The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards

by William Ridgeway

INDEX.

• Abdera, [340]
• Abraham, [112], [113], [197]
• Abrus, [172]
• Absalom’s hair, [120], [275]
• Abyssinian gold in beads, [82]
• Actus, [365]
• Aegina, [211], [328]
• Aeginetan measures, [306]
• ⸺ obol, [366]
• ⸺ standard, [9], [21], [311]
• ⸺ ⸺ its origin, [217]
• ⸺ ⸺ used for copper, [345]
• ⸺ system, [307]
• Aelian, [144]
• Aes, [86]
• Aes grave, [378]
• Aes rude, [355], [376]
• Agariste, [212]
• Agathocles, [138]
• Agerept, [150]
• Agonistic types, [337]
• Agrigentum, [347], [350]
• Aicill, Book of, [353]
• Airgid, [63]
• Alalia, [130]
• Alamanni, [140]
• Alaska, [47]
• Alexander, [29], [198], [342]
• Alexandrine talent, [244]
• Alfred’s penny, [180]
• Al-li-ko-chik, [15]
• Alphabet, the, [227]
• Alps, gold of, [88]
• Altun (= gold), [70]
• Alyattes, [71]
• Amber, [227]
• ⸺ beads, [46]
• ⸺ golden, [110]; red, [110]
• Anaxilas, [336]
• Angala, [354]
• Annals of Four Masters, [31]
• Annam, [23]
• ⸺ barter system of, [164]
• Ant coins, [22]
• Ants, gold-digging, [66]
• Apis, worship of, [50]
• Apollo, [107]
• Apulia, [370]
• Aquileia, [87]
• Arab weights, [179], [182]
• Arabia, gold of, [75]
• Archimedes, [36], [100]
• Argippaei, [68]
• Argos, [215], [335]
• Arimaspians, [66], [68]
• Aristaeus, [314]
• Aristeas, [108]
• Aristotle, [96], [106], [131], [138], [213], [318], [323], [336]
• ⸺ Polity of Athenians, [305]
• Armlets, [42]
• Arpi, [367]
• Arrows, [24], [43]
• Arrugia, [101]
• Artabri, [97]
• Arverni, [90]
• As, [350]
• ⸺ derivation of, [353]
• ⸺ divisions, [351]
• ⸺ land measure, [351]
• ⸺ linear measure, [351]
• ⸺ of empire, [362]
• ⸺ reduction of, [380]
• ⸺ sextantal, [362]
• ⸺ symbol of, [369]
• ⸺ used only of bronze, [351]
• As libralis, [135]
• Assam coinage, [177]
• Asser, [354]
• Asses, sacrifice of, [107]
• Assis, [354]
• Assurbanipal, [201]
• Assyrian weights, [183], [199], [249]
• Astronomy, [199]
• Asturia, [101]
• Astyra, [71]
• Aternian law, [134]
• Athene, statue of, [211], [220]
• Athenian coinage, [124], [306], [372]
• Athens, Polity of, [214], [305]
• Attic choenix, [214]
• ⸺ didrachm, [5]
• Aulus Gellius, [135]
• Aura (old Norse), [63]
• Aurès, [183], [254]
• Aurum, [87]
• Ausum (aurum), [61]
• Axe, [318]
• Axes, Tenedos, [50]
• ⸺ West African, [40]
• Aymonier, [23], [161]
• Aztec money, [192]
• ⸺ numerals, [192]
• Aztecs, [17], [59]
• Babylonian metric system, [251]
• ⸺ standard, [78], [163], [206], [261], [387]
• ⸺ system, [197]
• Bactria, coins of, [126]
• Baetis, [97]
• Bag of rice, [162]
• Bahnars, [23]
• Ball, V., [68]
• Balux, [101]
• Bamboo-joint, [163], [171]
• Bar, [39], [158]
• ⸺ (Assyrian), [185], [285]
• ⸺ of silver, [25]
• Barley, [178]
• Barleycorn, [177], [179]
• ⸺ = Troy grain, [181]
• Barrel, [115], [175]
• Bars, [371]
• Barter, age of, [11], [114], [196]
• Bassak, [161]
• Baug-brotha, [37]
• Baugr, [37]
• Beaver, [314]
• ⸺ skin, [12], [153], [323]
• Beag, [37]
• Bear skins, [16]
• Bee, [320]
• Bekah, [277]
• Belgic tribes, [94]
• Bells, [43]
• Bereniceum, [297]
• Bermion, [71]
• Bes, [351]
• Betzer, [36]
• Bhascara, [177]
• Bigae, [377]
• Bigati, [377]
• Bimetallism, [338]
• Bisaltae, [340]
• Blanket currency, [17]
• Bo, [33]
• Boar, [332]
• Boeckh, [1], [238], [365]
• Boeotia, [77]
• Boeotian shield, [331]
• Bonny River, [40]
• Boroimhe, [32]
• Bortolotti, [241]
• Bosman, [185]
• βοῦς ἐπὶ γλώσσῃ, [8]
• Boyd Dawkins, [110]
• Bracelets, [35]
