birth of Alexander the Great, i. e., to Ol. 106 ( = 356 B. C.); and 33 monuments (referred to 32 victors) from that date, to the close of the description of the athlete periegesis, i. e., from Ols. 107 to 149 ( = 352 to 184 B. C.). See Hyde, op. cit., Ch. IV, pp. 72 sq., and supra, pp. 352–3. (In my victor lists, op. cit., pp. 3–24, I have enumerated 188 victors; however, Philon of Kerkyra is listed twice, nos. 91 and 136, for two different statues.) Of these 153 monuments, nearly one-half (i. e., 74) belong properly to the fifth century (Ols. 70 to 94 = 500 to 404 B. C.).

[2568] Pausanias mentions 192 (referred to 187 victors, as above); we have found in the present chapter that 63 others (referred to 61 victors) are known from inscribed base fragments found at Olympia; and that 47 (referred to 44 victors) are known from literary sources as having stood elsewhere. If we deduct 10 victors who had monuments both at Olympia and elsewhere, we have a grand total of 282 victors, in whose honor these 302 monuments of various kinds were erected.

[2569] See Hyde, pp. v-vi, for an alphabetic list of sculptors mentioned by Pausanias, or known from the recovered bases of statues at Olympia. See supra, p. 339, n. 1, end.

[2570] Lysippos made two statues honoris causa for Pythes, son of Andromachos, of Abdera: P., VI, 14.12; Hyde, 134a. Mikon made two statues for King Hiero of Syracuse, one represented on foot and the other on horseback, which I have classed as “honor” statues: P., VI, 12.2; Hyde, 105a. All the “honor” statues at Olympia named by Pausanias are listed in the work cited, on p. v.

[2571] H. N., Bk. XXXIV, passim. One other sculptor, Kratinos, named by Pausanias, is noted by Pliny as a painter only: ibid., XXXV, 140 and 147.