Don Francisco de Quevedo: Drama en Cuatro Actos

by Eulogio Florentino Sanz

Fin del Drama

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NOTES

Acto I, Stage Direction. la de San Martín: Sanz has associated the Iglesia de San Martín with the Plazuela de San Martín. The square in front of the Iglesia de San Martín was in reality the Plazuela de las Descalzas. The present Plaza de Antón Martín, at the intersection of the Calle del León and the Calle de Atocha, is in quite another part of the city.

The church of San Martín was built in the seventeenth century. Its richness attracted the attention of the French soldiers in 1809, when it was sacked and destroyed by them.

[5-6.] In 1583 Philip II gave orders that no woman in all his kingdom, whatever her state, quality, or condition, should go about with her face covered (Nov. Recop., ley 8, t. 13, lib. vi). The same order went forth again in 1593, 1610, and 1693. The prohibition was obviously to prevent scandal and intrigue.

[32]. mejoría: Castilla early shows his scorn for the empty-headed sycophant Mendaña by thus punning on the word mejoría. Here, in addition to the meaning of 'advancement', it alludes to the exaggerated use by Mendaña of the exclamation mejor.

[47]. Su excelencia: the conde-duque de Olivares.

[52]. mejoreo: another jibe at Mendaña, cf. l. 32. The suffix -eo is generally used to form nouns only from verbs in -ear.

[66]. no haya duelo ni quebranto: 'let there be no dueling or damage done.'

[70]. El de Guzmán: Don Gaspar de Guzmán, conde-duque de Olivares.

[103]. La infanta Margarita: cf. Historical Introduction.

[110]. Ocaña: an old town in the northeast corner of the province of Toledo, not far from Aranjuez. During the Middle Ages it was a town of considerable importance. As late as the early years of the seventeenth century it was still a resort for the fashionables of Madrid.

[134]. la duquesa de Mantua: cf. Historical Introduction. Mantua is a province that formed part of ancient Lombardy. The succession to the duchy of Mantua caused a bitter war. The legitimate heir was Charles, duke of Nevers. His heritage was disputed by Ferdinand and Cæsar Gonzaga, dukes of Guastalla, and by the duke of Savoy. Charles caused Mantua to be occupied by his son contrary to the wishes of the Emperor Ferdinand II. France and Venice supported Charles and ousted the Savoyards and Spaniards who were besieging Casale (1629). In July, 1630, the city of Mantua was taken and sacked by the imperial troops. At the diet of Ratisbon the Emperor Ferdinand gave in, putting Charles in possession of his duchies. Spain at first refused to accept this decision, but later, by the treaty of Cherasco (1631), recognized it.

[139]. Saboya: Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy married Marguerite of Valois, a sister of Henry II of France. The son of this marriage, Charles Emmanuel I, married the infanta Catalina, daughter of Philip II of Spain. The ambitions of Charles Emmanuel to extend his dominions westward were severely punished by Henry IV in the treaty of Lyons (1601). Savoy mingled in most of the wars of the early part of the century. Charles Emmanuel's shifting politics were always guided by his desires of aggrandizement.

[153]. el conde-duque: not a legal title. When Philip IV made him duke of San Lúcar, he should according to custom have dropped the lower title of count of Olivares; but he asked leave to keep the title which was already well known to the nation. Thenceforth he was popularly called "the count-duke."

[202]. Villamediana: cf. Historical Introduction.

[266]. ¿Conocéis?...: i.e. ¿Conocéis...? In the Romance languages the suspensive points take the place, for many purposes, of the dash in English. The most authoritative usage is that when these points are used with an exclamation or interrogation point, as here, they (like the dash in English) are put before the exclamation or interrogation point if they mean that the sentence is broken off, but after it if they mean that there is a break between this and the next sentence. But it is commoner to put the exclamation or interrogation point invariably before the suspensive points, as the comma in English is always put before the dash, regardless of the sense. When this is done, it expresses the sense rightly in most places, but there will generally be a considerable minority of places where the punctuation must be understood as if transposed, i.e. as indicating an uncompleted sentence. Since Sanz, or his printer, followed this more mechanical rule, it is followed in this edition; but the student must take care not to be misled by it.

[303-306.] Ya hace meses, etc.: cf. Historical Introduction.

[336] ff. Cf. Historical Introduction.

[434]. cruz de Santiago: a red cross to represent a sword with fleurs-de-lis at hilt and guard, on a field of white. The order of St. James was founded in the twelfth century as a combatant order to fight the Moors. Later membership in the order was purely honorary. It carried with it an encomienda or estate from which income was derived.

ACTO II, STAGE DIRECTION. el palacio del Buen Retiro: built by Olivares to flatter the whims of Philip IV. It stood beyond what were then the eastern limits of Madrid. Work on it was begun in 1621, and in 1632 Olivares presented the keys of the new palace to his sovereign amidst great rejoicing. During the French occupation of Madrid after 1808 it was used as a fortress by the troops of Napoleon. The palace and buildings were destroyed later by the French. What were the palace grounds now form the nucleus of the Parque del Retiro.

[627-634.] An allusion to Philip's suspicion of Doña Isabel's guilt in the affair with Villamediana. Cf. Historical Introduction.

[687]. ese escrito: cf. Historical Introduction.

[707]. Y con su propia sangre: cf. Historical Introduction.

[765]. van ya muchos años: Villamediana was murdered in 1622.

[782]. el príncipe heredero: Don Balthasar Carlos received a separate establishment in 1643. A boy of rare promise, his early death in 1646 was a serious blow to the hopes of Philip and of the Spanish people.

[793-800]. It was customary for members of the nobility to have lodgings in the palace, especially those who enjoyed honorary positions as personal servants to the sovereign. In this passage no particular significance attaches to the names mentioned other than that their hostility to Olivares was the cause of their removal. For this episode cf. Historical Introduction.

[926]. letrilla: a letrilla is usually divided into strophes at the end of each of which the central thought of the whole composition is repeated as a refrain. This form was effectively used by Quevedo as a vehicle for satire.

[928]. al buen entendedor: the whole proverb is "Al buen entendedor, pocas palabras," or "A buen entendedor, breve hablador." The English equivalent is "A word to the wise is sufficient."

[944]. It should be recalled that Quevedo, Act I, Scene XIII, had picked up by mistake Medina's cloak instead of his own.

[1070]. Grana calls attention to the cross of St. James and congratulates Quevedo on receiving it.

[1277-1292.] As the stage direction explains, Sanz has cleverly taken eight lines from Quevedo's sonnet A Una Nariz, and introduced asides to Olivares. The sonnet continues:

Érase un espolón de una galera,
érase un pirámide de Egipto,
las doce tribus de narices era.
Érase un naricísimo infinito,
muchísima nariz, nariz tan fiera,
que en la cara de Anás fuera delito.

[1281]. una nariz sayón y escriba: the two nouns sayón ('executioner') and escriba ('scribe,' 'notary') used as adjectives convey the idea that this nose was a sharp one, even a deadly one. The notary with his affidavits was as much to be dreaded as the executioner himself.

[1291]. Ovidio Nasón más narizado: the allusion is to the Latin poet Publius Ovidius Naso; the pun is on the word Nasón (Naso); naso in Latin = narizado.

[1445-1468.] Cf. Historical Introduction.

[1552]. Esthin: Hesdin, a fortified town near the English Channel, in Artois; taken by the French in 1639.—Wiranzan: probably Besançon in Franche-Comté.—Dola: Dôle, a fortified town, capital of Franche-Comté till 1648.

[1553]. Islas Terceras: the name given to the central group of the Azores; it may apply as well to the entire archipelago. Portuguese territory until 1582, it passed with Portugal to the control of Spain and was not restored to Portugal until the mother country regained her independence.

[1554]. el Ducado de Borgoña: an error; the duchy of Burgundy, west of the river Saône, had not been a Spanish possession. It was the county of Burgundy, east of the Saône, better known in English as Franche-Comté, that came to the Spanish crown from the house of Austria. It was largely occupied by the French about 1643, though it was restored to Spain at the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and did not become permanently a part of France till thirty years later.

[1555]. el Brasil: Brazil was a Portuguese possession until 1822. In 1630-1644 the Dutch occupied the northern provinces almost down to the capital, Bahia.—el Rosellón: Roussillon, north of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, was formerly a dependency of the crown of Aragon. Louis XIII began its conquest in 1639 and concluded it in 1642.

[1556]. Ormuz: a Portuguese trading station on the East India route until 1622, when it was captured and destroyed by the Persians and English. It was on the strait of the same name, which connects the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman.—Pernambuco: a Brazilian state whose colonization dates from the second decade of the sixteenth century. The Dutch seized it in 1630 and held it till 1654.—Hoa: for Goa, a Portuguese trading station in India.

[1559]. Braganza: the house of Braganza was founded by John I of Portugal in the person of his illegitimate son Alfonso. The dukes of Braganza played important rôles in the history of Portugal during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Tedosio II served Philip II faithfully as long as Portugal was a Spanish dependency. In 1630 his son John II succeeded him, and in 1640 was proclaimed king of Portugal as John IV.

[1560]. Villaviciosa: Villa Viçosa, a city of Portugal about twenty miles from Elvas. It is famous for its connection with the house of Braganza.

[1587]. las Salinas: I am unable to identify this place.

[1615-1616.] Mars and Bellona, the god and goddess of war in Latin mythology. Margarita and Quevedo are leading the attack on Olivares. While Quevedo is absent Margarita is idle.

[1685]. Éranse etc.: the stereotyped manner of beginning a story. It has the same touch of quaintness as the English "once upon a time there was," etc.

[1837]. tarantela: the tarantella is a Neapolitan dance, particularly animated and spirited. The sense of the passage is that Quevedo watches his fellow mortals rush feverishly hither and thither with great stir of activity, but accomplishing nothing of value.

[1838]. This name originally was applied to a German dancing mania. Sanz uses it in its modern sense of a disease whose most conspicuous symptom is interference with the control of the muscles.

[1882]. This line is faulty; two syllables are lacking.

[1908]. Quevedo is even more famous for his satirical romances (ballads) than for his letrillas and sonnets.

[1926-1929]. Margarita here probably alludes to Quevedo's Poesías Morales, "esto es que descubren y manifiestan las pasiones y costumbres del hombre, procurándolas enmendar."

[1938-1941]. These lines are taken from the first strophe of Quevedo's "Elogio al Duque de Lerma, Canción Pindárica."

[1977]. Sicily was at this time still ruled by a Spanish viceroy.

[1979]. Palermo, a city on the north coast of Sicily, formerly the capital of the kingdom of Sicily and now the capital of the province of Palermo.

[1989-1990]. These lines are taken from one of Quevedo's cold and highly artificial love sonnets, "Musa" IV, VII.

[2030]. ese altivo Girón: cf. Historical Introduction.

[2036-2043]. Sanz quotes the two quatrains of Quevedo's sonnet "Memoria inmortal de Don Pedro Girón, Duque de Osuna, muerto en la prisión." The concluding tercets are inferior to the quatrains.

[2048]. los Guzmanes en Tarifa: the allusion is to Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, called el Bueno (1256-1309). In the reign of Sancho IV of Castile, Alonso Pérez was entrusted with the defense of Tarifa against the Moors. Tarifa was besieged by the traitorous infante Don Juan at the head of an army of Moors and adventurers. Assaults proving fruitless, Don Juan summoned Guzmán to a parley on the walls of the city, where he told him that if Tarifa were not immediately surrendered, the son of the gallant defender would be put to death before his eyes. The answer of Alonso Pérez was to fling down the weapon with which his son should be murdered. Don Juan promptly dispatched the boy and cast his head within the walls.

[2153]. This line is faulty; one syllable is lacking.

[2173-2175]. Blue symbolizes perseverance, loyalty and recompense; while black, as the symbol of grief and mourning, would signify despair.