• Brahmegupta, [177]
• Brandis, [129], [195], [294]
• Brandy, [323]
• Brass rods, [41]
• Brassey, Lady, [330]
• Britain, gold coins, [93]
• ‘Britons’’ money-system, [179]
• Bronze in Italy, [368]
• ⸺ in Northern Europe, [86]
• Brugsch, [122], [195], [196]
• Buffalo, [24], [164]
• ⸺ value of, [154]
• ⸺ worth a stick of gold, [168]
• Buffaloes, [25]
• Bull, [322]
• ⸺ on coins, [321]
• Bull’s-head weight, [282]
• Burgundians, [141]
• Bushel, [115]
• ⸺ how fixed, [191]
• Cacao seeds, [17], [193]
• Cadmus, [71], [227]
• Caesar, [179]
• Calculus, [192]
• Caldron, [25]
• Caldrons, Irish, [32]
• Caldwell, W. H., [152]
• Calf, [374]
• Calves’ heads, [322]
• Camarina, [347]
• Cambodia, [25], [160]
• Cambridge, [182]
• Camirus, [339]
• Campania, [216]
• Candarin, [158]
• Cappadocae, [78]
• Carchemish, [202]
• Carmania, gold in, [74]
• Carob, [181]
• Carthage, [288]
• Carthaginian coinage, [131], [289]
• ⸺ gold unit, [130]
• ⸺ trade in gold with West Coast of Africa, [83]
• Cartload, [175]
• Cash, [157]
• Cat’s eyes, [21], [27]
• Cattle at Rome, [31]
• ⸺ chief wealth of Britons, Gauls, Italians, etc., [51]
• ⸺ in Avesta, [27]
• Catty, origin of, [162], [174]
• Cauer, [365]
• Cayley, Prof., [231]
• Centupondium, [136], [360]
• Centussis, [370]
• Ceramus, [82]
• Chabas, M., [239]
• Chabinus, [76]
• Chalci, [346]
• Chalcis, [227], [361]
• Χαλκός, [86]
• Chariot of Hera, [116]
• Chariots in Veda, [26]
• Charlemagne, [34]
• Charutz, [60]
• Chautard, [225]
• Chauter, [45]
• Chinese coinage, [10]
• ⸺ shell-money, [21]
• ⸺ weight-system, [156]
• Chios, [322], [343]
• Chisholme, [199]
• Χρυσός, [60]
• Chrysûs, [277]
• Cicero, [134]
• Cilicia, silver of, [286]
• Cloth, [35]
• ⸺ silken, [22]
• Cnidus, [321], [322]
• Cocoanut, [162], [171]
• Coinage, invention of, [203]
• ⸺ of gold, [125]
• ⸺ of silver at Rome, [136]
• Coins, early Lydian, [293]
• ⸺ normal weight of, [218]
• Coin-standards, [210]
• Colaeus, [62], [96]
• Colchis, [70]
• Colebrooke, [176]
• Colpach, [33]
• Commercial weights, [344]
• Comparetti, [314]
• Compensation for wounds, [30]
• Concha, [328]
• Conchylion, [329]
• Constantine, [384]
• Constantine’s solidus, [181]
• Conti, Nicolo, [27]
• Convention, [47]
• Coomb, [115]
• Copper coins in Greece, [361]
• ⸺ ⸺ in Britain, [94]
• ⸺ in Greece, [312]
• ⸺ in Meroe, [78]
• ⸺ in relation to gold, [77]
• ⸺ native, [58]
• ⸺ of Haidas, [17]
• ⸺ rings, [22]
• ⸺ standards, [348]
• ⸺ wire, Calabar, [40]
• Corcyraean wine jars, [106]
• Corinthian standard, [362]
• ⸺ system, [311]
• Corn sold by measure, [115]
• Cotton as money, [45]
• Counters, [192], [228]
• Coventry tokens, [336]
• Cow, [2 seqq.], [370]
• ⸺ among Ossetes, [30]
• ⸺ at Delos, [5]
• ⸺ at Syracuse, [31]
• ⸺ equal centumpondium, [360]
• ⸺ Hebrew, value of, [148]
• ⸺ in Avesta, [26]
• ⸺ in Rig Veda, [25]
• ⸺ in Scandinavia, [35]
• ⸺ in Welsh Laws, [32]
• ⸺ names for, Sanskrit, Zend, etc., [51]
• ⸺ on coins of Eretria, [5]
• ⸺ suckling calf, [321]
• ⸺ unit of assessment at Rome and Syracuse, [393]
• ⸺ value of, in Gaul and Germany, [140]
• ⸺ ⸺ in Greece, Italy, [133]
• ⸺ ⸺ at Rome, [135]
• ⸺ ⸺ in Scandinavia, [141]
• ⸺ ⸺ in Sicily, [137]
• ⸺ ⸺ Persian, [151]
• ⸺ ⸺ Phoenician, [143]
• ⸺ ⸺ (Table), [153]
• ⸺ ⸺ the same over wide area, [52]
• Cowell, Prof., [176]
• Cowries, [13], [177]
• ⸺ as counters, [229]
• Cows among Madis, [43]
• ⸺ in Darfour, [44]
• Crab’s claw, [350]
• Crab’s eyes, [186]
• Crawfurd, John, [170]
• Crenides, [74], [341]
