ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT

FIG. PAGE
1.Diagram to show the measure of the earth’s surface irregularities[11]
2.Map to show the reciprocal relation of areas of land and sea[11]
3.The tetrahedral form toward which the earth is tending[12]
4.A truncated tetrahedron to show the reciprocal relation of projection and depression upon the surface[13]
5.Approximations to earlier and present figures of the earth[15]
6.Diagrams for comparison of coasts upon an upright and upon an inverted tetrahedron[17]
7.The continents, including submerged portions[18]
8.Diagram to indicate the altitude of different parts of the lithosphere surface[18]
9.Diagram to show how the terrestrial rocks grade into the meteorites[22]
10.Comparison of a crystalline with an amorphous substance[24]
11.“Light figure” seen upon etched surface of calcite[25]
12.Battered sand grains which have developed crystal faces[26]
13.Unassimilated grains of quartz within a garnet crystal[28]
14.New minerals developed about the core of an augite crystal[28]
15.A common rim of new mineral developed by reaction where earlier minerals come into contact[28]
16.Laminated structure of a sedimentary rock[30]
17.Characteristic textures of igneous rocks[33]
18.Diagram to show the order of sediments laid down during a transgression of the sea[37]
19.Fractures produced by compression of a block of molder’s wax[41]
20.Apparatus to illustrate the folding of strata[41]
21.Diagrams of fold types[42]
22.Diagrams to illustrate crustal shortening[42]
23.Anticlinal and synclinal folds[43]
24.Diagrams to illustrate the shapes of rock folds[44]
25.Secondary and tertiary flexures superimposed upon the primary ones[44]
26.A bent stratum to illustrate tension and compression upon opposite sides[45]
27.A geological section with truncated arches restored[47]
28.Diagram to illustrate the nature of strike and dip[47]
29.Diagram to show the use of T symbols for strike and dip observation[48]
30.Diagram to show how the thickness of a formation is determined[49]
31.A plunging anticline[50]
32.A plunging syncline[50]
33.An unconformity upon the coast of California[51]
34.Series of diagrams to illustrate the episodes involved in the production of an angular unconformity[52]
35.Types of deceptive or erosional unconformities[53]
36.A set of master joints in shale[55]
37.Diagram to show the manner of replacement of one set of joints by another[56]
38.Diagram to show the different combinations of joint series[56]
39.View of the shore in West Greenland[57]
40.View in Iceland which shows joint intervals of more than one order[57]
41.Faulted blocks of basalt near Woodbury, Connecticut[58]
42.A fault in previously disturbed strata[59]
43.Diagram to show the effect of erosion upon a fault[60]
44.A fault plane exhibiting drag[60]
45.Map to show how a fault may be indicated by abrupt changes in strike and dip[61]
46.A series of parallel faults revealed by offsets[61]
47.Field map prepared from the laboratory table[64]
48.Areal geological map based upon the field map[64]
49.A portion of the ruins of Messina[67]
50.Ruins of the Carnegie Palace of Peace at Cartaga, Costa Rica[68]
51.Overturned bowlders from Assam earthquake of 1897[69]
52.Post sunk into ground during Charleston earthquake[69]
53.Map showing localities where shocks have been reported at sea off Cape Mendocino, California[70]
54.Effect of seismic water wave in Japan[70]
55.A fault of vertical displacement[71]
56.Escarpment produced by an earthquake fault in India[72]
57.A fault of lateral displacement[72]
58.Fence parted and displaced by lateral displacement on fault during California earthquake[72]
59.Fault with vertical and lateral displacements combined[72]
60.Diagram to show how small faults may be masked at the earth’s surface[73]
61.“Mole hill” effect above buried earthquake fault[73]
62.Post-glacial earthquake faults[74]
63.Earthquake cracks in Colorado desert[74]
64.Railway tracks broken or buckled at time of earthquake[75]
65.Railroad bridge in Japan damaged by earthquake[75]
66.Diagrams to show contraction of earth’s crust during an earthquake[76]
67.Map of the Chedrang fault of India[76]
68.Displacements along earthquake fault in Alaska[77]
69.Abrupt change in direction of throw upon an earthquake fault[77]