[2186]. al Escorial: the Real Sitio or Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial lies thirty-one miles northwest of Madrid. It is traditionally believed that during the battle of St. Quentin on St. Lawrence's day (Aug. 10), 1557, Philip vowed that he would build a monastery and dedicate it to St. Lawrence in order to make amends for the destruction by Spanish artillery of a church that bore his name. However, as Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy won the battle and Philip himself was not present, we may suppose that the Escorial was built rather to fulfill Philip's promise to his father Charles V that he would build a suitable tomb as a final resting-place for the remains of the latter and of his wife. In modern times the Escorial has been little used as a palace by the kings of Spain. It is now a monastery in the care of Augustinian monks.

[2242]. Cf. Historical Introduction.

[2247]. Cf. Historical Introduction.

[2255]. enmudecerá Talía: Thalia is the muse of comedy; hence the passage would mean 'your laughing satirical tongue will be silenced.'

[2256-2257]. Cf. Historical Introduction.

[2315]. Mendaña gives the explanation in the following scene, cf. l. 2346 and note.

[2320]. Quevedo puns on the word labores 'embroidery' and the usual sense of 'labor, work.'

[2327]. en Toledo: an allusion to the hospital for the insane at Toledo, called la Casa del Nuncio.

[2340]. el consejo de Castilla: the Consejo de la Real Cámara or Cámara de Castilla was an outgrowth of the reorganized Consejo Real of Ferdinand and Isabella. It was established in 1588 by Philip II, who required that its members be persons chosen for their prudence, piety, and zeal. Its principal functions were to look after the royal revenues, to fill ecclesiastical benefices, and to administer justice in Castile, Navarre, and the Canary Islands.—For this action by the Consejo cf. Historical Introduction.

[2346]. Fuenterrabía: the siege by the French began in July, 1638. The town was supplied with provisions by sea from San Sebastian until a fleet commanded by the archbishop of Bordeaux put an end to this source of supplies with heavy loss to the Spaniards. Meanwhile a force was being prepared to attack the French in their camp. The attack was successful and the rout of the French was complete.

[2395]. del Corpus: Corpus Christi, the day upon which the institution of the Holy Eucharist is commemorated. It is observed in Roman Catholic countries with great pomp and ceremony.

[2511]. Lo: not the paper, but, as line 2513 shows, the proposition that the paper should go in.

[2547]. Al fin me estrellé en la roca: 'at last I have met my fate.' Quevedo had always affected scorn for women. Sanz ignores the fact of Quevedo's marriage.

[2565]. ¿quién?...: the full form of the question is 'which will prove the stronger?'

[2647]. It was a breach of etiquette for Quevedo to be seated without permission in the presence of Olivares.

[2658]. ya no quitáis ni ponéis: this is a reminiscence of Bertrand du Guesclin's "Ni quito ni pongo rey, pero ayudo a mi señor." Du Guesclin with his White Companies came to the aid of Enrique de Trastamara in the latter's rebellion against his half-brother Pedro el Cruel. Pedro, besieged in the castle of Montiel, tried to save himself from Enrique by making terms with Du Guesclin, but he was betrayed into the presence of Enrique. In the struggle that necessarily ensued the two brothers fell to the ground locked in each other's arms. Things were going badly for Enrique when Du Guesclin interfered to give Enrique a chance to dispatch Pedro with his dagger (1369).

[2693]. la carta de Urías: in order to have greater opportunity to indulge his passion for Bathsheba, King David sent her husband Uriah to the siege of Rabbah, and at the same time sent a letter giving orders that Uriah be stationed in the place of greatest danger. Cf. II Samuel xii.

[2714]. postrer: we should expect postrera before a feminine noun, but the meter demands postrer.

[2731]. Gozáis de tan cumplida preeminencia: the right to cover the head in the presence of the king was the special ceremonial distinction of the grandees of Spain.

The King's Letter, last line: if Quevedo had not made pauses in reading in order to hold his hearers in suspense, there would have been a punctuation mark after brazos but not after rey.

[3009]. mi villa: la Villa de la Torre de Juan Abad, in the Campo de Montiel, about one hundred miles from Madrid.

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VOCABULARY

The sign ~ means a repetition of the word in black type at the beginning of the paragraph; thus, under acordar, "~ se" means acordarse.

a to, at, on, by, with, in, according to, within; as sign of personal object is not to be translated; ~ muerte o ~ vida it is life or death; ~ pesar de in spite of; ~ qué why; ~ no ser por were it not for; ~ través de across, through

abajo below, beneath

abalanzarse sobre rush impetuously at

abandonar abandon, forsake

abierto, -a (pp. of abrir) open

abismado, -a (pp. of abismar) buried in thought, dejected

abismo m. abyss

abonar support, bear out

aborrecer irreg. abhor, hate

abortar miscarry, fail

abrasar burn, fire; madden

abrazar embrace

abrigar shelter

abrir irreg. open; ~ la marcha go at the head, lead; ~ paso clear the way

abrumar crush, weary

absorto, -a (pp. irreg. of absorber) absorbed, amazed

aburrido, -a (pp. of aburrir) bored

aburrirse de be bored with

acá here, hither

acabar finish, come to an end; ~ de have just

acaloradamente heatedly, earnestly

acaso perhaps, perchance

acatar respect, observe

acceso m. access, attack (of illness or emotion)

acción f. action

acento m. accent, tone, voice

aceptar accept

acerbo, -a bitter

acercarse approach

acero m. steel; sword

acertar irreg. hit by chance, guess rightly; happen to, succeed in

acompañado, -a (pp. of acompañar) accompanied

acompañar accompany, escort

acordar irreg. resolve, determine, grant (used of king when he determines something which he will later authorize with his official seal and signature); ~ se remember, recall; ~ se de remember

acosado, -a (pp. of acosar) pursued closely

acosar harass, pursue, beset

actitud f. attitude, position; en ~ de marcharse as if about to go away

acto m. act

actor m. actor; primer ~ leading man

actriz f. actress

acudir a go to, attend, repair to, have recourse to

adalid m. chief, champion

Adán Adam

adelantar advance; ~ se advance, approach

adelante ahead, forward

ademán m. look, appearance, expression, gesture

además besides, moreover

adentro inside, within

adiós good-by

adivinar guess, foretell

admirable admirable

admirar admire, wonder at

adornar adorn

adulador m. flatterer

advertir irreg. observe; give notice, give warning, acquaint

afán m. anxiety, eagerness

afanoso, -a anxious, eager

afectado, -a (pp. of afectar) affected

afectar affect, feign

afectuoso, -a affectionate

afición f. fondness, attachment

afirmar declare, assert

afirmativo, -a affirmative

aflicción f. affliction

afligirse grieve, repine

afogonarse miss fire

afrentar affront, insult, shame

afuera outside

agitado, -a (pp. of agitar) agitated

agitar agitate, perturb; wave, shake; ~ se be busied

agonía f. last moments, agony

agotar exhaust; ~ se become exhausted

agua f. water; hacer ~ leak

aguardar wait for, await (expectantly)

agudo, -a acute, shrewd

ah ah, oh

ahí there (near person addressed); here

ahogado, -a (pp. of ahogar) stifled, drowned; morir ~ en la orilla cf. orilla

ahogar stifle; ~ se be smothered, be suffocated, be drowned

ahora now; por ~ for the time being, now

ahorcar hang

aire m. air, expression, look, demeanor

ajeno, -a strange, foreign, belonging to another, of another

al = a + el

ala f. wing

alabarda f. halberd, pike

alabardero m. halberdier, pikeman

alambicar distill; be unnecessarily particular

alarde m. ostentation, boast, manifestation; en regio ~ as if she were the sovereign himself, with royal show

alargar extend, hold out

alborozo m. gayety, joy, rejoicing

albur m. first draw at monte; chance, risk; jugar un ~ take a risk, take a chance

alcaide m. governor (of castle), warden, guardian

alcalde m. mayor; ~ mayor de casa y corte judge who with his fellows formed one fifth of chamber of Consejo de Castilla, see note, l. 2340

alcanzar overtake, grasp, obtain, attain

alcázar m. castle, palace

alcotán m. lanner (hawk)

alegrarse de rejoice in, be delighted at

alegre cheerful, gay, joyous

alegría f. joy, gladness

alejar remove; ~ se move away, go away; ~ del bien lead astray

alerta vigilantly, on the watch

alfiler m. pin; prender con ~ es pin up, pin on, pin together, fig. put together flimsily

alfombra f. carpet

algarabía f. jargon, gabble, hubbub

algo something, anything, somewhat

alguacil m. constable, bailiff

alguien some one

algún see alguno

alguno, -a some, any, some one

aliento m. breath

alivio m. relief

alma f. soul, heart; del ~ beloved

alojamiento m. lodgings

alquitara f. still

alquitarado (pp. of alquitarar) -a distilled, purified, put through a purifying process

alrededor around, round about; ~ de about, around; a su ~ around her etc.

alternativamente alternately

alteza f. highness

altivez f. arrogance, pride

altivo, -a arrogant, proud, haughty

alto, -a high, noble; deep

altura f. height, summit, heights

alumbrado, -a (pp. of alumbrar) lighted

alumbrador m. torch-bearer, light-bearer

alumbrar illuminate, enlighten, light

alzar raise; ~se rise; rebel

allá there, thither; por ~ in that direction

allí there; por ~ that way, there

amanecer irreg. dawn

amante loving

amante m. or f. lover

amar love

amargo, -a bitter

amargura f. bitterness

amarillo, -a yellow

ambición f. ambition

ambicionar pursue as an ambition; covet

ambos, -as both

amén amen

amenazante threatening, menacing

amigo, -a friend

amistad f. friendship

amor m. love; pl. love affair(s)

amparo m. protection, refuge

ancho, -a broad

andar irreg. go, walk, act, go about; often equivalent to estar; ~ por las ramas fix one's attention on the least important part of the question, beat about the bush

ángel m. angel; ~ malo evil genius

angustia f. anguish, suffering

anhelar long for, desire anxiously

aniquilar annihilate, destroy

aniversario anniversary

anochecer irreg. become night, grow dark; al ~ at nightfall

ansia f. anxiety, eagerness

ansiedad f. anxiety; con ~ anxiously

ante before, in front of

antecámara f. antechamber

anterior preceding, former

antes formerly, before; ~ de before

anunciar announce

añadir add

año m. year; al ~ yearly

aparato m. pomp, ostentation, show

aparecer irreg. appear

aparentar make a false show, feign, sham

apartar remove, put aside, part, withdraw; ~ se withdraw, move away, leave

aparte aside

apasionadamente passionately

apelar appeal

aplaudir applaud

aplazar postpone, delay

aposento m. room, apartment

apoyarse lean, rely on

apresuramiento m. hastiness, eagerness

apretar irreg. compress, hold, clutch; distress, harass

aproximarse approach

apuntar aim

apurar consume, drain, exhaust; ~ se worry, fret

apuro m. perplexity, difficulty, affliction, straits, want

aquel,-lla that, the former

aquél,-lla that one, the former

aquí here, now; hacia ~ hither; por ~ hither, this way

árbol m. tree

arcabuz m. harquebus

arder burn, glow

ardid m. stratagem, cunning, trick

arma f. arm, weapon; pl. troops; armorial bearings

arrancar pull, tear, force out

arrastrar drag, draw

arrebol m. red sky

arreglar arrange, dispose

arrepentido, -a (pp. of arrepentirse) repentant

arrepentirse irreg. repent

arriba above; hasta ~ (l. 384) as far as the top (of the steps)

arriesgado, -a (pp. of arriesgar) risky, hazardous

arriesgar risk, venture

arrimar approach, place near; ~ un hombro lend aid

arrimo m. protection, support

arrodillarse kneel

arrogancia f. arrogance; con ~ arrogantly

arrojar throw, fling, cast, hurl (away)

arruinar ruin

artista m. or f. artist

asaduras f. pl. entrails; echar las ~ laugh one's head off

asaltar assail; occur suddenly

asentimiento m. assent

asesinar assassinate, murder

asesino m. murderer, assassin

así thus, so, in this way

asir irreg. seize, take, grasp; ~ se de clutch, lean upon; take advantage of, have recourse to

asomarse show one's self, appear

asombrar surprise, astonish; ~ se de be astonished at, be surprised at

asombro m. surprise, astonishment

aspecto m. aspect, look

aspirar aspire

astucia f. astuteness, cunning

asunto m. subject, matter, affair

asustar frighten

atado, -a (pp. of atar) bound

atajar stop, interrupt

atar bind

atención f. attention

atender irreg. attend, pay attention; atendiendo a out of respect for

atentamente intently

aterrado, -a (pp. of aterrar) terrified

atesorar treasure up, possess

Atocha formerly a suburb southeast of Madrid

atragantar choke

atrás back, backward

atravesar irreg. cross, traverse

atreverse a dare to

atrio m. porch, portico

audacia f. audacity, boldness

audaz (pl. audaces) bold

audiencia f. audience

aun or aún yet, still, notwithstanding, even; ni ~ not even

aunque although

aura f. air

aurora f. dawn

ausencia f. absence

autor m. author

auxiliar help, aid

avanzar advance

avisar advise, warn, give notice of

aviso m. warning, notice

ay ah, alas; ~ de vos etc. alas for you etc.