• Croesus, [204], [297]
• Crosoch, [36]; crosóg, [396]
• Croton, [328]
• Cubit, royal, [265]
• Cucurbita, [258]
• Cumhal, [33]
• Cunningham, [55], [117], [127]
• Curtius, E., [201], [212]
• Cuttle-fish, [327]
• Cyathus, [258]
• Cyrene, [326]
• Cyzicene staters, [342]
• Cyzicenes, [301]
• Cyzicus, [316], [342]
• Damba, [186]
• Damleg, [45]
• Danes, [321]
• Danube, [106]
• ⸺ flows into Adriatic, [107]
• ⸺ source of, [107]
• Dapper, [43]
• Darfour, [44]
• Daric, [126], [277], [297]
• ⸺ as talent, [6]
• ⸺ derivation of, [300]
• ⸺ = Homeric talent, [7]
• Datum, gold mines, [74]
• Debae, [75]
• Decalitron, [362]
• Decimal system, [203], [228], [371]
• ⸺ ⸺ in Homer, [308]
• Decussis, [356], [369], [370]
• Deecke, [130]
• Degradation, [226]
• ⸺ of coin weights, [223]
• ⸺ of weight, [338]
• Delian priests, [108]
• Delphium, [106]
• Delos, [215]
• Demareteion, [297]
• Demeter, [327]
• Denarius, [357], [363]
• Deunx, [351]
• Dewarra, [20]
• Dextans, symbol of, [369]
• Dhalac, [330]
• Digitus, [353]
• Dinar, [63]
• Diodorus, [81]
• Dionysius, [31], [225]
• ⸺ of Halicarnassus, [134]
• ⸺ of Syracuse, [224]
• Dioscuri, [377]
• Dirham, [148], [182]
• Dodona, [215]
• Dodrans, [351]
• Dogs, [94]
• Dollar, Maria Theresa, in Soudan, [56]
• ⸺ Mexican, [24]; Spanish, [44]
• Double Unit, [267]
• Doukha, [45]
• Drachm at Athens, [324]
• ⸺ Corinthian, [311]
• ⸺ origin of, [214], [310]
• Draco, [5]
• Dragon’s eye, [22]
• Dublin, [321]
• Duck weight, [83]
• ⸺ ⸺ suggested origin, [247]
• Duck weights, [199], [245]
• Dungi, [248]
• Duodecimal system, [371]
• Dupondius, [376]
• Dyer, Dr Thiselton, [186]
• Dyrrachium, [322]
• Earring, [35]
• Ebusus, coinage of, [290]
• Echinus, [328]
• Egypt, coinage of, [219]
• ⸺ gold in, [78]
• Egyptian gold-mines, described by Diodorus, [79]
• ⸺ measures, [122]
• ⸺ Monad, [129]
• ⸺ records, [236]
• ⸺ weights, [122]
• Egyptian weight system, [237]
• Electrum, [98], [204], [290]
• ⸺ at Carthage, [289]
• ⸺ Lydian, [70], [294]
• ⸺ why coined, [207]
• Elephant, price of, [24]
• Elephant’s tusk, [25]
• Ellis, [187]
• Emporiae, [290]
• English coinage, [224]
• ⸺ Imperial weights and measures, [266]
• ⸺ penny, [225]
• ⸺ weights, [186]
• Ephorus, [211]
• Epicharmus, [137], [364]
• Eretria, [322]
• Erman, [146], [242]
• Erythia, [110]
• Eryx, [144]
• Esterlings, [225]
• Etruria, [374]
• Etruscan gold coins, [130]
• ⸺ gold unit, [359]
• ⸺ silver, [363]
• ⸺ standard, [130]
• Etruscans, [64]
• Etymology, danger of, [65]
• Euboic-Attic system, [311]
• Euboic standard, [9], [210]
• ⸺ ⸺ origin of, [222]
• Eustathius, [125]
• Evans, A. J., [271], [365], [366]
• ⸺ Dr J., [94]
• Exagion, [183]
• Ezekiel, [121], [282]
• Falgo, [45]
• Fanam, [173]
• Fee, [4], [34]
• Felkin, [43], [263]
• Fen Ditton, [182]
• Fertyt tribe, [46]
• Festus, [134]
• Fetiches, [187]
• Fibulae, [41]
• Fifteen-stater standard, [286]
• Fiji, [21]
• Fines, [135]
• Fiorino, [385]
• Fish-hooks, [28]
• Florin, [385]
• Foot, Roman, [359]
• Foucart, [219]
• Fractions, [357]
• Frankincense, [6]
• Frazer, J. G., [30], [320]
• French metric system, [1]
• Fuel sold by bulk, [115]
• Gades, coinage of, [290]
• Gaius, [8], [376]
• Galetly, A., [30]
• Gallaecia, [101]
• Gardner, Dr, [126], [342]
• ⸺ P., [222], [313], [364]
• Gaul, [325]
• Gaulish gold unit, [131]
• Gauls, [332]
• ⸺ in Italy, [61]
• ⸺ value of cow with, [140]
• Gaus, [51]
• Gelon, [142]
• Gerah, [277]
• Germans, [131]
• Geryon, [110]
• Gill, [23], [296]
• Gold, [57 seqq.]