70.Map of faults in the Owens Valley, California, formed during earthquake of 1872[78]
71.Marquetry of the rock floor in the Tonopah district, Nevada[79]
72.Map of Alaskan coast to show adjustments of level during an earthquake[79]
73.An Alaskan shore elevated seventeen feet during the earthquake of 1899[80]
74.Partially submerged forest from depression of shore in Alaska during earthquake[80]
75.Effect of settlement of the shore at Port Royal during earthquake of 1907[80]
76.Diagrams to illustrate the draining of lakes during earthquakes[83]
77.Diagram to illustrate the derangements of water flow during an earthquake[84]
78.Mud cones aligned upon an earthquake fissure in Servia[84]
79.Craterlet formed near Charleston, South Carolina, during the earthquake of 1886[85]
80.Cross section of a craterlet[85]
81.Map of the island of Ischia to show the concentration of earthquake shocks[87]
82.A line of earth fracture revealed in the plan of the relief[87]
83.Seismotectonic lines of the West Indies[88]
84.Device to illustrate the different effects of earthquakes in firm rock and in loose materials[88]
85.House wrecked in San Francisco earthquake[90]
86.Building wrecked in California earthquake by roof and upper floor battering down the upper walls[91]
87.Breached volcanic cone in New Zealand showing the bending down of the strata near the vent[96]
88.View of the new Camiguin volcano formed in 1871 in the Philippines[97]
89.Map to show the belts of active volcanoes[98]
90.A portion of the “fire girdle” of the Pacific[98]
91.Volcanic cones formed in 1783 above the Skaptár fissure in Iceland[99]
92.Diagrams to illustrate the location of volcanic vents upon fissure lines[100]
93.Outline map showing the arrangement of volcanic vents upon the island of Java[100]
94.Map showing the migration of volcanoes along a fissure[101]
95.Basaltic plateau of the northwestern United States due to fissure eruptions of lava[102]
96.Lava plains about the Snake River in Idaho[102]
97.Characteristic profiles of lava volcanoes[103]
98.A driblet cone[104]
99.Leffingwell Crater, a cinder cone in the Owens Valley, California[104]
100.Map of Hawaii and its lava volcanoes[106]
101.Section through Mauna Loa and Kilauea[106]
102.Schematic diagram to illustrate the moving platform in the crater of Kilauea[107]
103.View of the open lava lake of Halemaumau[108]
104.Map to show the manner of outflow of the lava from Kilauea in the eruption of 1840[109]
105.Lava of Matavanu flowing down to the sea during the eruption of 1906[110]
106.Lava stream discharging into the sea from a lava tunnel[111]
107.Diagrammatic representation of the structure of lava volcanoes as a result of the draining of frozen lava streams[112]
108.Diagram to show the formation of mesas by outflow of lava in valleys and subsequent erosion[112]
109.Surface of lava of the Pahoehoe type[113]
110.Three successive views to show the growth of the island of Savaii, from lava outflow in 1906[113]
111.View of the volcano of Stromboli showing the excentric position of the crater[116]
112.Diagrams to illustrate the eruptions within the crater of Stromboli[117]
113.Map of Volcano in the Æolian Islands[118]
114.“Bread-crust” lava projectile from the eruption of Volcano in 1888[119]
115.“Cauliflower cloud” of steam and ash rising above the cinder cone of Volcano[120]
116.Eruption of Taal volcano in 1911 seen from a distance of six miles[120]
117.The thick mud veneer upon the island of Taal (after a photograph by Deniston)[121]
118.A pear-shaped lava projectile[121]
119.Artificial production of a cinder cone[122]
120.Diagram to show the contrast between a lava dome and a cinder cone[123]
121.Mayon volcano on the island of Luzon, Philippine Islands[123]
122.A series of breached cinder cones due to migration of the eruption along a fissure[124]
123.The mouth upon the inner cone of Mount Vesuvius from which flowed the lava of 1872[124]
124.A row of parasitic cones raised above a fissure opened on the flanks of Etna in 1892[125]
125.View of Etna, showing the parasitic cones upon its flanks[125]
126.Sketch map of Etna to show the areas covered by lava and tuff respectively[126]
127.Panum crater showing the caldera[126]
128.View of Mount Vesuvius before the eruption of 1906[127]
129.Sketches of the summit of the Vesuvian cone to bring out the changes in its outline[128]