ayer yesterday; su ~ his past

ayuda f. help

ayudar help

azar m. accident, disappointment, hazard

azorado, -a (pp. of azorar) terrified, confused

azul blue báculo m. staff

bailar dance

baile m. dance

bajada f. descent

bajar lower, descend

bajo, -a low

bajo under, beneath, subject to

bala f. bullet

balcón m. balcony

bandeja f. tray, salver

barato, -a cheap, cheaply

barbado, -a bearded; muy ~ with a very long chin

barbarie f. barbarousness, cruelty

bárbaro, -a barbarous, cruel

bastante enough; considerably, sufficiently, quite

bastar be enough, suffice

bastardo, -a bastard, illegitimate

batalla f. battle

batiente see mandíbula

beldad f. beauty

Belona Bellona, goddess of war, sister or wife of Mars

bello, -a beautiful

bendito, -a blessed

beneficiado, -a (pp. of beneficiar) object of benefit, person for whom a benefit performance is given

beneficiar benefit

beneficio m. benefit; a ~ de for the benefit of

beodo, -a drunk, intoxicated

besamanos m. act of kissing the hand, salute

besar kiss

bicho m. small insect; coxcomb

bien well; very; all right; ~ que although; ahora ~ now then; this being so; más ~ rather

bien m. good; nunca para el ~ fué tarde it is never too late to mend

billete m. note

bisoño, -a inexperienced

bisoño m. raw recruit, novice

blanco, -a white

blasón m. armorial bearings, blazon; glory

boca f. mouth; ~ arriba face upward, flat on one's back

boda(s) f. wedding

bolsillo m. pocket

bondad f. goodness, kindness, clemency

Borgoña f. Burgundy (see note)

Borja proper name

borrar blot, erase

Braganza see note

bravo, -a brave, excellent, fine; bravo!

brazo m. arm

breve brief, short; en ~ in short, in a few words

brillar shine, gleam

brindar drink a health, toast; offer

brotar bud, spring up; appear

brusco, -a brusque, gruff

bueno, -a good, faithful, noble, clear

bulto m. object not clearly seen, form

bulla f. crowd; noise, shouting (of crowd); de ~ in high good humor

buque m. ship

burlar joke, make sport of, fool

busca f. search; en ~ de in search of, after

buscar seek, look for, try to get caballero m. knight; gentleman

caber irreg. be contained in, fit, find room, have the right of admission; qué duda cabe what doubt can there be

cabeza, f. head; con la ~ baja with bowed head

cabo m. end; al ~ finally; al fin y al ~ after all is said and done

cacumen m. top, head; understanding

cada each; ~ cual each one

cadáver m. dead body, corpse

caer irreg. fall; be situated

calar penetrate; ~ el sombrero press one's hat down tight

calavera f. skull

calcular calculate, reckon

Caliope the muse of eloquence and heroic poetry and chief of the muses

calma f. calm, peace

calmar calm, soothe

calor m. heat, warmth

calumniar calumniate, slander

callar be silent; ~ se be silent

calle f. street

cámara f. chamber

cambiar (de) change, exchange

cambio m. change, exchange

camino m. way, road

campanada f. stroke (of bell)

campaña f. campaign

cancel m. glass screen in a church or chapel behind which is the royal seat; extreme limit or boundary

candelabro m. candelabrum

candelero m. candlestick

cansado, -a (pp. of cansar) tired, weary

cansar tire, weary; ~ se grow tired

canto m. song, singing

cañón m. cannon; ~ de metralla long-barreled piece of artillery used formerly for firing grape-shot

capa f. cloak

capaz (pl. capaces) capable, able

capilla f. chapel

capitán m. captain

capricho m. whim

cara f. face

caracol m. snail; winding staircase

carácter m. character, condition

caracterizar characterize, act (a part), interpret (a part)

carcajada f. burst of laughter

cárcel f. prison

cariño m. affection

cariñoso, -a affectionate

carnicero m. butcher

caro, -a dear; venderse caro be sold at a high price

carroza f. state coach

carta f. letter

casa f. house

casado, -a (pp. of casar) married

casar marry, give in marriage; ~ se con marry

cascabel m. bell

cascajo m. gravel; rubbish

casi almost

caso m. case; hacer ~ pay attention; es el ~ que the fact is that

castigar punish

castigo m. punishment

Castilla proper name

Castilla f. Castile

casualidad f. chance, accident, coincidence

catorce fourteen

causa f. cause, reason; por ~ de because of

causar cause

cautelosamente stealthily, cautiously; guilefully

cauteloso, -a cautious, wary; stealthy, guileful

cazar hunt, obtain by exercise of particular skill, catch

ceder cede, grant, relinquish, give in

céfiro m. zephyr

cegar irreg. grow blind, be blinded

celebrar celebrate, applaud

celestial celestial, heavenly

celo m. ardor, zeal; ~ s jealousy

celoso, -a jealous

centro m. center

ceñir irreg. gird, crown

ceñudo, -a frowning, ominous

cerciorar assure, affirm; ~ se de make sure, ascertain

cerebro m. brain, mind; trastornar el ~ turn one's head

ceremonia f. ceremony

cerrado, -a (pp. of cerrar) closed, inclosed

cerrar close; ~ el paso a stand in the way of, prevent

certero, -a well aimed, unerring

cesar cease; sin ~ incessantly

cetro m. scepter

ciego, -a blind

cielo m. heaven, heavens, sky; ¡~ s! great heavens!

cien one hundred

cieno m. filth, mud, mire

ciertamente certainly, surely

cierto, -a certain; certainly; por ~ to be sure; de ~ certainly

cinco five; las ~ five o'clock

cisne m. swan; singer, poet, bard

cita f. appointment, rendezvous, tryst

citar summon, make an appointment with

ciudad f. city

cizaña f. darnel; sembrar ~ sow tares, sow discord

clamor m. clamor, uproar

clarito, -a (dimin. of claro); pronto y clarito see pronto

claro, -a clear; claro está it is evident

claustro m. cloister

clavar fix, nail, fasten, transfix

cobarde cowardly; nunca pequé de ~ I was never guilty of cowardice

cobarde m. coward

cobrar gain, draw (pay); collect (debt)

coche m. coach, carriage

codo m. elbow; por cogote y ~ s see cogote

cogote m. back of neck; discurro hasta por ~ y codos I am racking my brains with a club

cólera f. anger

colérico, -a choleric, angry

colmar (de, con) heap upon, bestow liberally, fill, lavish upon

colocado, -a (pp. of colocar) placed

colocar place

color m. color; ~ es color

colorar paint, tinge, color; ~ se blush, redden

columbrar spy, discern at a distance, descry

columna f. column, pillar

combatir combat, fight

comenzar irreg. commence, begin

comer eat; ~ se adds a little energy to the verb

comitiva f. suite, retinue

como as, as if, like, if only, provided that; ~ puedo as best I can; ~ si as if

cómo how, why, what, is it possible; el ~ the way of it

compaña f. company, escort

compañía f. company

compasión f. compassion, pity; por ~ for pity's sake

competir irreg. compete, rival

complacencia f. complacency

completar to complete

completo, -a complete

componer irreg. compose

comprado, -a (pp. of comprar) bought

comprar buy

comprender understand, grasp

comprensión f. comprehension

común common

comunión f. communion, fellowship, association

con with, by, among; on account of; ~ todo after all, nevertheless

conceder concede, grant

concentrado, -a (pp. of concentrar) concentrated, tense

conciliar conciliate, compose, bring into agreement; arrange

concluir irreg. conclude, finish

conde m. count

condenado, -a (pp. of condenar) condemned

condición f. condition, rank, class; stipulation, circumstance; ~ oscura obscure origin, low birth

conducido, -a (pp. of conducir) led, conducted

conducir irreg. conduct, convoy, lead

confesar irreg. confess

confesión f. confession

confianza f. confidence

confiar trust, hope, have confidence

conforme alike, corresponding to, as; ~ a consistent with; según y ~ see según

confundir confuse, confound; mezquino entre los hombres me confundo I am worthless as men go; ~ se be bewildered, be perplexed, be puzzled

confusión f. confusion

confuso, -a (pp. irreg. of confundir) confused, in confusion

conjetura f. conjecture, guess

conjurar conjure; implore; avert

conjuro m. incantation, charm; entreaty

conmigo with me, on my side

conocer irreg. know, be acquainted with, recognize

conocido, -a (pp. of conocer) known, recognized, well known

conque so then

conquista f. conquest

conquistar win

consagrado, -a (pp. of consagrar) consecrated

consagrar consecrate, devote; direct

conseguir irreg. obtain, attain, succeed

consejo m. council; advice, counsel

conservar keep

consignar consign, devote; state in writing

consigo with or by himself etc.

consonancia f. consonance, rime

consonante m. a rime

conspirar conspire, plot

constar impers. be clear, be evident, be recorded

consuelo m. consolation, comfort

consultar consult; advise; determine (of administrative body)

consumir consume

contacto m. contact, touch

contado, -a (pp. of contar) counted, told; por de ~ of course

contar irreg. count, tell, relate; ~ con count upon, reckon with

contemplar contemplate, regard, watch

contener irreg. contain

contentamiento m. contentment, satisfaction

contentar content, please

contento, -a content, satisfied, happy, pleased

contento m. contentment

contexto m. context, contents

contigo with you

continuación f. continuation; a ~ below

contra against; en mi ~ against me, to my disadvantage

contrario, -a opposed, contrary; por el ~ on the contrary

contrario m. opponent, antagonist, adversary

contraste m. contrast

convencer convince

conveniencia f. convention, convenience

conveniente suitable, convenient

convenir irreg. suit, become, be advantageous

convento m. convent

conversación f. conversation; subject of conversation

convertido, -a (pp. of convertir) converted, changed

convertir irreg. convert

convicción f. conviction, firm belief

convulsión f. convulsion

convulsivamente convulsively

convulsivo, -a convulsive

copa f. cup, goblet, vase

copiar copy

corazón m. heart; courage

corchete m. bailiff

cordero m. lamb

corona f. crown, diadem

coronar crown

Corpus see note

corredor m. corridor

correr run, circulate

corro m. group, circle

cortado, -a (pp. of cortar) cut; broken (of phrase)

cortar cut, cut off, cut out

corte f. court; capital

cortesano, -a pertaining to the court, courtier

cortesano m. courtier

cortesía f. courtesy, compliment, attention, bow

corto, -a short; ~ de vista near-sighted

cosa f. thing, matter, affair; ~ s de Quevedo son it is some folly of Quevedo's, it is some prank of Quevedo's; ~ es clara it is clear enough

costa f. cost; a ~ de at the cost of

costumbre f. custom; es ~ it is customary

costurera f. seamstress, dress-maker

cota f. coat of mail; armor

creador, -a creator

crear create

crecer irreg. grow

credencial lending credit, lending authority

credencial f. credential

credo m. creed; con el ~ en la boca facing death or danger

creer believe, think

criba f. crib

crimen m. crime, guilt

crispado, -a (pp. of crispar) clenched

cristiano, -a Christian

Cristo Christ; por ~ an emphatic oath, by heavens!