• ⸺ alone weighed in Homer, [117]
• ⸺ among Salassi, [89]
• ⸺ at Vercellae, [88]
• ⸺ bat, [163]
• ⸺ Coast, [105]
• ⸺ coinage, [372]
• ⸺ coinage, Athens, [124]; Macedon, [125]; Thasos, [125]; Cyzicus, [125]
• ⸺ coinage, Roman, [362]
• ⸺ coins, Athens, [372]
• ⸺ distribution of, [65]
• ⸺ equal distribution of, [114]
• ⸺ first coinage at Rome, [378]
• ⸺ first of all articles weighed, [114]
• ⸺ from India, [257]
• ⸺ in Bactria, [67]
• ⸺ in California, [58]
• ⸺ in China, [22]
• ⸺ in Gaul, [90]
• ⸺ in Meroe, [78]
• ⸺ in Noricum, [87]
• ⸺ in quills, [17], [186], [192]
• ⸺ in Rig Veda, [25]
• ⸺ in rings from Sennaar, [82]
• ⸺ in Swiss lake-dwellings, [85]
• ⸺ in Thibet, [66]
• ⸺ in Wales, [94]
• ⸺ measured, [168]
• ⸺ measured by quills, [186]
• ⸺ mining, methods of, [101]
• ⸺ not weighed, [187]
• ⸺ nuggets of, [75]
• ⸺ of Tolosa, [92]
• ⸺ ornaments of Gauls, [92]
• ⸺ Irish, [402]
• ⸺ placer, [98]
• ⸺ poured into jars, [259]
• ⸺ relation of, to silver in Etruria, [140]
• ⸺ relation of, to silver and copper in Italy, [139]
• ⸺ relative value, and silver, [75]
• ⸺ scarce in Greece, [221]
• ⸺ standard, [211]
• ⸺ Talent of, [3]
• ⸺ unit, the same everywhere, [133]
• ⸺ unit of Attopoeu, [163]
• ⸺ units, table of, [132]
• ⸺ Ural-Altai, [67]
• ⸺ wedge of, [270]
• ⸺ weighed in Veda, [122]
• ⸺ weighing, [167], [172]
• ⸺ white, [97]
• Golden Bough, [320]
• ⸺Fleece, legend of, [70]
• Goliath, [120]
• Gortyn, [314]
• Gourds, [43], [258]
• Greek (old) standard, [306]
• ⸺ standard (table), [310]
• ⸺ system, [304]
• ⸺ weights, [181]
• Griffins, [68], [70]
• Guadalquivir, [97]
• Gunjá, [176], [178]
• Gygadas, [206]
• Gyges, [71], [201], [204], [293]
• Hachâchah, [45]
• Haddon, [105]
• Hair weighed, [275]
• Hakon the Good, [34]
• Haliartus, [334]
• Hamilcar, [289]
• Handfuls of rice, [170]
• Hanno, voyage of, [83]
• Hare, [336]
• ⸺ hunting of, [337]
• Hares at Carpathus, [337]
• Hare-skin, [13]
• Harich, [45]
• Harpoon, [105]
• Harris papyrus, [239]
• Hasdrubal, [289]
• Haxthausen, [4]
• Head, [130], [138], [196], [314], [316]
• Hebrew system, [269]
• ⸺ system, tables, [283]
• Hectae, [342]
• Hectare, [1]
• Helbig, [36], [84]
• Helix, [36]
• Helvetii, [90]
• Heraclea, [365]
• Herakles, [107], [227]
• ⸺ road of, [111]
• Hercynian forests, [106]
• Herodotus, [107], [258], [260]
• Herondas, [342]
• Hexâs, [348]
• Hide (of land), [391]
• Hides, [51]
• ⸺ as money, [332]
• Hierapolis, [202]
• Himera, [142], [347]
• Hindu weights, [177]
• Hiranya-pindas, [26], [258]
• Hissarlik, [73]
• Hittites, [202]
• Hoe money, China, Annam, [22]
• Hoes, [45], [165], [312], [371]
• Hoffmann, [36]
• Homeric Greeks, analogy of, to modern barbarians, [50]
• ⸺ Poems, [2]
• ⸺ Trial Scene, [8], [389]
• Honey, [34], [122]
• Horapollo, [129]
• Horse, value of, [147]
• Hottentots, [42]
• Hucher, [131]
• Hultsch, [95], [129], [202]
• Hyksos, [50]
• Hyperborean maidens, [109]
• Hyperboreans, [107]
• Hyperoché, [109]
• Ialysus, [339]
• Iceland, [18]
• Icelandic proclamation, [18]
• Illyria, [378]
• Incas, weight, [193]
• Incuse on coins of Magna Graecia, [334]
• ⸺ square, [333]
• India, mediaeval, [27]
• Indian weight standards, [176]
• Ireland, gold in, [95]
• Irish currency, early, [31]
• ⸺ weights, [180], [401]
• Iron in Homer, [117]
• ⸺ ingots, [25], [163]
• ⸺ money, [373]
• ⸺ needles of, [27]
• ⸺ plates, [43]
• ⸺ rings, [40]
• Issedones, [68]
• Istir, [148]
• Istropolis, [107]
• Italian system, [350]
• Ivory tusks, [42]
• Jade, [48], [105]
• Janiform head, [318]
• Japanese Bean money, [295]
• Jars in Annam, [24]
• Jersey torque, [405]
• Job, [35]
• Jol, [288]
• Jones, Quayle, [186]
• Jordan, [112]
• Josephus, [277]
• Jugerum, [358]