130.Night view of Vesuvius from Naples before the outbreak of 1906, showing a small lava stream descending the central cone[129]
131.Scoriaceous lava encroaching upon the tracks of the Vesuvian railway[130]
132.Map of Vesuvius, showing the position of the lava mouths opened upon its flanks during the eruption of 1906[131]
133.The ash curtain over Vesuvius lifting and disclosing the outlines of the mountain[132]
134.The central cone of Vesuvius as it appeared after the eruption of 1906[132]
135.A sunken road upon Vesuvius filled with indrifted ash[133]
136.View of Vesuvius from the southwest during the waning stages of the eruption[133]
137.The main lava stream advancing upon Boscotrecase[133]
138.A pine snapped off by the lava and carried forward upon its surface[133]
139.Lava front pushing over and running around a wall in its path[134]
140.One of the ruined villas in Boscotrecase[134]
141.Three diagrams to illustrate the sequence of events during the cone-building and crater-producing periods[135]
142.The spine of Pelé rising above the chimney of the volcano after the eruption of 1902[136]
143.Successive outlines of the Pelé spine[137]
144.Corrugated surface of the Vesuvian cone due to the mud flows which followed the eruption of 1906[138]
145.View of the Kammerbühl near Eger in Bohemia[139]
146.Volcanic plug exposed by natural dissection of a volcanic cone in Colorado[140]
147.A dike cutting beds of tuff in a partly dissected volcano of southwestern Colorado[140]
148.Map and general view of St. Paul’s rocks, a volcanic cone dissected by waves[141]
149.Dissection by explosion of Little Bandai-san in 1888[141]
150.The half-submerged volcano of Krakatoa before and after the eruption of 1883[142]
151.The cicatrice of the Banat[142]
152.Diagram to illustrate a probable cause of formation of lava reservoirs and the connection with volcanoes upon the surface[143]
153.Effect of relief of load upon rocks by arching of a competent formation[144]
154.Character profiles connected with volcanoes[146]
155.Diagrams to show the effect of decomposition in producing spheroidal bowlders[150]
156.Spheroidal weathering of an igneous rock[151]
157.Dome structure in granite mass[152]
158.Talus slope beneath a cliff[153]
159.Striped ground from soil flow[154]
160.Pavement of horizontal surface due to soil flow[154]
161.Tree roots prying rock apart on fissure[154]
162.Bowlder split by a growing tree[155]
163.Rock mantle beneath soil and vegetable mat[155]
164.Diagram to show the varying thickness of mantle rock upon the different portions of a hill surface[156]
165.Gullies from earliest stage of a river’s life[160]
166.Partially dissected upland[160]
167.Longitudinal sections of upper portion of a river valley[161]
168.Map and sections of a stream meander[163]
169.Tree undermined on the outer bank of a meander[164]
170.Diagrams to show the successive positions of stream meanders[164]
171.An ox-bow lake in the flood plain of a river[165]
172.Schematic representation of a series of river terraces[165]
173.“Bird-foot” delta of the Mississippi River[167]
174.Diagrams to show the nature of delta deposits as exhibited in sections[168]
175.Gorge of the River Rhine near St. Goars[169]
176.Valley with rounded shoulders characteristic of the stage of adolescence[170]
177.View of a maturely dissected upland[170]
178.Hogarth’s line of beauty[171]
179.View of the oldland of New England, with Mount Monadnock rising in the distance[171]
180.Comparison of the cross sections of river valleys of different stages[172]
181.The Beavertail Bend of the Yakima River[173]
182.A rejuvenated river valley[174]
183.Plan of a river narrows[174]
184.Successive diagrams to illustrate the origin of “trellis drainage”[175]
185.Sketch maps to show the earlier and present drainage near Harper’s Ferry[176]
186.Section to illustrate the history of Snickers Gap[177]
187.Character profiles of landscapes shaped by stream erosion in humid climates[177]
188.Diagram to show the seasonal range in the position of the water table[180]
189.Diagram to show the effect of an impervious layer upon the descending water[181]
190.Sketch map to illustrate corrosion of limestone along two series of vertical joints[181]
191.Diagram to show the relation of limestone caverns to the river system of the district[182]