cruel cruel

crujir crackle, creak

cruz f. cross

cruzado, -a (pp. of cruzar); ~ de brazos, con los brazos cruzados, with folded arms

cruzar cross, traverse

cuadrar suit, be appropriate

cual like, as; ~ nunca as never before; cada ~ each one

cuál which, which one

cualquier see cualquiera

cualquiera whatever, whoever, anybody, any; ser un ~ be of no account, be a nobody

cuando when, as, since

cuándo when?

cuanto, -a how much (pl. how many), as much, as much as, all that, what, how; ~ más... más the more... the more; ~ menos... menos the less... the less

cuánto, -a how much, how; pl. how many, how much, how!

cuarteto m. quatrain

cuarto, -a fourth

cuatro four

cubierto, -a (pp. of cubrir) covered

cubrir irreg. cover; ~ se cover one's head

cuchillada f. knife-cut, slash with a knife; quarrel

cuchillo m. knife

cuenta f. account; eso de mi ~ corre that is my affair; tener en ~ take into account, remember

cuento m. story, tale; ~ de alabarda ferrule, end of halberd

cuerdo, -a sensible, wise

cuerpo m. body, substance; tomar más ~ grow firmer

cuestión f. question, subject, matter under consideration

cuidado m. care, pains

cuidar take care

cuita f. affliction, trouble

culebra f. serpent, snake

culpa f. blame, fault, guilt

cumplido, -a (pp. of cumplir) large, full, ample; cumplida merced signal favor

cumplir fulfill, carry out, execute; be fit, be convenient

curiosidad f. curiosity

curioso, -a curious, inquiring chacota f. uproarious mirth

chancero, -a jocose, merry

chanza f. joke, jest; estar de ~ be joking, be in a joking mood

chato, -a flat, flat-nosed; chata razón stunted intellect

chist ssh, hush

chiste m. joke

chistoso, -a cheerful, funny dado, -a (pp. of dar) given to, devoted to

dama f. lady

dar irreg. give, cause; ~ con find, come upon; ~ en strike, touch, happen, come to; ~ fin end, come to an end; ~ muerte kill; ~ muestras show signs; ~ un paso take a step; ~ principio begin; ~ la vuelta return; ~ la hora strike the hour; un soneto da catorce a sonnet makes fourteen

de of, from, for, through, at, in, by, with, than; ~ cierto certainly; ~ improviso unexpectedly; ~ nuevo again, anew; ~ seguro surely, undoubtedly

deber owe, ought, must, be to

deber m. duty

debido, -a (pp. of deber) due

débil weak, fragile, feeble

decir irreg. say; es ~ that is

declarar declare

decoración f. setting

decoro m. respect, reverence due a person

dedicar dedicate, devote

dedo m. finger

defender irreg. defend

defensa f. defense

deferencia f. deference, condescension

dejar leave, leave off, cease, let, permit; ~ de (infin.) cease etc.; ~ caer drop; ~ paso give way before, let pass

del = de + el

delante in front, before; ~ de before, in front of

delirar be delirious, rave; talk nonsense

delirio m. delirium

delito m. crime

demanda f. demand, petition, request

demás further, besides, in addition; lo ~ the rest; los ~ the rest, the others; with a pl. without art. other

demasiado, -a too much, too many

demonio m. devil; the devil! the deuce!

demora f. delay

dentro within, inside; ~ de within, inside of

derecho, -a straight; right (opposed to izquierdo)

derecho straight, direct, directly

derechura f.: en ~ directly, straight

derrocar overthrow, demolish

derrumbarse fall headlong; crumble away

desafuero m. injustice, outrage

desaliento m. dismay, dejection

desamparo m. abandonment, helplessness

desaparecer irreg. disappear

desatarse break loose, break out

desatinado, -a (pp. of desatinar) wild, incoherent, foolish

desatino m. foolish act, folly, error

desazón f. displeasure, annoyance, offense

descansado, -a (pp. of descansar) easy, quiet; comfortable, at ease

descansar rest

descanso m. rest

descolorido, -a discolored, pale

desconcertar irreg. disconcert, disturb, confuse

descubierto, -a (pp. of descubrir) uncovered, bare

descubrir irreg. reveal, discover, uncover

desde from, since; ~ luego at once; ~ que since, that

desdén m. disdain, scorn

desdeñosamente disdainfully

desdeñoso, -a disdainful, scornful

desdichado, -a unhappy, unfortunate

desdoblar unfold

desear desire, wish

desechar reject, put aside

desembarazarse uncover one's self, disembarrass one's self; ~ de relieve one's self of

desengaño m. discovery of an error, disillusionment, disappointment

desentonado, -a (pp. of desentonar) out of tune, gruff

desenvainar unsheathe, draw

desesperación f. desperation, despair; passion

desfallecimiento m. weakness, dejection

desfilar defile, march by files, pass in review

desgarrar rend, tear

desgracia f. misfortune; por ~ unfortunately

desgraciado, -a unfortunate, object of misfortune

deshacerse de irreg. get rid of

deshonrar dishonor

designio m. design, plan, intention

desigual unequal

desleírse irreg. dilute, weaken, dissolve, melt

desmán m. excess in words or action, insulting breach of etiquette, affront

desmayado, -a (pp. of desmayar) fainting, in a faint

desmayar be dispirited; dismay, discourage; ~ se faint, grow faint

desnudo, -a naked, bare, drawn

desollar irreg. flay, skin

desorden m. disorder, confusion, turmoil

despacio slow, slowly, at leisure

despacito (dimin. of despacio) at leisure

despacho m. dispatch, official communication

despecho m. spite, malevolence

despedida f. good-by, farewell; hacer ~ take leave of

despedirse de irreg. say good-by to, take leave of

despreciado, -a (pp. of despreciar) scorned

despreciar scorn, despise

despreciativo, -a scornful

desprecio m. scorn

después after, then, later, afterward; ~ de after

desterrado, -a (pp. of desterrar) banished

desterrar irreg. banish

destierro m. banishment, exile

destino m. destiny, fate

destruir irreg. destroy

desvanecer irreg. vanish

desvarío m. extravagant action, delirium; con ~ distractedly, wildly

desventura f. ill fortune, calamity, misery, unhappiness

desventurado, -a unhappy, luckless

desviar turn aside, ward off, thrust aside; ~ se turn aside, turn away, take the wrong road

detener irreg. detain, stop; ~ se stop

determinar determine, decide

detrás back, behind; ~ de after, in pursuit of; por ~ behind, from behind

deuda f. debt

devoción f. devotion; pl. devotions (religious)

devolver irreg. return, restore

día m. day, light of day; algún ~ some day, once; todo el ~ all day

diablo m. devil; qué ~ s what the deuce

dicha f. happiness

dicho, -a (pp. irreg. of decir) said, (the) aforesaid, same

dicho m. saying

dichoso, -a happy, prosperous, fortunate

diente m. tooth

diestro, -a skillful, expert, prudent, cunning

diez ten; para las ~ for ten o'clock

diferente different

diferir irreg. defer, delay, postpone

difícil difficult

dignarse deign, condescend

dignidad f. dignity

digno, -a worthy

dilación f. delay

dilatarse broaden, grow broad

dinero m. money, funds

dios m. god, God; vive ~ see vivir; gran ~ great heavens! ~ mío heavens!

dirección f. direction

director m. director; ~ de escena stage-manager

dirigir direct, address; ~ se go, turn (toward), make one's way (toward)

discreción f. discretion, judgment, prudence

discreto, -a discreet; witty

discurrir reflect, reason; plan, scheme

disgusto m. disgust, annoyance, unpleasantness

disiparse fade away

disparar shoot, fire off

disparo m. discharge, shot (of firearm)

dispensar dispense, grant, excuse

disponer irreg. arrange, dispose, order, direct

dispuesto, -a (pp. of disponer) prepared, ready

disputar dispute, debate, argue, quarrel

distancia f. distance

distinción f. distinction

distinguido, -a (pp. of distinguir) distinguished, eminent

distinguir irreg. distinguish, single out

distinto, -a distinct, different

distracción f. distraction, absent-mindedness

diversión f. diversion, amusement

divertido, -a (pp. of divertir) amusing

divertir irreg. divert, turn away; amuse

diz it is said, people say

doblar double, bend

doblez (pl. dobleces) fold, crease; en tres dobleces thrice folded

dogal m. halter, noose, hangman's rope

dolor m. grief, sorrow, pain

dominado, -a (pp. of dominar) dominated; ~ por la situación overwhelmed by the situation

dominador, -a dominating

dominador m. dominator

dominar dominate

dominio m. dominion

dominión f. dominion

don, doña, title of courtesy given to gentleman or lady, now equivalent to Mr. etc., but used only before given names

donaire m. witticism, joke, humor

donde where, in which; en ~ in which; a ~ whither

dónde where? a ~ whither? en ~ where?

doquier anywhere, wherever, everywhere

dormir irreg. sleep; ~ se fall asleep

dos two; los (las) ~ both

dosel m. canopy, dais

drama m. drama, play

ducado m. duchy

ducho, -a skillful, experienced

duda f. doubt

dudar doubt, hesitate; ~ de doubt

duelo m. duel, combat; sorrow; duelo ni quebranto see note

dueña f. duenna, lady-in-waiting

dulce sweet, gentle

dulzura f. sweetness, gentleness; con ~ graciously, gently

duque m. duke

duquesa f. duchess

durante during

dureza f. rigor, severity

duro, -a hard, cruel; thankless, costly e and

ea come!

eco m. echo

echado, -a (pp. of echar): con el velo echado with her veil drawn, with her veil let down

echar throw, cast; ~ el aliento blow; ~ abajo pull down, draw down; ~ a reír burst out laughing

edad f. age

el, la, lo, pl. los, las, the

él, pl. ellos, he, him, it

elefante m. elephant

elegir irreg. choose

elogio m. eulogy, praise

ella she, her

ello it; ~ es que the fact is that; ~ por ~ a fair exchange

embajador m. ambassador

embargo: sin ~ nevertheless

emboscada f. ambuscade, surprise

embozado, -a pp. of embozar

embozarse muffle one's self, fasten upper part (embozo) of cloak about neck and throat

embozo m. muffler, fold of cloak that covers lower part of face; disguise

eminente eminent, signal, distinguished

emoción f. emotion

empeñarse en persist, endeavor, insist upon

empezar irreg. begin

empinar raise; ~ el codo raise the glass, crook one's elbow

empresa f. undertaking, enterprise

en in, on, upon, at, into, to; ~ mi contra against me, to my disadvantage; ~ cuanto as soon as; ~ pos de after, behind; ~ torno de about, around

enaltecer irreg. raise aloft, exalt; heighten

enamorar enamor, inspire love; charm; ~ se de, ~ se con, fall in love with

encaminar guide, direct; ~ se go toward, start

encanto m. charms, attractions

encarado, -a (pp. of encarar): mal ~ ill-featured, badly adjusted

encarar face, point; ~ se con face, confront

encarecer irreg. extol, exaggerate, emphasize

encarecimiento m. exaggeration

encargar recommend, charge, commend; ~ se de take charge of, take upon one's self

encender irreg. kindle

encerrar irreg. inclose, contain

encoger contract; discourage; ~ se de hombros shrug one's shoulders

encomendar irreg. commend, commit, entrust

encomio m. encomium, eulogy, praise

encono m. malevolence, ill will

encontrar irreg. find, encounter; see; ~ se be

encresparse grow rough, grow choppy (of sea)

encubierto, -a (pp. irreg. of encubrir) hidden, masked

encuentro m. encounter, meeting; salir al ~ de come out to meet

endulzar sweeten, soften, lighten

enemigo, -a hostile

enemigo m. enemy

énfasis m. emphasis

enfermo, -a ill, sick, suffering

engañar deceive; ~ se make a mistake, be mistaken

engaste m. setting (of jewels)