• Juno Moneta, [215]
• Kaibel, [306]
• Karnak, [239]
• Kat, [238]
• Keller, Dr, [85]
• Kelts, [31]
• ⸺ their early knowledge of gold, [104]
• Kenrick, [143]
• Kenyon, [306]
• Keseph, [270]
• Kesitah, [270]
• Kettle, [31]
• Kettles, [24]
• Kid, [33]
• Kikkar, [264], [279], [309]
• King’s weight, [275]
• Klaproth, [69]
• Knife money, [156]
• Knives, [312]
• Koehler, [219], [317]
• Kolben, [43]
• Lacedaemonian shield, [334]
• Lachish, [258]
• Lady Godiva, [336]
• Lais, [330]
• Lake dwellings, [84]
• Lamb, [271]
• Laodicé, [109]
• Laos, weight system of, [161]
• Larins, [28]
• Lassen, [66]
• Lateres, [375]
• Latham, R. G., [57]
• Laurium, [99]
• ⸺ mines of, [59]
• Layard, Sir A. H., [85]
• Leake, Col., [313]
• Lebetes, [314]
• Lehmann, [195]
• Leinster, king of, [32]
• Lelantum, [222]
• Lemnos, [323]
• Lenormant, [129], [242]
• Leocedes, [212]
• Lex Flaminia, [378]
• ⸺ Tarpeia, [31]
• Libella, [357], [374]
• Libra, [347], [358]
• Lindus, [339]
• Linguistic Palaeontology, [60]
• Lingurium, Greek derivation of, [110]
• Lion and Bull, [296]
• ⸺ on coins, [321]
• ⸺ weights, [199], [245]
• Litra, [347]
• ⸺ its subdivisions, [348]
• ⸺ silver, [361]
• ⸺ translation of libra, [360]
• Litre, [1]
• L. M. R., [330]
• Load, [173], [263]
• ⸺ as unit, [172]
• ⸺ Greek, [309]
• Lupinus, [278]
• Lusitania, [97]
• Lycia, [332]
• Lydia, [201]
• Lydian coinage, [299]
• ⸺ coins, [321]
• ⸺ electrum, [296]
• ⸺ system, [293]
• Lynx, [110]
• Lyre, [329]
• Lysias, [301], [324]
• Macedonian standard, [346]
• ⸺ talent, [125], [304]
• Machpelah, [246]
• Madagascar, [187]
• Madden, [240]
• Madi tribe, [43], [263]
• Maine, Sir H. S., [8]
• Maize, grain of, [166]
• Makrizi, [182]
• Malay weights, [171]
• Malays, [309]
• Manā of gold, [26], [122]
• Mancipatio, [121], [358], [376]
• Mancus (of silver), [34]
• Maneh, its origin, [256]
• Mansous, [46]
• Manu, [177]
• Maris, [203]
• Mark, [358], [397]
• Marquardt, [181]
• Marsden, W., [172]
• Marseilles, inscription at, [142]
• Massilia, [62]
• ⸺ court of, [111]
• Mathematical hangmen, [231]
• Measure of corn or oil, [324]
• Medbh, [36]
• Medimnus, [324]
• Melitaea, [323]
• Melkarth, [227]
• Men, [327]
• Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin, [247]
• Meinnan, [33]
• Mentores, [106]
• Mermnadae, [205]
• Meroe, gold, copper, iron in, [78]
• Mesha, [272]
• Mesopotamia, cattle in, [50]
• Messana, [336]
• Metals, first objects to be weighed, [114]
• ⸺ relations of, in Greece, [219]
• ⸺ their discovery, [57]
• Metapontum, [319], [327]
• Metre, [1]
• Metric systems, [198]
• Midas, [71]
• Miletus, [205], [210], [226], [296]
• Milk of cow, [33]
• ⸺ of goat, [33]
• ⸺ of sheep, [33]
• Millies, [157]
• Mill-sail incuse, [334]
• Mina, Greek, [309]
• ⸺ Hebrew, [274]
• ⸺ in Ezekiel, [284]
• ⸺ origin of, [258]
• ⸺ use of, [309]
• Mines of Spain, [97]
• Mithkal, [183]
• Moda, [46]
• Modius, [121]
• Moeun, [162]
• Mohurs, [35]
• Moïs, [24]
• Mommsen, [88], [134], [205], [348], [364], [380]
• Money, development of, [48]
• Monro, D. B., [226]
• Moriae, [324]
• Moschos, [137]
• Moura, [160], [175]
• Movers, [143]
• Muk, in Annam, [24]
• Murex, [330]
• Mycenae, [72]
• ⸺ rings at, [77]
• Mytilene, [322]
• Naaman, [280]
• Nails, [159], [312]
• Naucratis, [241]
• Naxos, [348]
• Nehemiah, [280]
• Nejd, [29]
• Nero, [378]
• New Britain, [20]
• New Carthage, [289]
• ⸺ ⸺ mines of, [99]
• Niebuhr, [135]
• Nile, source of, [107]
• ⸺ water, [242]
• Nineveh, [85]
• Nissen, [195], [239]
• Nomads, [75]
• Nomisma, [366]
• Nomos, [369]
• ⸺ bronze, [367]
• ⸺ of Heraclea, [364]
• ⸺ Sicilian, [364]
• Noummos of Tarentum, [364]
• Nub (gold), [60]
• ⸺ its derivation, [78]
• Nubia, [78]