192.Plan of a portion of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky[183]
193.Trees and shrubs growing upon the bottoms of limestone sinks[183]
194.Diagrams to show the manner of formation of stalactites and stalagmites[185]
195.Sinter formations in the Luray caverns[186]
196.Map of the dolines of the Karst region[187]
197.Cross section of a doline formed by inbreak[187]
198.Sharp Karren of the Ifenplatte[188]
199.The Zirknitz seasonal lake[189]
200.Fissure springs arranged at intersections of rock fractures[190]
201.Schematic diagrams to illustrate the different types of artesian wells[191]
202.Cross section of Geysir, Iceland[192]
203.Apparatus for simulating geyser action[193]
204.Cone of siliceous sinter about the Lone Star Geyser[194]
205.Former shore lines in the Great Basin[198]
206.Map of the former Lake Bonneville[199]
207.Borax deposits in Death Valley, California[201]
208.Hollowed forms of weathered granite in a desert of Central Asia[201]
209.Hollow hewn blocks in a wall in the Wadi Guerraui[202]
210.Smooth granite domes shaped by exfoliation[203]
211.Granite blocks rent by diffission[204]
212.“Mushroom Rock” from a desert in Wyoming[205]
213.Windkanten shaped by sand blast in the desert[205]
214.The “stone lattice” of the desert[206]
215.Shadow erosion in the desert[206]
216.Cliffs in loess with characteristic vertical jointing[207]
217.A cañon in loess worn by traffic and wind[207]
218.Diagrams to illustrate the effects of obstructions in arresting wind-driven sand[209]
219.Sand accumulating on either side of a firm and impenetrable obstruction[210]
220.Successive diagrams to illustrate the history of the town of Kunzen upon the Kurische Nehrung[210]
221.View of desert barchans[211]
222.Diagrams to show the relationships of dunes to sand supply and wind direction[211]
223.Ideal section showing the rising mountain wall about a desert and the neighboring slope[212]
224.Dry delta at the foot of a range upon the borders of a desert[213]
225.Map of distributaries of streams which issue at the western base of the Sierra Nevadas[213]
226.A group of “demoiselles” in the “bad lands”[214]
227.Amphitheater at the head of the Wadi Beni Sur[215]
228.Mesa and outlier in the Leucite Hills of Wyoming[216]
229.Flat-bottomed basin separating dunes[216]
230.Billowy surface of the salt crust on the central sink of the desert of Lop[217]
231.Schematic diagram to show the zones of deposition in their order from the margin to the center of a desert[217]
232.Mounds upon the site of the buried city of Nippur[218]
233.Exhumed structures in the buried city of Nippur[218]
234.Section across the High Plains[219]
235.Section across the lenticular threads of alluvial deposits of the High Plains[220]
236.Distributaries of the foot hills superimposed upon an earlier series[220]
237.Character profiles in the landscapes of arid lands[220]
238.Rain sculpturing under control by joints[224]
239.Sagging of limestone above joints[224]
240.Map of the joint-controlled Abisko Cañon in Northern Lapland[225]
241.Map of the gorge of the Zambesi River below Victoria Falls[225]
242.Controlled drainage network of the Shepaug River in Connecticut[226]
243.A river network of repeating rectangular pattern[226]
244.Squared mountain masses which reveal a distribution of joints in block patterns of different orders[228]
245.Island groups of the Lofoten Archipelago[229]
246.Diagrams to illustrate the composite profiles of the islands on the Norwegian coast[229]
247.Diagram to show the nature of the motions within a free water wave[231]
248.Diagram to illustrate the transformation of a free wave into a breaker[232]
249.Notched rock cliff and fallen blocks[233]
250.A wave-cut chasm under control by joints[233]
251.Grand Arch upon one of the Apostle Islands in Lake Superior[234]
252.Stack near the shore of Lake Superior[234]
253.The Marble Islands, stacks in a lake of the southern Andes[235]
254.Squared stacks revealing the position of the joint planes on which they were carved[235]
255.Ideal section cut by waves upon a steep rocky shore[236]
256.Map showing the outlines of the island of Heligoland at different stages in its history[236]
257.Ideal section carved by waves upon a steep shore of loose materials[237]
258.Sloping cliff and boulder pavement at Scituate, Massachusetts[237]