engolfado, -a (pp. of engolfar) engulfed, absorbed

engrandecer irreg. aggrandize, ennoble, exalt

enhiesto, -a upright, erect

enjaulado, -a (pp. of enjaular) caged, confined

enjuto, -a dry

enmudecer irreg. become mute, become silent

enojar annoy, trouble, vex, offend; ~ se be annoyed, become angry

enojo m. annoyance, offense; si no lo habéis por ~ if it be not offensive to you

enredijo m. tangle

enredo m. tangle, entanglement; mischief

ensangrentado, -a blood-stained

ensangrentar irreg. stain with blood

ensartar string together, link together; ~ mil gracias be full of jokes

ensayo m. assay, trial, experiment

enseñar show

ensimismado, -a (pp. of ensimismarse) absorbed in thought

entendedor m.: a buen ~ (the full form of the proverb is a buen entendedor, breve hablador, or al buen entendedor, pocas palabras) a word to the wise is sufficient

entender irreg. understand

entendido, -a (pp. of entender) understood

enterar inform; ~ se de find out about

enternecer irreg. move to pity, soften, affect; ~ se soften, be affected

entero, -a complete, entire

entonces then

entrada f. entrance; admission, admittance

entrambos, -as both

entrañas f. inmost feelings

entrar enter, bring in; entra (in stage directions) exit

entre between, in the midst of, in, among

entreabierto, -a (pp. irreg. of entreabrir) half opened

entregado, -a (pp. of entregar) surrendered

entregar deliver, hand over, surrender, entrust

entretanto in the meantime

entretenido, -a (pp. of entretener) amusing, interesting

envainar sheathe

enviado, -a (pp. of enviar) sent, envoy

enviar send

envidia f. envy

envilecer irreg. vilify, debase, degrade

epitafio m. epitaph

época f. epoch, period

equivocación f. mistake, misunderstanding

equivocarse be mistaken

erguido, -a (pp. of erguir) erect, straight

errar irreg. err, wander, be mistaken

error m. error, mistake

escalera f. staircase

escalón m. step

escándalo m. scandal; astonishment

escapar(se) escape

escaso, -a scanty, trifling

escena f. scene, stage

esclavo m. slave

escoger choose

escolta f. escort

escoltar escort

esconder hide

escondido, -a (pp. of esconder) hidden

Escorial m. the Escorial, see note

escorpión m. scorpion

escriba m. scribe

escribir irreg. write

escrito, -a (pp. irreg. of escribir) written

escrito m. writing, manuscript; paper

escuchar listen, hearken to, hear

escudriñar scrutinize, examine

escupir spit

ese, -a, pl. esos, -as, that (near person addressed); those

ése, -a, pl. ésos, -as, that one, those

esencia f. essence

esforzarse irreg. make efforts, struggle

esfuerzo m. effort

eso that; ~ es that is right; por ~ for that reason, that is why

espacio m. space, place; interval of time; en breve ~ quickly

espada f. sword

espalda f. back, shoulders; a ~ s de back of, behind; a la ~ at the back, in the rear, up stage; llevar a la ~ carry, wear on one's back

espantajo m. scarecrow

espantar terrify, frighten

espanto m. consternation, fright, wonder

España f. Spain

español, -a Spanish

español m. Spaniard

espectro m. specter, shade

espejo m. mirror

esperanza f. hope

esperar await, expect, hope

espía m. f. spy

espíritu m. spirit

esposa f. wife

esposo m. husband

espuma f. foam; ~ s waves, seas

esquina f. corner

esquivar shun, avoid, evade

estado m. state, nation

estallar burst

estar irreg. be; suit, become; está bien all right; ~ para be about to; no está he is not here

este, -a, pl. estos, -as, this, these

éste, -a, pl. éstos, -as, this one, these; the latter

estimar esteem; ~ en mucho value highly

esto this

estorbar molest, prevent, interfere with, block

estorbo m. obstacle, hindrance

estrago m. damage

estrambote m. verses added to a sonnet or other metrical combination for the sake of greater emphasis or humor; envoy

estrella f. star; destiny; con mala ~ ill-starred

estrellarse be dashed to pieces, be shivered, be shattered

estremecerse irreg. shudder

estrenarse be presented for the first time (of a drama)

estrujar press, crush, crumple

estudio m. study

estupendo, -a stupendous

eternidad f. eternity

eterno, -a eternal

Europa f. Europe

evitar avoid, shun, save

exagerado, -a (pp. of exagerar) exaggerated

exaltación f. exaltation, passion

examinar examine, investigate

excelencia f. excellence; Excellency (usual title given to persons high in office or of istinction)

excelente excellent

excelso, -a high, sublime

excusado, -a (pp. of excusar) excused, reserved; calle ~ unfrequented street

excusar excuse, omit

execrar execrate, abominate

exhortar exhort, admonish

exigir demand

existencia f. existence

existir exist

expedito, -a free, open

experiencia f. experience

expirar expire

explicar explain

expresar express

expresión f. expression

exquisito, -a exquisite

exterior exterior, outside

extinguido, -a (pp. of extinguir) extinguished, extinct

extinguir extinguish

extranjero, -a foreign, strange

extranjero m. foreigner, stranger

extrañar marvel at, astonish; ~ se de marvel at

extrañeza f. strangeness; surprise, wonderment

extraño, -a strange, singular, extravagant, foreign

extraordinario, -a extraordinary

extravío m. deviation; disorder con ~ incoherently

extremo, -a extreme; en ~ extremely fácil easy

fachada f. façade

falsificar falsify, forge

falso, -a false

faltar be lacking, fail; lo que de Dios os falta what God has in store for you

fama f. fame, reputation

familia f.. family

famoso, -a famous; great, excellent

farol m. lantern

farolillo m. (dimin. of farol) little lantern

fascinar fascinate

fastidio m. annoyance

fatal fatal, ominous

fausto, -a happy, prosperous

favor m. favor

favorito m. favorite

faz f. face

fe f. faith; a ~ in truth, in good earnest; por mi ~ de caballero on my sacred honor, on my word as a gentleman

febrero m. February

felicidad f. happiness

Felipe Philip

feliz (pl. felices) happy, that brings happiness

ferocidad f. ferocity

feroz (pl. feroces) ferocious, wild, savage, rebellious

festejo m. feast, entertainment

fiel faithful, trustworthy

fijamente fixedly

fijarse en fix eyes or attention on

fijo, -a fixed

fila f. rank, row, file

filosofía f. philosophy

fin m. and f. end, conclusion; purpose; al ~ y al cabo after all is said and done, finally; dar ~ finish; en ~ finally, after all, in short; a ~ de que in order that; por ~ finally

final m. conclusion

fineza f. delicacy, favor

firma f. signature

firmar sign

firme firm, steady

Flandes m. Flanders

flor f. flower

fondo m. background (center), bottom, back (of stage)

forma f. form

formar form

fortuna f. fortune, chance; por ~ perchance

forzado, -a (pp. of forzar) forced

frágil fragile, frail, weak

Francisco proper name

frase f. phrase, sentence

frenesí m. frenzy

frente f. forehead, brow; en ~ de in front of, opposite; al ~ de in front of, at the beginning of; ~ a ~ face to face

frescura f. coolness, tranquillity

frialdad f. coldness; con ~ coldly

frío, -a cold

friolera f. trifle

frotar rub

fruto m. fruit

fuego m. fire

Fuenterrabía see note

fuera outside; ~ de outside of, beyond, away from, besides; ~ de sí beside himself

fuerte strong, powerful; bitter

fuerza f. force, strength, violence; es ~ it is necessary

fuga f. flight, escape

fugaz (pl. fugaces) fleeting

funesto, -a sinister, fatal

furibundo, -a furious

furioso, -a furious

furor m. fury

futuro, -a future gala f. parade, present, honor

galán gallant

galán m. gallant

galería f. gallery

gana f. desire; de mala ~ unwillingly, reluctantly

ganado, -a (pp. of ganar) won; winner

ganar gain, conquer, win

ganso m. goose

Gaspar proper name

gastar spend, waste; wear, use (habitually); act, behave (e.g. ~ mal humor be ill-humored)

gemido m. groan, moan

gemir irreg. groan; suffer

general general

general m. general

generoso, -a generous, noble

genio m. genius, character, temper, humor; embodiment

gente f. people, men

gesto m. face, expression

Girón proper name

gloria f. glory; ni en la ~ not even in heaven itself, what could be better?

glorioso, -a glorious

gobernador, -a governor

gobernar irreg. govern, rule

gobierno m. government

golpe m. blow, wound, shock, thrust

gota f. drop

gozar en, de, or con rejoice in, enjoy, revel in

gozo m. joy, rejoicing, keen pleasure

grabar engrave

gracia f. grace, wit, joke; favor; ~ s thanks; ~ s a Dios thank heaven; por ~ for a joke; hacer ~ a please, amuse; tener ~ be witty, be funny

gracioso, -a free, graceful, easy; gracioso porte easy carriage

grada f. step, stair; ~ s perron

gradería f. steps

grajo m. jackdaw

gran see grande

grande great, large

grandeza f. greatness, eminence

gratitud f. gratitude

grey f. flock

grillos m. pl. fetters, irons

grito m. shout, cry

grotesco, -a grotesque

grupo m. group

guardar guard, protect, keep, watch over; guárdeos Dios farewell; ~ silencio remain silent

guardarropa f. wardrobe, clothes-press

guardarropía f. wardrobe (theatrical)

guardia f. guard, policeman; ponerse en ~ put one's self on one's guard

guerra f. war

guiar guide, lead

gusto m. pleasure; a vuestro ~ to your liking; de ~ with pleasure

Guzmán family name; el de ~ = el Conde-Duque de Olivares haber irreg. have; ~ de have to, be to, must; hay, había, etc. there is, there are, etc.; ~ menester have need of; hay (etc.) que it is necessary, one must; qué ha habido what has happened; no ha mucho not long ago

hábil capable, clever, cunning

habilidad f. ability, cunning

habitación f. room, apartment, suite of rooms

hábito m. habit, custom; dress; insignia, order

hablar speak, talk, discuss; qué hablará consigo mismo what can he be muttering to himself; ~ para si talk to one's self

hacer irreg. do, make, act, cause, have; ~ se become; se hace tarde it is getting late; hace (in impers. expr. of time) ago; ~ agua leak; ~ compañía accompany; ~ la corte a do honor to, pay court to; ~ cruces cross one's self; ~ gracia please, amuse; ~ presente present, state, bring to one's attention; ~ voto vow; ~ una salva fire a salute

hacia toward; ~ aquí in this direction

halagüeño, -a attractive, alluring, flattering

hallar find; ~ se be (estar)

hambre f. hunger

harto, -a satiated

harto enough

hasta as far as, until, towards, even to, even; ~ que until

hazaña f. deed

hecho (pp. irreg. of hacer)

hecho m. deed, fact, action

helado, -a (pp. of helar) frozen, chilled

heredar inherit

heredero m. heir; príncipe ~ crown prince

herir irreg. wound, strike

hermana f. sister; prima ~ first cousin

hermano m. brother

hermoso, -a beautiful

heroico, -a heroic

heroísmo m. heroism

hidalgo m. nobleman

hiel f. bitterness, gall

hielo m. ice

hierba f. grass

hierro m. iron, steel; sword

hijo m. son, child

hipocresía hypocrisy, dissimulation

hipócrita m. hypocritical

historia f. history, story, fable, tale, yarn; rot!