• Numerals on coins, [130], [363]
• Nummus, [131], [137]
• Numus, [364]
• Oats, [34]
• Ob, [349]
• Obol, [346]
• ⸺ Attic, Aeginetic, [346]
• ⸺ copper coin, [361]
• ⸺ its subdivisions, [349]
• ⸺ origin of, [310]
• Oenone, [211]
• Olbia, [67], [316]
• Olive trees, [365]
• Olives, [324]
• Olympic victor, [324]
• Oncia, [348]
• Onesicritus, [74]
• Onions, [45]
• Oppert, [183]
• Oppian Law, [139]
• Or (gold in Irish), [61]
• Orang Glaï, [25]
• Orchomenus, [72]
• Ordlach, [353]
• Öre, [397]
• Ornan’s threshing-floor, [148]
• Örtug, [397]
• Ossetes, [4], [30]
• Ostiaks, [4]
• Ostracism, [329]
• Ostrakon, [329]
• Owls, [225]
• Ox, fore part of, on coins of Samos, [313]
• ⸺ in Capitulare Saxonicum, [34]
• ⸺ name of coin, [4]
• ⸺ on coins of Eretria, [313]
• ⸺ value of, in Egypt, [146]
• Oxus, [204]
• Pactolus, [70], [206]
• Padi, [192]
• Paeonia, gold mines of, [74]
• Pahlavi texts, [148]
• Paille, [101]
• Palacrae, [101]
• Palae, [98], [101]
• Palestine, [269]
• Pallegoix, [161]
• Pangaeum, [71], [220]
• Panormus, [130], [289]
• Parkyns, Mansfield, [82]
• Parthenon, [310]
• Pauli, [89]
• Pausanias, [212]
• Pea, scarlet, [172]
• Peach, [78]
• Pecunia, [4], [376]
• Pegasus, [362]
• Pendeo, [358]
• Pening, [397]
• Penny, its cognates, derivation, [64]; weight, [385]
• Pentacosiomedimni, [324]
• Pentonkion, [348]
• Pericles, [215]
• Perseus, [107]
• Persian Gulf, [27]
• ⸺ silver standard, [261]
• ⸺ standard, [300], [303]
• ⸺ tribute, [129]
• ⸺ wars, [220]
• ⸺ weights, [179]
• Persians coin money in Egypt, [219]
• Pertz, [141]
• Peru, [193]
• Petrie, W. M. F., [216], [240], [241], [258]
• Phanes, [320]
• Pharaoh, [113]
• Pheidias, [211], [310]
• Pheidon, [211], [311]
• Pheidonian weights, [213]
• Philip II., [74], [341]
• Philippi, [74]
• Philippus stater, [140]
• φλjορι, [61]
• Phocaea, [205], [322]
• Phocaean standard, [210]
• Phocaeans, [62], [96], [110], [130], [132]
• Phoenicia, [86], [200]
• Phoenician inscription of Marseilles, [142]
• ⸺ standard, [206], [261]
• ⸺ ⸺ origin of, [286]
• ⸺ system, [285]
• ⸺ weights, [201]
• ⸺ ⸺ from Jol, [288]
• Phoenicians, [117]
• Phtheirophagoi, [70]
• Picul, [263], [309]
• ⸺ origin of, [174], [190]
• Pig, [25]
• Pindar, [170], [211]
• Pinginn, [33]
• Pipilika, [67]
• Plutarch, [135], [378]
• Po, [110]
• Pollex, [353]
• Polo, Marco, [14], [146]
• Polybius, [62], [139]
• Polygamy, [54]
• Pondus, [358]
• Poole, R. S., [271]
• Posidonius, [91], [97]
• Pottery, in shape of gourds, [258]
• Pound, English, [266]
• ⸺ of 16 ounces, 18 ounces, 24 ounces, [360]
• ⸺ of silk, [259]
• Powell, [20]
• Priam, [71]
• Propontis, [210]
• Ptolemaic coinage, [299]
• ⸺ standard, [338]
• ⸺ stater, [279]
• Pump, Egyptian, [99]
• Pylus, [214]
• Pyrenees, [99]
• Pytheas, [257]
• ⸺ his voyage, [83]
• Qesitah, [270]
• Quadrans, [348], [352]
• Quadrigae, [377]
• Queen Charlotte Islands, [17]
• Queensland blacks, [152]
• Queipo, [179], [200]
• Quills of gold, [17]
• Quincunx, symbol of, [369]
• Rakat, [172]
• Rameses II., [128]
• Ratti, [127], [176], [186]
• Red Sea, [76]
• Regenbogenschüsseln, [140]
• Reindeer, [4]
• Relation of gold to silver, to copper, [135]
• Rhegium, [336]
• Rhinoceros, horn of, [25]
• Rhoda, [290], [322]
• Rhodes, [132], [322], [339]
• Rhodian standard, [338], [339]
• Rhys Davids, [29]
• Rice, [178]
• ⸺ bag of, [162], [172]
• ⸺ grains, [187]
• Rig Veda, [25], [59], [122], [257]
• Ring money, [35], [394]
• Rings, Egyptian, [242]
• ⸺ gold, [34], [128]
• ⸺ ⸺ of Egypt, [129]
• ⸺ in Homer, [36]
• ⸺ Mycenaean, [36]
• ⸺ of tin, [44]
• Road, sacred, [111], [216]
• Robes, in Homer, [49]
• Roman coins of Campania, [216]
• ⸺ foot, [359]
• ⸺ (later) weights, [181]
• ⸺ pound, [234]