259.Map to show the nature of the shore current and the forms which are molded by it[238]
260.Crescent-shaped beach in the lee of a headland[239]
261.Cross section of a beach pebble[239]
262.A storm beach on the northeast shore of Green Bay[240]
263.Spit of shingle on Au Train Island, Lake Superior[240]
264.Barrier beach in front of a lagoon[241]
265.Cross section of a barrier beach with lagoon in its rear[242]
266.Cross section of a series of barriers and an outer bar[242]
267.A barrier series and an outer bar on Lake Mendota at Madison, Wisconsin[242]
268.Series of barriers at the western end of Lake Superior[243]
269.Character profiles resulting from wave action upon shores[243]
270.The even shore line of a raised coast[246]
271.The ragged coast line produced by subsidence[246]
272.Portion of the Atlantic coastal plain at the base of the oldland[246]
273.Ideal form of cuestas and intermediate lowlands carved from a coastal plain[247]
274.Uplifted sea cave on the coast of California[248]
275.Double-notched cliff near Cape Tiro, Celebes[248]
276.Uplifted stacks on the coast of California[249]
277.Uplifted shingle beach across the entrance to a former bay upon the coast of California[250]
278.Raised beach terraces near Elie, Fife, Scotland[250]
279.Uplifted sea cliffs and terraces on the Alaskan coast[250]
280.Diagrams to show how excessive sinking upon the sea floor will cause the shore to migrate landward[251]
281.A drowned river mouth or estuary upon a coastal plain[251]
282.Archipelago of steep rocky islets due to submergence[252]
283.The submerged Hudsonian channel which continues the Hudson River across the continental shelf[252]
284.Marine clay deposits near the mouths of the Maine rivers which preserve a record of earlier subsidence and later elevation[253]
285.View of the three standing columns of the Temple of Jupiter Serapis, at Pozzuoli[254]
286.Three successive views to set forth the recent oscillations of level on the northern shore of the Bay of Naples[255]
287.Relief map of San Clemente Island, California[256]
288.Relief map of Santa Catalina Island, California[257]
289.Cross section of the Blue Grotto, on the island of Capri[258]
290.Character profiles of coast elevation and subsidence[259]
291.Map showing the distribution of existing glaciers and the two important wind poles of the earth[263]
292.An Alaskan glacier spreading out at the foot of the range which nourishes it[264]
293.Surface of a glacier whose upper layers spread with but slight restraint from retaining walls[265]
294.Section through a mountain glacier[267]
295.Profile across the largest of the Icelandic ice caps[267]
296.Ideal section across a continental glacier[267]
297.View of the Eyriks Jökull, an ice cap of Iceland[268]
298.The zones of the lower atmosphere as revealed by recent kite and balloon exploration[269]
299.Map of Greenland, showing the area of inland ice and the routes of explorers[271]
300.Profile in natural proportions across the southern end of the continental glacier of Greenland[272]
301.Map of a glacier tongue with dimple above[273]
302.Edge of the Greenland inland ice, showing the nunataks diminishing in size toward the interior[274]
303.Moat surrounding a nunatak in Victoria Land[274]
304.A glacier pavement of Permo-Carboniferous age in South Africa[276]
305.Diagrams to illustrate the manner of formation of scape colks[277]
306.Marginal moraine now forming at the edge of the continental glacier of Greenland[279]
307.Small lake between the ice front and a moraine which it has recently built[279]
308.View of a drained lake bottom between the ice front and an abandoned moraine[280]
309.Diagrams to show the manner of formation and the structure of an outwash plain and fosse[280]
310.Map of the ice masses of Victoria Land, Antarctica[282]
311.Sections across the inland ice and the shelf ice of Antarctica[283]
312.Diagram to show the nature of the fixed glacial anticyclone above continental glaciers[284]
313.Snow deltas about the margins of a glacier tongue in Greenland[285]
314.View of the sea ice of the Arctic region[286]
315.Map of the north polar regions, showing the area of drift ice and the tracks of the Jeannette and the Fram[288]
316.The shelf ice of Coats Land with surrounding pack ice[290]
317.Tidewater cliff on a glacier tongue from which icebergs are born[290]