hoja f. leaf; ~ s leaves of (folding or sliding) door

hola hello, ho

holgarse de irreg. take pleasure in

hombre m. man

hombro m. shoulder

hondo, -a deep, dark; honda querella bitter complaint

honor m. honor

honra f. honor

honrar honor

honroso, -a honorable, creditable

hora f. hour, appointed time; es ~ de que it is time that; a estas ~ s now, at this moment

horca f. gallows

horizonte m. horizon

horrendo, -a dreadful, hideous

horrible horrible

horror m. horror; qué ~ how horrible

hostilidad f. hostility

hoy to-day; ~ mismo this very day; de ~ en más from now on, henceforth

huirse irreg. flee, escape

humanidad f. humanity

humano, -a human

humedecer irreg. moisten; grow wet, grow moist

húmedo, -a damp, wet

humilde humble

humillación f. humiliation, abjectness

humillado, -a (pp. of humillar) humiliated, humbled

humillar humble, crush, degrade

humo m. smoke

humor m. humor; de mal ~ ill-humoredly; estar de ~ be in good humor

hundir plunge, crush; ~ se crumble, collapse idea f. idea

ideal ideal

ídem idem, the same

ignorar be ignorant of, be in ignorance

igual equal, similar, fair

ijar m. flank, side

iluminado, -a (pp. of iluminar) illuminated

iluminar illuminate

ilusión f. illusion

ilustre illustrious, glorious

imagen f. image

imaginar imagine

imaginario, -a imaginary

imbécil imbecile, mad

imbécil m. imbecile, ass

imitar imitate

impaciencia f. impatience

impacientarse grow impatient

impaciente impatient

impasible impassible, motionless

imperial imperial

imperio m. empire, command, imperiousness; con ~ arrogantly, in commanding tone

imperioso, -a imperious, commanding

impío, -a impious, wicked

imponer irreg. impose

importar be of importance, matter, concern; importe que importe matter what it may, at any rate

importuno, -a unseasonable, annoying

imposible impossible

impostor m. impostor

improviso, -a unexpected, unforeseen; de ~ suddenly, unexpectedly

impuro, -a impure, unfaithful

incapaz (pl. -ces) incapable

incauto, -a incautious, rash

incertidumbre f. uncertainty

incisivo, -a incisive

inclinación f. inclination, bow

inclinarse bow

ínclito, -a renowned, illustrious

incorporarse join, mingle with

indagar investigate, inquire

independiente independent

indiferencia f. indifference

indignado, -a (pp. of indignar) indignant, angry

indispuesto, -a indisposed, unwell

inédito, -a unpublished

Inés proper name

inevitable inevitable

infame infamous, abominable

infamia f. infamy

infante, -a infante, infanta (legitimate child of Spanish royal blood)

infeliz unhappy, wretched

inferir irreg. infer

infernal infernal, hellish

infierno m. hell

infinito, -a infinite; as adv. immeasurably

influir irreg. influence, exercise influence

infructuoso, -a fruitless, vain

infundir imbue with, inspire

ingenio m. talent, cleverness, brilliancy

iniquidad f. iniquity, wickedness

injusto, -a unjust

inmediatamente immediately, instantly

inmenso, -a immense, unbounded, infinite

inmóvil motionless

inocencia f. innocence

inocente innocent

inquietud f. disquietude; con ~ restlessly

inquirir irreg. inquire into, investigate

insistir (en) insist (upon)

instantáneo, -a instantaneous

instante m. instant

insulso, -a stupid, insipid

insultar insult

insulto m. insult

intacto, -a intact, untouched

inteligencia f. intelligence

intención f. intention, meaning

intentar try, intend, mean

intento m. intent, purpose, design

intercalado, -a (pp. of intercalar) interpolated

intercalar interpolate, insert

interceptar intercept

interés m. interest, advantage

interior interior, inside

interior m. interior

interpretar interpret

interrumpir interrupt

introducir irreg. introduce, lead in

inundar inundate, flood

inútil useless; me era ~ I had no occasion for

invención f. invention, fabrication

invocar invoke

ir irreg. go; be (with pres. part.); ~ se go away; vase exit; vamos come, why; vaya come, well, indeed; vaya un what a; ~ a (infin.) start to; vamos a otra cosa let's talk of something else; van ya muchos años que it is many years now since; todo va bien everything is all right; muy bien os va con you are making fine progress with; id con Dios God be with you, good-by; va de tahur a tahur it is gambler against gambler; va que se le lleva el aire he goes as if he were walking on air; se nos fué de entre las manos slipped from our grasp

ironía f. irony

irónicamente ironically

irónico, -a ironical

irresistible irresistible

irritar irritate; ~ se be stirred, be provoked, be aroused

isla f. island

ítem also, moreover; con el ~ with the additional circumstance

izquierdo, -a left (opp. of derecho) ja ha

jamás never, ever

jardín m. garden

jaspeado, -a (pp. of jaspear) spotted, mottled

Jesucristo Jesus Christ; good God!

Jesús Jesus; Lord!

jornada f. journey, expedition; occasion; nuestra es la ~ the day is ours; al fin de la ~ the day's work done

joven young

jovial jovial

joya f. jewel

joyel m. jewel

Juan John

júbilo m. jubilation, joy

Judás Judas (Iscariot)

jueves m. Thursday; ~ santo Maundy Thursday

jugar irreg. play

juglar m. buffoon

juguetón, -a playful, sportive

juicio m. judgment, opinion; good sense, prudence; perder el ~ lose one's head, go mad

junto, -a near, close, beside; ~ s together, side by side; ~ a beside, near, at the side of

jurar swear

juro m. right of perpetual property; ~ de heredad hereditary and perpetual property

justicia f. justice

justo, -a just, right, proper

juzgar judge, consider la the; her, it; to her, to it

labio m. lip

labor f. labor, undertaking; ~ de mujer embroidery, needlework

labrador m. laborer, workman

lacio, -a faded, flaccid, languid

lado m. side

La Grana proper name

lágrima f. tear

lance m. incident, situation, affair, quarrel

lanzar hurl; ~ se rush, dart

lanzón m. (augm. of lanza) great lance

largo, -a long; a paso ~ quickly, hurriedly

largueza f. largess, generosity

lástima f. pity; ~ que what a pity that; es ~ it is a pity

lastimarse grieve, complain

lateral lateral

latido m. beat, beating (of heart)

laurel m. laurel

lazo m. bond

le him, it; to him, to her, to it

leal loyal, true

lealtad f. loyalty

lector m. reader

lectura f. reading

leer read

lejano, -a distant

lengua f. tongue

lentamente slowly

lentitud f. slowness, deliberation

León m. city in northwestern part of Spain

letra f. letter

letrilla f. rondelet; usually humorous or satirical. It is divided into strophes, at the end of each of which the general thought of the composition is briefly repeated after the manner of a refrain

levantado, -a (pp. of levantar) raised

levantar raise; ~ se rise

leve slight

ley f. law; de ~ by law, by right; sin dios y sin ~ godless and lawless

librar free

libre free, unoccupied

libro m. book

lid f. contest, fight

lidiar fight

ligero, -a light, hasty, thoughtless

limpio, -a clean, neat; sacar en ~ find out definitely, come to a conclusion

línea f. line

linterna f. lantern

Lisboa f. Lisbon

liso, -a smooth

lisonja f. flattery, compliment

lisonjero, -a flattering, complimentary, agreeable

litera f. litter, stretcher

liviano, -a light, fickle, frivolous

lo it, him; the

loco, -a mad, crazy

lograr obtain, succeed in, attain

Lucifer Lucifer

lucha f. struggle

luchar struggle, fight, contend

luego soon, then, presently, at once; ~ que as soon as, when; hasta ~ good-by (implies only a short separation)

lúgubre sad, mournful, gloomy

luna f. moon

luto m. mourning

luz f. light; luces knowledge, enlightenment llamar call, summon; ~ se be called, named

llanamente frankly

llano, -a clear, evident

llanto m. weeping, tears

llave f. key

llegar arrive, approach, reach; ~ se approach; ~ a (infin.) come to, succeed in

lleno, -a full

llevar carry, bear, wear; ~ se take, carry off; ~ un golpe receive a blow; lleve tu palabra el diablo to the devil with what you've got to say

llorar weep, lament madre f. mother

Madrid m. Madrid

maestro m. teacher, tutor

magín m. fancy, imagination

majestad f. majesty

mal badly, ill; ~ seguro, -a unsafe, insecure

mal m. evil, harm, ill; por mi ~ to my injury, to my misfortune, to my sorrow

maldad f. wickedness

maldecir irreg. curse

maldito, -a (pp. irreg. of maldecir) cursed, accursed

maliciosamente maliciously, mischievously

malicioso, -a malicious, mischievous, sly

mal(o), -a bad, poor, ill, wicked

malvado, -a wicked, unscrupulous

malla f. coat of mail

mancebía f. brothel

mandar command, order

mandato m. order, command

mandíbula f. jaw; reírse a ~ s batientes laugh loud and long

mando m. command, bidding

manera f. manner

manifestar irreg. manifest

maniobra f. maneuver

mano f. hand

mansión f. mansion

manso, -a tame, meek, placid

mantener irreg. maintain, keep; ~ se continue

manto m. mantle, cloak

Mantua f. Mantua

maña f. skill, cunning

mañana to-morrow

mañana f. morning; ~ será otro día to-morrow things will be different

maquinación f. machination

maquinalmente mechanically

mar m. sea; pl. seas, waters

marcado, -a (pp. of marcar) marked

marcha f. march, departure; en ~ march

marchar march; ~ se go away

Margarita proper name

marido m. husband

marqués m. marquis

Marte Mars, god of war

mártir m. and f. martyr

martirio m. martyrdom

mas but

más more, most, further; of higher rank; ~ bien rather; a ~ further, besides; de hoy en ~ from now on, henceforth; mientras ~... ~ the more... the more; por ~ que however much

matador m. and adj. killer, murderer; murderously inclined

matar kill; put out, extinguish

materno, -a maternal

matrimonio m. matrimony, marriage

mayor (comp. of grande) greater, greatest

maza f. object fastened to a person's clothing in order to make sport of him; something noisy tied to dog's tail

me me, to me

Medina proper name

medio, -a half, middle

medio m. middle, means, resort; en ~ de in the middle of

meditar meditate

mejilla f. cheek

mejor (comp. of bueno) better, best; all the better; fine! ~ que ~ better than ever! great!

mejoreo m. advantage; constant use of the word mejor

mejoría f. betterment, advantage; improvement, superiority

memoria f. memory

memorial m. petition

Mendaña proper name

mendigar beg

menester necessary

mengua f. diminution, wane; disgrace, shame

menina f. little girl-in-waiting

menor (comp. of pequeño) smaller, less, least

menos (comp. of poco) less, least; of lower rank; por ~ at least; al ~ at least; lo ~ at least; no es para ~ la cosa the situation well warrants it

menos except

mental mental

mente f. mind, understanding, intelligence

mentir irreg. lie, misrepresent, attribute falsely

mentira f. lie, untruth; lies

meollo m. brain, marrow; understanding; tener seco el ~ have lost one's wits, have gone crazy

merced f. favor, grace

merecer irreg. deserve; receive a favor at the hands of

merienda f. lunch; food; siempre las memorias son ~ del olvido memories were ever food for forgetfulness

mes m. month

mesa f. table, desk

meseta f. landing (of stairs)

metralla f. grape-shot

mezquino, -a wretched

mi my

mí me

miedo m. fear; tener ~ be afraid

mientras while; during; ~ que while; ~ más (menos)... más (menos) the more (less)... the more (less)

mil thousand, a thousand

militar military, martial

millón m. million, a million

mina f. mine

ministro m. minister; ~ de Estado Secretary of State

minuto m. minute

mío, -a my; el mío, la mía, mine

mirada f. glance, gaze, look

mirar look at, regard, gaze upon, see; mira que consider that, remember that

misa f. mass

misericordia f. mercy

mísero, -a miserable, wretched; ~ de alas for

mismísimo, -a selfsame; el ~ diablo the very devil himself

mismo, -a self, same, very

misterio m. mystery, mysteriousness, secrecy

mitad f. half; middle, midst

modelo m. model

modo m. way, manner; de cualquier ~ in any way possible; en cierto ~ in a certain sense; de ~ que so that, in such a way that; con discretos ~ s cleverly

mofa f. mockery, ridicule

momento m. moment, instant; al ~ instantly, at once

monarca m. monarch

monta f. importance, moment

monte m. mountain

montón m. heap; a ~ es in great abundance

monumento m. monument

morada f. abode, dwelling

morar live, dwell

mordaza f. gag

moribundo, -a moribund, at point of death

morir irreg. die; ~ se die

mortal mortal; near death

mostrar irreg. show

movimiento m. movement, motion

mucho, -a much; pl. many

mucho much, very, greatly

mudar change; ~ de change one's

mudo, -a mute, silent

mueble m. piece of furniture

muerte f. death; a ~ o a vida life or death! a forlorn hope

muerto, -a (pp. irreg. of morir or matar) dead, killed; exhausted

muestra f. sample; sign, indication

mujer f. woman

mundo m. world

muralla f. wall (of town)

musa f. muse, inspiration

mustio, -a sad; languid

muy very, very much nacer irreg. be born

nación f. nation

nada nothing, anything; enough

nadie no one, nobody, anybody, somebody

nariz f. nose

narizado, -a big-nosed

narración f. narration, narrative, account

Nasón Publius Ovidius Naso, Latin poet, born 48 b.c., died 18 a.d.