• ⸺ system, [374]
• Romans, use of weights by, [121]
• Rose, [320]
• Rotl, [46]
• Royal standards, [250]
• Rubat, [45]
• Ruding, [180]
• Rupee, [4]
• ⸺ purchasing power of, [152]
• Rye, [34]
• Saggio, [23], [146]
• Salamis, [142], [272]
• Salassi, [89]
• Sallet (von), [317]
• Sallust, [110]
• Salt, [45]
• Samhaisc, [33]
• Samos, [222]
• Samoyedes, [3]
• Sapec, [24], [157]
• Sarah, [113]
• Sardes, [206]
• Sassanide kings, [151]
• Saxon coins, [321]
• Sayce, [202]
• Scales of silver, [193]
• ⸺ used, [226]
• Scandinavian currency, [34]
• Scapte Hyle, [73]
• Schliemann, [129], [231]
• Schoenus, [365]
• Schrader, [60], [69], [70], [92]
• Scillinga, [39]
• Sciron, [331]
• Screapall, [33]
• Scriptulum, [351]
• Scripulum, [135]
• Scrupulus, [352]
• Scythians, [67]
• ⸺ use gold, but not copper, [69]
• Seal, [322]
• Sedâcy, [44]
• Seebohm, F., [404]
• Sembella, [379]
• Semis, [369]
• Sequani, [332]
• Servius, [376]
• Sestertius, [363], [379]
• Sexagesimal system, [198]
• Sextantal as, [362]
• Sextans, [348]
• Sextula, [351], [384]
• Shakespeare, [349]
• Shayast, [150]
• Sheep, [33], [324], [370], [374]
• ⸺ as coin type, [272]
• ⸺ as unit, [272]
• ⸺ weights, [271]
• Shekel, [35]
• ⸺ as unit of Hebrew system, [273]
• ⸺ earlier than mina, [246]
• ⸺ heavy, [259]
• ⸺ light, heavy, [201]
• ⸺ of Sanctuary, [273]
• Shekels, [269]
• Shell money, [14]
• Shells of silver, [22]
• Shield, [331], [334]
• ⸺ in Homer, [331]
• Shilling, [37]
• Siamese bullet-money, [28]
• ⸺ coins, [161]
• Sicanians, [347]
• Sicels, [347]
• Sicilian gold unit, [131]
• ⸺ silver coinage, [359]
• ⸺ system, [346]
• ⸺ talent, [131], [137], [304], [359]
• Sicilicus, [368]
• Sicily, [31]
• Siculo-Punic coins, [289]
• Sicyonian shield, [334]
• Sidonians, [117]
• Sierra Leone, [39]
• Siglos, [261]
• Silenus, [323]
• Siliqua, [182]
• Silphiomachos, [326]
• Silphium, [314], [325]
• ⸺ on coins of Cyrene, [50]
• Silver, [57]
• ⸺ at Rome, [139], [373]
• ⸺ coinage, Roman, [362]
• ⸺ coins, origin of Greek, [315]
• ⸺ discovery of, [98], [100]
• ⸺ found in Cilicia, [146]
• ⸺ furnaces for, [98]
• ⸺ in Cilicia, [286]
• ⸺ in Gaul, [93]
• ⸺ in Greece, [310]
• ⸺ in Palestine, [147]
• ⸺ not weighed in Homer, [117]
• ⸺ relation to bronze, [380]
• ⸺ scarce in Egypt, [146]
• ⸺ standard, [260]
• ⸺ standards, table, [209]
• ⸺ ⸺ variation of, [337]
• ⸺ value of, [146]
• Silverlings, [269]
• Silvestre, [157]
• Sipylus, [71]
• Six, M., [321]
• Sjögren, [70]
• Slave-boy, [326]
• Slave, foreign, more valuable, [55]
• ⸺ Hebrew, value of, [148]
• ⸺ in Homer, [30]
• Slaves, [11], [323]
• ⸺ constancy of price, [54]
• ⸺ in Congo, [42]
• ⸺ in Darfour, [46]
• ⸺ in Wales, [32]
• ⸺ male, female, [54]
• Soanes, [70]
• Solidus, [33], [181], [384]
• Solomon, [147]
• Solon’s coinage, [306], [324]
• ⸺ standard, [306]
• Sophocles, [204]
• Sophron, [364]
• Sophytes, [127]
• Soteria, [327]
• Soudan, [312]
• Soul, weighing of, [150]
• Soumyt, [46]
• Soutzo, M., [134], [203], [347], [368], [380]
• ⸺ view of relation between the metals, [136]
• Spain, mines of, [96], [97]
• Spata, [84]
• Spear-brooch, [36]
• Spices weighed, [276]
• Spirals, [36]
• ⸺ Keltic, [38]
• ⸺ Scandinavian, [37]
• Squirrel skin as unit, [4]
• Stater, use of, [308]
• Sterlings, [225]
• Stiver, [186]
• Stockfish, [18], [316]
• Strabo, [71], [97]
• String of cash, [24]
• Sumatra, [172]
• Sun’s diameter, [203]
• Suvarṇa, [127], [178]
• Svoronos, [314]
• Swine, [378]
• ⸺ with Gauls, [333]
• Symbol as mark of worth, [324]
• Syracusan standard, [362]
• Syracuse, coinage of, [225]
• Szins, [25]
• Taberdier, [158]
• Tacoe, [186]
• Tael, [158]
• Taku, [186]
• Talanton, [228], [304]
• Talent, [244]
• ⸺ Homeric, [2 seqq.]