318.A Greenlandic iceberg after a long journey in warm latitudes[291]
319.Diagram showing one way in which northern icebergs are born from the glacier tongue[291]
320.A northern iceberg surrounded by sea ice[292]
321.Tabular Antarctic iceberg separating from the shelf ice[293]
322.Map of the globe, showing the areas covered by continental glaciers during the “ice age”[297]
323.Glaciated granite bowlder weathered out of a moraine of Permo-Carboniferous age, South Australia[298]
324.Map to show the glaciated and nonglaciated regions of North America[298]
325.Map of the glaciated and nonglaciated areas of northern Europe[299]
326.An unstable erosion remnant characteristic of the “driftless area”[300]
327.Diagram showing the manner in which a continental glacier obliterates existing valleys[301]
328.Lake and marsh district in northern Wisconsin[302]
329.Cross section in natural proportion of the latest North American continental glacier[303]
330.Diagram showing the earlier and the later glacier records together upon the same limestone surface[304]
331.Map to show the outcroppings of peculiar rock types in the region of the Great Lakes, and some localities where “drift copper” has been collected[305]
332.Map of the “bowlder train” from Iron Hill, Rhode Island[306]
333.Shapes and approximate natural sizes of some of the diamonds from the Great Lakes region[307]
334.Glacial map of a portion of the Great Lakes region[308]
335.Section in coarse till[310]
336.Sketch map of portions of Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana, showing the distribution of moraines[312]
337.Map of the vicinity of Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin, partly covered by the continental glacier[313]
338.Moraine with outwash apron in front[313]
339.Fosse between an outwash plain and a moraine[314]
340.View along an esker in southern Maine[315]
341.Outline map of moraines and eskers in Finland[315]
342.Sketch maps showing the relationships of drumlins and eskers[316]
343.View of a drumlin, showing an opening in the till[317]
344.Outline map of the front of the Green Bay lobe to show the relationships of drumlins, moraines, outwash plains, and ground moraine[317]
345.Character profiles referable to continental glacier[318]
346.View of the flood plain of the ancient Illinois River near Peoria[320]
347.Broadly terraced valleys which mark the floods that once issued from the continental glacier of North America[321]
348.Border drainage about the retreating ice front south of Lake Erie[321]
349.The “parallel roads” of Glen Roy in the Scottish Highlands[322]
350.Map of Glen Roy and neighboring valleys of the Scottish Highlands[322]
351.Three successive diagrams to set forth the late glacial lake history of the Scottish glens[324]
352.Harvesting time on the fertile floor of the glacial Lake Agassiz[325]
353.Map of Lake Agassiz[325]
354.Map showing some of the beaches of Lake Agassiz and its outlet[326]
355.Narrows of the Warren River where it passed between jaws of granite and gneiss[327]
356.Map of the valley of the Warren River near Minneapolis[327]
357.Portion of the Herman beach on the shore of the former Lake Agassiz[328]
358.Map of the continental glacier of North America when it covered the entire St. Lawrence basin[329]
359.Outline map of the early Lake Maumee[330]
360.Map to show the first stages of the ice-dammed lakes within the St. Lawrence basin[330]
361.Outline map of the later Lake Maumee and its outlet[332]
362.Outline map of lakes Whittlesey and Saginaw[333]
363.Map of the glacial Lake Warren[333]
364.Map of the glacial Lake Algonquin[334]
365.Outline map of the Nipissing Great Lakes[335]
366.Probable preglacial drainage of the upper Ohio region[337]
367.Diagrams to illustrate the episodes in the recent history of a Connecticut river[338]
368.The notched rock headland of Boyer Bluff on Lake Michigan[341]
369.View of Mackinac Island from the direction of St. Ignace[342]
370.The “Sugar Loaf”, a stack of Lake Algonquin upon Mackinac Island[342]
371.Beach ridges in series on Mackinac Island[343]
372.Notched stack of the Nipissing Great Lakes at St. Ignace[343]
373.Series of diagrams to illustrate the evolution of ideas concerning the uplift of the lake region since the Ice Age[344]