natural natural

naturalidad f. naturalness

navío m. ship

necesario, -a necessary

necesitar need

necio, -a foolish, ignorant, stupid

necio m. fool

nefando, -a abominable

negar irreg. deny

negocio m. business, affair, occupation

negro, -a black, dark, gloomy, wretched; negro afán dire anxiety

nema f. seal

nequáquam by no means, not a bit of it

ni nor, neither, not even; ~ aun not even

nicho m. niche

nido m. nest; berth

nieta f. granddaughter

nieto m. grandson

niña f. child, girl

niño m. child, boy

nivel m. level

no no, not

noble noble, illustrious

noche f. night; de ~ at night; esta ~ to-night; buenas ~ s good night; ~ de truenos stormy night, black night

nombrar name, appoint

nombre m. name, fame, reputation; en su ~ for him; juro a mi ~ upon my honor

nos us, to us

nosotros, -as we, us

notar note

noto m. south wind

notorio, -a notorious; público y ~ see público

nube f. cloud; ~ s de arrebol brilliant sky

nuestro, -a our, ours; el nuestro, la nuestra, our, ours

nuevo, -a new, fresh; qué hay de ~ what is the news; de ~ again, anew

numen m. divinity, muse; inspiration

nunca never

nuncio m. messenger, harbinger

nupcial nuptial o or; ~... ~ either... or

obedecer irreg. obey

obediencia f. obedience

obediente obedient

obligación f. obligation

obligar oblige, force

obra f. act; pl. behavior, actions

obrar operate, act

observación f. observation, remark

observar observe

obtener irreg. obtain

Ocaña f. see note

ocasión f. occasion; a ~ dichosa at just the right moment

ocioso, -a idle

ocultar hide

oculto, -a hidden

ocupar occupy; ~ se de occupy one's self in, concern one's self about

ocurrencia f. occurrence; witty sally, idea

ocurrir occur

ocho eight

odiar hate

odio m. hatred; pl. hatred

oficio m. business, office, occupation

ofrecer irreg. offer, volunteer

oh oh

oído, -a (pp. of oír) heard

oído m. hearing, ear

oír irreg. hear, listen

ojo m. eye

ola f. wave

Olivares proper name

olvidado, -a (pp. of olvidar) forgotten; forgetful

olvidar forget; ~ se de forget

olvido m. forgetfulness; oblivion

opinión f. opinion

oponer(se) irreg. oppose

opuesto, -a (pp. of oponer) opposite

oración f. speech; sentence; prayer

orar pray

órden f. order, command, direction

órgano m. organ

orgullo m. pride

origen m. origin

orilla f. shore; morir ahogado en la ~ fail with success within one's grasp

Ormuz m. Ormuz, cf. note

oro m. gold

os you, to you

osado, -a (pp. of osar) daring, presumptuous

osar dare

oscuridad f. obscurity, darkness

oscuro, -a obscure, dark; a oscuras in the dark

Osorio proper name

ostentoso, -a ostentatious

Osuna Osuna, cf. Hist. Introd.

otro, -a other, another

Ovidio cf. Nasón Pablo proper name

pábulo m. food

padecer irreg. suffer

padecimiento m. suffering

padre m. father

padrón m. pattern, model; column, post with inscription; ~ de infamia mark of infamy

paga f. pay, reward

pagar pay, pay for

pago m. pay, payment; fee

paje m. page

pajuela m. sulphur match; piece of wicking dipped in sulphur

palabra f. word

palaciego, -a of the palace

palacio m. palace

Palermo m. Palermo, see note

pálido, -a pallid, pale

palma f. palm

palpar feel

pan m. bread

papel m. paper

papelito m. (dimin. of papel) slip of paper

par m. pair, equal, peer; sin ~ unequaled, matchless; a ~ together

para for, to, in order to; estar ~ be about to; ~ que in order to, in order that

parabién m. congratulations

parar stop, put a stop to; ~ se stop, pause

pardiez by Jove

parecer irreg. seem; me parece I think; al ~ apparently; ~ se a resemble

pared f. wall

pareja f. pair, couple

parentela f. kindred, relations

párpado m. eyelid

parte f. part, place, spot; en cualquier ~ anywhere

particular particular, special; personal, private

partida f. departure; ¡de ~ ! on our way!

partir part, divide; depart, start; share

pasar pass, happen; pierce; pass out; qué pasa por mí what is happening to me, what is wrong with me

pasearse walk about

pasión f. passion

paso m. step, passage, way; al ~ immediately; a ~ largo hurriedly, quickly; abrir ~ make way for; cerrar el ~ prevent, interfere; dar un ~ take a step, move; dar ~ make way; dejar ~ let pass, make way for

patria f. country, fatherland

pausa f. pause

paz f. peace; venir de ~ a friend (answer to challenge of sentry)

pecar sin, err

pecho m. breast, chest; heart

pedazo m. piece, fragment

pedir irreg. ask, ask for, demand

pedrisco m. hailstorm; shower of stones

pegado, -a (pp. of pegar) fastened, joined

peje m. fish; ~ espada swordfish

peligro m. danger

peligroso, -a dangerous

pena f. pain, trouble, affliction, penalty

pendiente pending, hanging in air; unfinished

pensamiento m. mind, thought

pensar irreg. think, intend

pensativo, -a pensive

pensión f. pension, toil

peor (comp. of malo) worse, worst

pequeño, -a small

percance m. mischance, misfortune

percibir perceive, feel; collect

perder irreg. lose, ruin; ~ se be ruined, be lost

perdido, -a (pp. of perder) lost, undone

perdón m. pardon

perdonar pardon

peregrino, -a strange

perfección f. perfection

perfectamente perfectly; all right, well and good

permanecer irreg. remain

permitido, -a (pp. of permitir) permitted

permitir permit

Pernambuco cf. note

pero but

perpetuo, -a perpetual

perro m. dog

perseguir irreg. pursue, beset, persecute

persona f. person

personaje m. personage; character (in theater)

persuasión f. persuasion

pesado, -a heavy, stupid, serious

pesar weigh, cause regret, trouble

pesar m. regret, sorrow; a ~ de in spite of; a su ~ in spite of herself

peso m. weight

pesquisa f. search, inquiry

petición f. petition, appeal

picante piquant, keen, stinging, hot

pie m. foot; al ~ de at the foot of, beside; al ~ de la letra literally

piedad f. mercy; por ~ for pity's sake

piloto m. pilot

pinta f. edge line on card denoting suit; outward appearance

pintado, -a (pp. of pintar) painted; os está que ni ~ nothing could be more becoming to you

pintar color, paint

pío, -a pious, devout

piropo m. compliment

pista f. trail, track, clue

pistola f. pistol

placer irreg. please, content; plega a Dios God grant

placer m. pleasure; ser de ~ be agreeable, be enjoyable

plan m. plan

plantar plant; ~ se el sombrero put on one's hat

plaza f. city square

plazo m. space of time, term

plazuela f. (dimin. of plaza) little square

plegaria f. prayer, petition

pleito m. lawsuit; estar en ~ be in the courts, be in doubt

pliego m. sheet of paper, folded paper

pliegue m. fold

plomo m. lead

plugo pret. of placer

pluma f. feather, quill, pen

pobre poor, wretched

poco, -a little, pl. few, a few, some; un poco a little; poco a poco little by little

poder irreg. can, be able, be able to do, be powerful; ~ lo todo be all-powerful; no puedo más I have reached the end of my resources; puede que it is possible that; ~ se be possible

poder m. power

poderoso, -a powerful

podrido, -a (pp. of podrir) rotten, decayed

podrir irreg. decay

poeta m. poet

Polimnia the muse of pantomime

polvo m. dust

pólvora f. powder; gastar la ~ en salvas waste one's strength

pompa f. pomp

poner irreg. place, put, put on; ~ se become; ~ en claro clear up, explain; ~ en salvo save; ~ en escena stage; me ha puesto descolorido el semblante has made me turn pale; ~ preso put under arrest

por by, for, in order to, from, for the sake of, through, over, on, in, about, around; ~ debajo beneath; ~ decirlo así so to speak; ~ eso that is why; ~ fin finally; poner ~ obra execute; ~ este lado on this side; ~ el contrario on the contrary; ~ cierto certainly, be sure; ~ qué why

porque because, for, in order that

portal m. portal, entrance, vestibule

porte m. nobility; size, quality, nature; bearing

Portugal m. Portugal

portugués, -a Portuguese

porvenir m. future

pos: en ~ afterward, behind; en ~ de after

posada f. inn, lodging

postrer see postrero

postrero, -a last, final

póstumo, -a posthumous

practicable practicable, usable

precio m. price

precipicio m. precipice; brink

precipitación f. precipitation

precipitarse rush

preciso, -a necessary, essential

preeminencia f. preëminence

preferencia f. preference

preferir irreg. prefer

pregunta f. question

preguntar ask (question)

premio m. reward, prize

prenda f. pledge, noble characteristic

prender irreg. arrest; fasten

preñado, -a (pp. of preñar) pregnant, charged with

preocupación f. preoccupation

preocupado, -a (pp. of preocupar) preoccupied

preparado, -a (pp. of preparar) prepared

preparar prepare

prescribir irreg. prescribe

presencia f. presence

presenciar witness, be present at

presentar present, bring forward

presente present; hacerse ~ make one's presence felt; tener ~ bear in mind

presente m. present, gift

preso, -a (pp. irreg. of prender) imprisoned, prisoner, in custody

prestar lend, furnish

presunción f. assumption

pretender pretend, claim, solicit

prevención f. warning, prejudice

prevenido, -a (pp of. prevenir) prepared, arranged

prevenir irreg. prepare, provide; warn, notify

prima f. cousin; ~ hermana first cousin

primer see primero

primero, -a first, best

primero first, before

primo m. cousin

principal principal, of high rank, of high importance

príncipe m. prince

principio m. beginning

prisión f. prison, arrest

privado favorite

privanza f. favor at court; administration (of arbitrarily appointed official)

privar enjoy privileges of favorite

pro: en ~ de in behalf of

probar irreg. prove

proceder proceed

proceder m. procedure, conduct

procesión f. procession

producir irreg. produce, cause

profundo, -a profound, deep

prohibición f. prohibition, interdict

prole f. offspring; race, children

prolijo, -a prolix, long-winded

promesa f. promise

prometer promise

prontitud f. promptness

pronto, -a ready, swift, prompt; al pronto at first

pronto soon, quickly, promptly; ~ y clarito straight out, frankly

pronunciar pronounce

propicio, -a propitious

propio, -a own, same, self; natural; particular; becoming, proper; amor propio self-respect, conceit