• ⸺ Macedonian, [125], [304]
• ⸺ origin of, [262]
• ⸺ Sicilian, [304]
• Tantalus, [71]
• Tapaks, [167]
• Taras, [364]
• Tarbelli, [92]
• Tarentum, [364]
• Tarneih, [44]
• Tarshish, [97]
• Tartessus, [96], [97]
• Taurisci, [87], [339]
• Tax, hut, [25]
• Tea as money, [23]
• Teanum, [369]
• Tectosages, [90]
• Temples as banks, [215]
• Tenedos, [318]
• Teos, [210], [340]
• Testudo, [329]
• Tetl, [192]
• Tetras, [348]
• Teutonic peoples, [34]
• Thasos, [220], [323], [344]
• ⸺ mines of, [73]
• Thebes, [334]
• Theocritus, [137]
• Theseus, [331]
• Thomas, [176]
• Thothmes III., [128]
• Thracian coinage, [342]
• Thracians, [340]
• Thucydides, [72], [211]
• Thumb, [353]
• Thurii, [322]
• Tibetan currency, [23]
• Tical, [29]
• Timaeus, [51], [379]
• Time, measurement of, [198]
• Timoleon, [225], [289]
• Tin, [97], [173]
• ⸺ Cornish, [83]
• ⸺ discovery of, in Sumatra, [100]
• ⸺ coins, [225]
• ⸺ rings of, [44]
• Tiryns, [84], [231]
• Tjams, [24]
• Tmolus, [70]
• Tobacco, [45]
• Tola, [177]
• Tolosa, [90]
• Tomme, [353]
• Torres Straits, [105]
• Tortoise, [313], [333]
• ⸺ Island, [331]
• ⸺ (sea), [215]
• ⸺ shell, [328]
• ⸺ ⸺ currency, [21]
• ⸺ ⸺ masks, [105]
• Tortoises of terra cotta, [329]
• ⸺ of wood, [330]
• ⸺ ⸺ and earthenware, [330]
• Toukkiyeh, [44]
• Trade routes, [105]
• Tremissis, [385]
• Trias, [348]
• Trichalcum, [346]
• Triens, [348]
• Tripods, [314]
• Troy grain, origin of, [181]; of ounce, [386]
• Tschudi, [70]
• Tunny coins of Olbia, [317]
• ⸺ fish, [315]
• ⸺ ⸺ Cyzicus, [50]
• ⸺ ⸺ Olbia, [50]
• Turdetani, [97]
• Turkey rhubarb, [83]
• Turti, [97]
• Types parlants, [322]
• Tyre, [200]
• ⸺ fall of, [141]
• Tylor, [229]
• Umbrians, [64]
• Uncia, derivation of, [353]
• ⸺ Roman, [359]
• Unga, [33]
• Unguis, [354]
• Ur, [197]
• Ural-Altaic range, [204]
• ⸺ region, [68]
• Uten, [203], [238]
• Varro, [375], [378]
• Venusia, [369]
• Victoriatus, [377]
• Victumulae, mines of, [88]
• Vieh, [4]
• Vines, distance apart, [366]
• Vomis, [354]
• Vulci, [354]
• Wadai, [44]
• Wade, Sir T., [158]
• Wai wai, [105]
• Wales, [31]
• Wall paintings, [128]
• Walrus hide, [47]
• Wampum, [14]
• Weapons, [35]
• Weighing of the soul, [150]
• Weight, its origin, [12]
• ⸺ of potatoes, [358]
• ⸺ unit, how fixed, [168]
• Weights, false, [241]
• ⸺ in connection with currency, [271]
• ⸺ in form of animals, [153], [401]
• ⸺ ⸺ oxen, [128]
• ⸺ in shape of cows, [243]
• Weissenborn, [212]
• Welsh currency, [32]
• West, E. W., [148]
• Whale’s teeth, [21]
• Wheat, [122]
• ⸺ corn, [179]
• ⸺ corn in Assyria, [183]
• ⸺ corns, [180]
• ⸺ ear, [327]
• ⸺ grain, [182]
• Wheaten straw, [109]
• Wicklow, gold in, [334]
• Wife, payment for, [44]
• ⸺ price of, [44], [105]
• Wilamowitz, [306]
• Wine, [323]
• ⸺ cup, [323]
• ⸺ jar, [323]
• ⸺ trade, of Carthage, of Gauls, [326]
• Wolf, [335]
• Wood as currency, [42]
• Woodpeckers’ scalps, [15]
• Wool merchants, [117]
• ⸺ weighed in Homer, [118]
• ⸺ weighing of, [116]
• Xenophanes, [205], [293]
• Xenophon, [337]
• ⸺ De Vectigalibus, [338]
• Yard, English imperial, [266]
• ⸺ of butter, [358]
• ⸺ of land, [358]
• Zancle, [348]
• Zechariah, [148]
• Zend Avesta, [149]
• ⸺ physicians’ fees, [26]
• Zulus, [2], [42]

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