374.Map of the Great Lakes region to show the isobases and hinge lines of uptilt[345]
375.Series of diagrams to indicate the nature of the recovery of the crust by uplift when unloaded of an ice mantle[346]
376.Portion of the Inner Sandusky Bay, for comparison of the shore line of 1820 with that of to-day[350]
377.Ideal cross section of the Niagara Gorge to show the marginal terrace[353]
378.View of the bed of the Niagara River above the cataract where water has been drained off[353]
379.View of the Falls of St. Anthony in 1851[354]
380.Ideal section to show the nature of the drilling process beneath the cataract[355]
381.Plan and section of the gorge, showing how the depth is proportional to the width[355]
382.Comparative views of the Canadian Falls in 1827 and 1895[356]
383.Map to show the recession of the Canadian Fall[357]
384.Comparison of the present with the future falls[358]
385.Bird’s-eye view of the captured Canadian Fall at Wintergreen Flats[358]
386.Map of the Whirlpool Basin[360]
387.Map of the cuestas which have played so important a part in fixing the boundaries of the lake basins[361]
388.Bird’s-eye view of the cuestas south of Lakes Ontario and Erie[362]
389.Sketch map of the greater portion of the Niagara Gorge to illustrate Niagara history[363]
390.Snowdrift hollowing its bed by nivation[368]
391.Amphitheater formed upon a drift site in northern Lapland[369]
392.The marginal crevasse on the highest margin of a glacier[370]
393.Niches and cirques in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming[371]
394.Subordinate cirques in the amphitheater on the west face of the Wannehorn[371]
395.“Biscuit cutting” effect of glacial sculpture in the Uinta Mountains of Wyoming[372]
396.Diagram to show the cause of the hyperbolic curve of cols[372]
397.A col in the Selkirks[373]
398.Diagrams to illustrate the formation of comb ridges, cols, and horns[374]
399.The U-shaped Kern Valley in the Sierra Nevadas of California[375]
400.Glaciated valley wall, showing the sharp line which separates the abraded from the undermined rock surface[375]
401.View of the Vale of Chamonix from the séracs of the Glacier des Bossons[376]
402.Map of an area near the continental divide in Colorado[377]
403.Gorge of the Albula River in the Engadine cut through a rock bar[378]
404.Idealistic sketch, showing glaciated and nonglaciated side valleys[378]
405.Character profiles sculptured by mountain glaciers[379]
406.Flat dome shaped under the margin of a Norwegian ice cap[379]
407.Two views which illustrate successive stages in the shaping of tinds[380]
408.Schematic diagram to bring out the relationships of the various types of mountain glaciers[383]
409.Map of the Malaspina Glacier of Alaska[384]
410.Map of the Baltoro Glacier of the Himalayas[385]
411.View of the Triest Glacier, a hanging glacieret[385]
412.Map of the Harriman Fjord Glacier of Alaska[386]
413.Map of the Rotmoos Glacier, a radiating glacier of Switzerland[386]
414.Outline map of the Asulkan Glacier in the Selkirks, a horseshoe glacier[387]
415.Outline map of the Illecillewaet Glacier of the Selkirks, an inherited-basin glacier[388]
416.Diagram to illustrate the surface flow of glaciers[390]
417.Diagram to show the transformation of crevasses into séracs[391]
418.View of the Glacier des Bossons, showing the position of accidents to Alpinists[392]
419.Lines of flow upon the surface of the Hintereisferner Glacier in the Alps[393]
420.Lateral and medial moraines of the Mer de Glace and its tributaries[393]
421.Ideal cross section of a mountain glacier[394]
422.Diagrams to illustrate the melting effects upon glacier ice of rock fragments of different sizes[394]
423.Small glacier table upon the Great Aletsch Glacier[395]
424.Effects of differential melting and subsequent refreezing upon a glacier surface[396]
425.Dirt cone with its casing in part removed[396]
426.Schematic diagram to show the manner of formation of glacier cornices[397]
427.Superglacial stream upon the Great Aletsch Glacier[398]
428.Ideal form of the surface left on the site of a piedmont glacier apron[399]
429.Map of the site of the earlier piedmont glacier of the Upper Rhine[399]
430.Diagram and map to bring out the characteristics of newland lakes[402]
431.View of the Warner Lakes, Oregon[402]
432.Schematic diagram to illustrate the characteristics of basin-range lakes[403]
433.Schematic diagram of rift-valley lakes and the valley of the Jordan[403]
434.Map of the rift-valley lakes of East Central Africa[404]
435.Earthquake lakes formed in 1811 in the flood plain of the Lower Mississippi[404]
436.View of a crater lake in Costa Rica[405]
437.Diagrams to illustrate the characteristics of crater lakes[406]
438.View of Snag Lake, a coulée lake in California[406]
439.Diagrams to illustrate the characteristics of morainal lakes[407]
440.Diagram to show the manner of formation of pit lakes[408]
441.Diagrams to illustrate the characteristics of pit lakes[408]
442.Diagram to show the manner of formation of glint lakes[409]
443.Map of a series of glint lakes on the boundary of Sweden and Norway[409]
444.Map of ice-dam lakes near the Norwegian boundary of Sweden[410]
445.Wave-cut terrace of a former ice-dam lake in Sweden[410]
446.View of the Márjelen Lake from the summit of the Eggishorn[411]
447.Diagrams to illustrate the arrangement and the characters of rock-basin lakes[412]
448.Convict Lake, a valley-moraine lake of California[413]
449.Lake basins produced by successive slides from the steep walls of a glaciated mountain valley[414]
450.Lake Garda, a border lake upon the site of a piedmont apron[414]
451.Diagrams to bring out the characteristics of ox-bow lakes[415]
452.Diagrammatic section to illustrate the formation of saucer-like basins between the levees of streams on a flood plain[415]
453.Saucer lakes upon the bed of the former river Warren[416]
454.Levee lakes developed in series within meanders in a delta plain[417]
455.Raft lakes along the banks of the Red River in Arkansas and Louisiana[418]
456.Map of the Swiss lakes Thun and Brienz[419]
457.Delta lakes formed at the mouth of the Mississippi[419]
458.Delta lakes at the margin of the Nile delta[420]
459.Diagrams to illustrate the characteristics of barrier lakes[420]
460.Dune lakes on the coast of France[421]
461.Sink lakes in Florida, with a schematic diagram to illustrate the manner of their formation[421]
462.Map of the Arve and the Upper Rhone[426]
463.View of the Arve and the Rhone at their junction[427]
464.A village in Switzerland built upon a strath at the head of Lake Poschiavo[428]
465.View of the floating bog and surrounding zones of vegetation in a small glacial lake[429]
466.Diagram to show how small lakes are transformed into peat bogs[430]
467.Map to show the anomalous position of the delta in Lake St. Clair[431]
468.A bowlder wall upon the shore of a small lake[432]
469.Diagrams to show the effect of ice shove in producing ice ramparts upon the shores of lakes[433]
470.Various forms of ice ramparts[433]
471.Map of Lake Mendota, showing the position of the ridge which forms from ice expansion and the ice ramparts upon the shores[434]
472.The great multiple mountain arc of Sewestan, British India[436]
473.Diagrams to illustrate the theories of origin of mountain arcs[437]
474.Festoons of mountain arcs about the borders of the Pacific Ocean[438]
475.The interrupted Armorican Mountains common to western Europe and eastern North America[438]
476.A zone of diverse displacement in the western United States[439]
477.Section of an East African block mountain[439]
478.Tilted crust blocks in the Queantoweap valley[440]
479.View of the laccolite of the Carriso Mountain[441]
480.Map of laccolitic mountains[441]
481.Ideal sections of laccolite and bysmalite[442]
482.The gabled façade largely developed in desert landscapes[443]
483.Balloon view of the Mythen in Switzerland[444]
484.The battlement type of erosion mountain[445]
485.Symmetrically formed low islands repeated in ranks upon Temagami Lake, Ontario[445]
486.Forms of crystals of a number of minerals[454]
487.Forms of crystals of a number of minerals[457]
488.A student’s contour map[469]
489.Models to represent outcrops of rock[472]
490.Special laboratory table set with a problem in geological mapping which is solved in [Figs. 47] and [48][472]
491.Three field maps to be used as suggestions in arranging laboratory table for problems in the preparation of areal geological maps[473]
492.Sketch map of Western Scotland and the Inner Hebrides to show location of some points of special geological interest[481]
493.Outline map of a geological pilgrimage across the continent of Europe[483]