proseguir irreg. pursue, continue

proteger protect

proveer irreg. provide

provincia f. province, dependency

provocar provoke, stir, arouse

próximo, -a nearest, next

prudencia f. prudence, moderation

prudente prudent

prueba f. proof

público, -a public; ~ y notorio generally known

pueblo m. people, populace

puerta f. door, gate

puerto m. port, haven; salir a ~ seguro reach a safe port, come out all right

pues since, because, then, as; well, why; ~ que since

puesto, -a (pp. irreg. of poner) placed; ~ en alto raised, raised on high; ya ~ la tiene he is wearing it already

puesto m. place

pulla f. witty saying, jest; dig

punta f. point

punto m. point, moment, matter, object; a ~ on the spot; al ~ immediately

puntual punctual, prompt

puñal m. dagger

puñalada f. dagger-blow

puño m. fist, hand; de ~ propio in his own handwriting

puro, -a pure, mere, sheer; chaste que who, which, that; el ~ he who, who, which; la ~ she who, who, which; lo ~ that which, what

que for, because, that, since; as, than

¿qué? which, what; por ~ why; ~ de what

¡qué! what, why, what a; ~ tan what a, what

quebranto m. breaking, grief; damage

quedar remain, stay, be left; be; ~ se remain, be

quedo, -a quiet, still, gentle

quedo slowly

quemar burn

quemarropa: a ~ point-blank

querella f. complaint

querer irreg. wish, want, be willing, like, try; ~ a love; ~ decir mean

querido, -a (pp. of querer) beloved, loved

Quevedo proper name

quiebra f. crack, fissure, fracture

quien who, whom; the one who, he who etc.; por ~ soy on my honor

quién who? ~ otro pudiera would it were another; ~ para ~ man to man, on equal footing

quieto, -a quiet, still

quimera f. an impossibility which suggests itself to the mind as possible, chimera, futile idea, dream

quince fifteen

quitar take away, take off, ward off; ya no quitáis ni ponéis you can neither ruin me nor make me now

quizás perhaps rabia f. rage, anger

rabiar rage, suffer great pain

radiante radiant, brilliant

raíz f. root

rama f. branch; andar por las ~ s beat about the bush

ramal m. branch, division

rápidamente rapidly, quickly

rapidez f. rapidity

raquítico, -a rickety, feeble

raro, -a rare, strange; ¡cosa más rara! how strange!

rasgar tear up

rastrojo m. stubble

rato m. while, short space of time

ratón m. mouse

rayo m. ray; thunderbolt

raza f. race, family

razón f. reason, intellect, argument, explanation; right, justice; way, method; es ~ it is right

real real; royal

rebozado, -a (pp. of rebozar) muffled; disguised

rebozar muffle; disguise

recado m. message, errand, outfit; ~ de escribir writing materials

recalcar emphasize

recaudo m.: a buen ~ well guarded, in safe keeping

recelo m. misgiving, fear, suspicion

recibir receive, admit

recio, -a strong, stout; severe, hard

recitar recite

recobrar recover

recoger pick up, gather

recompensa f. recompense, reward

reconcentrar concentrate

reconciliar reconcile

recordar irreg. remember, recall

recuerdo m. memory, remembrance

rechazar repel, repulse, reject

redención f. redemption

reflejo m. reflection

reflexión f. reflection

regazo m. lap; care

regio, -a regal, kingly

registrar search

registro m. search; register, organ stop

regla f. rule

regreso m. return

rehacio, -a stubborn, reluctant, obstinate

reina f. queen

reinar reign

reino m. kingdom

reír irreg. laugh; ~ se laugh

reloj m. watch, clock; ~ de sol sun-dial

remedio m. remedy, help

remojado, -a (pp. of remojar) steeped, soaked

remordimiento m. remorse, regret

rencor m. rancor

rendir irreg. render, surrender; ~ vasallaje do homage

renglón m. line

reparar en notice

repasar review, peruse

repentinamente suddenly

repetir irreg. repeat

reposar repose, rest

representación f. representation, performance

representar represent, perform, act (of drama)

reprimir repress, check

reprochar reproach

repugnancia f. repugnance, disgust

repugnar inspire with repugnance, inspire with loathing

rescatar rescue

resignación f. resignation

resolver irreg. resolve, determine, decide

resonar irreg. resound, sound

respetar respect, revere, honor

respeto m. respect

respirar breathe

responder answer; ~ de answer for, be responsible for, acknowledge

restar subtract, remain; ~ con el dedo subtract on one's fingers

resuelto, -a (pp. irreg. of resolver) determined, ready; ~ a todo ready for anything, stopping at nothing

retablo m. series of figures that represent some historical occurrence, scene, picture

retintín m. tinkle, jingle

retirada f. retreat

retirar(se) retire, withdraw

retiro m. retirement, seclusion

retroceder retreat, give ground

reventar irreg. burst

reverencia f. reverence, courtly bow

reverenciar reverence, revere

revuelto, -a (pp. irreg. of revolver) confused

rey m. king

reyezuelo (dim. of rey) petty king

rezar pray

rico, -a rich

ridículo, -a ridiculous, absurd

riesgo m. risk, peril

rigor m. severity

Ripalda proper name

risa f. laugh, laughter

risotada f. loud laugh, burst of laughter

risueño, -a smiling, pleasing

rival m. rival

robusto, -a robust, strong, stout

roca f. rock, stone

rodeado, -a (pp. of rodear) surrounded

rodear surround

rodilla f. knee; ~ en tierra kneeling on one knee

rodrigón m. elderly servant who accompanies ladies

rogar irreg. pray, beseech

rojo, -a red

romance m. ballad

romper break

rompimiento m. glimpse

ronco, -a hoarse

ronda f. night patrol of police

rondar patrol, walk about streets at night; prowl

ropa f. wearing apparel, clothes

Rosellón m. Roussillon, cf. note

rostro m. face

roto, -a (pp. irreg. of romper) broken; hostilidades rotas hostilities begun

rudo, -a rude, coarse, rough

ruido m. noise

ruin low, base, miserable, wretched, mean

ruina f. ruin, downfall

rumor m. rumor, sound, noise sabedor, -a aware of, knowing

saber irreg. know, find out, hear, know how; qué sé yo how do I know; no sé qué something or other

sabio, -a wise, sage, cunning

Saboya f. Savoy

sacar take out, draw out, draw; ~ la espada a draw on; ~ en limpio find out, come to a conclusion

saciar sate, satiate

saco m. bag, sack; garment of rough cloth; como el ~ de sus vicios like the burden of his sins

sacrificio m. sacrifice

sagrado, -a sacred, holy

sala f. hall, room

salida f. departure; exit

salina f. salt-works

salir irreg. come out, go out; enter; ~ al encuentro come to meet

saliva f. saliva

salón m. drawing-room, hall

salud f. health; greeting

saludar salute, greet, bow

saludo m. salute, bow, greeting

salva f. salute; hacer una ~ fire a salute

salvación f. salvation

salvador, -a saving

salvador m. savior

salvar save

salvo, -a safe; poner en ~ save

san see santo

sandez f. foolishness, stupidity

sangrar(se) bleed

sangre f. blood; stock

sangriento, -a blood-stained; tono ~ bitter tone, mordant tone

San Lorenzo St. Lawrence (l. 2733, el Escorial)

San Marcos St. Mark, cf. note

San Martín St. Martin, church of St. Martin

Santiago m. St. James

santiagués of the order of St. James

santo, -a saint; saintly, holy

San Vito m. St. Vitus, see note

saña f. rage, fury

sarcasmo m. sarcasm; bit of irony, bit of sarcasm

Satanás m. Satan

sátira f. satire

sayón m. executioner

sazón: a la ~ at the time

se himself, herself, itself; to himself etc.; themselves, to themselves; each other, to each other

se (lo, la, etc.) to him etc.

sé see saber

seco, -a dry

secreto, -a secret

secreto m. secret

seguida: en ~ at once, immediately

seguido, -a (pp. of seguir) followed

seguir irreg. follow, continue; os le quiero ~ I would follow your example there

según according to, as, judging from; ~ y conforme it depends; ~ dicen according to what they say, so they say

segundo, -a second

seguridad f. security

seguro, -a secure, infallible, reliable, certain, unfaltering, sure, safe; de ~ surely, undoubtedly

seis six

sellado, -a (pp. of sellar) sealed

sellar seal

sello m. seal, stamp, mark

semblante m. face, countenance

sembrar irreg. sow, scatter

semicírculo m. semicircle

sentado, -a (pp. of sentar) seated

sentarse irreg. sit down, be seated

sentencia f. sentence, decision, maxim

sentimiento m. emotion, grief, concern

sentir irreg. feel, perceive, hear; regret, be sorry for

seña f. sign, signal

señal f. sign, indication; en ~ de as a sign of

señalado, -a (pp. of señalar) marked, signal

señalar point out, point to

señor m. gentleman, lord, master; sir

señora f. lady; my lady (in direct address)

separación f. separation

separado, -a (pp. of separar) separated, removed

separar separate, remove

sepultura f. sepulcher, tomb, grave, burial

ser irreg. be; a no ~ por if it were not for; es que the fact is that, the reason is that; érase once upon a time there was, see note, l. 1685; sea... sea... whether... or

ser m. being, life

sereno, -a serene, calm, quiet

serio, -a serious, grave

servicio m. service, benefit

servidor m. servant, servitor, retainer

servidumbre f. attendance; household servants and dependents, suite

servir irreg. serve, be of service, wait upon, act as escort; ~ de serve as, serve for; pues a ~ me then do my bidding

severo, -a severe, stern

si if; indeed; ~ bien although

sí yes, indeed

sí himself etc.

sicario m. (paid) assassin

Sicilia f. Sicily

siempre always, ever; ~ que whenever

sien f. temple

silencio m. silence

silla f. chair

sillón m. armchair, easy chair

simple silly, idiotic; artless, ingenuous

sin without; ~ embargo however, nevertheless; ~ que without, except that

sinapismo m. sinapism, mustard plaster

sincero, -a sincere

singular singular, strange, special, particular

siniestro, -a sinister, unlucky, threatening, ominous

sino but, except; ~ que but rather; without

siquiera even, at least; ni tan ~ not even

situación f. situation, plight

soberano, -a sovereign, ruling

soberano m. sovereign, ruler

sobrar be more than enough, be in excess, be left over; me sobra... I have plenty, I have more than enough

sobre over, on, about, to; ~ todo above all

sobrescrito m. address, superscription; preliminaries (of letter)

sociedad f. society

socorrer succor, help; send reënforcements; relieve

socorro m. help, reëenforcements, relief

sol m. sun

solamente only

soldado m. soldier

soledad f. solitude

solemne solemn, impressive

solemnidad f. solemnity

solemnizar solemnize, celebrate; hold (of ceremony)

soler irreg. be customary, be accustomed to

solicitar solicit, beg

solicitud f. solicitude

solio m. canopied throne, throne

solitario, -a lonely, solitary, secluded

solo, -a alone, solitary, sole, single, empty; a solas alone

sólo only, solely

soltar irreg. let go, let out, let loose; relinquish, release

soltero, -a single, unmarried

soltero m. bachelor

sombra f. shadow, darkness; shade, protection

sombrero m. hat

sombrío, -a gloomy, dark

son m. sound

sonar irreg. sound

soneto m. sonnet

sonoro, -a sonorous

sonreír irreg. smile

sonrisa f. smile

sonrojarse blush

sonrojo m. blush, affront

soñar (irreg. con) dream

soplar blow, blow out, breathe upon; inspire

soportar endure, suffer

sordo, -a deaf; silent, stealthy

sorna f. slowness, deliberation

sorprender surprise, take unawares

sorpresa f. surprise

sosiego m. tranquillity, calm; peace of mind

sospecha f. suspicion

sospechar suspect

su his, her, its, their

súbdito m. subject

subir ascend, rise; bring up

sublime sublime, heroic, grand

subrayado, -a (pp. of subrayar) underlined, italicized

suceder happen, succeed

sucesor m. successor, heir

sudar sweat, toil

suelo m. ground, soil

sueño m. dream, fancy

suerte f. chance, fortune, destiny

sufrimiento m. suffering

sufrir suffer

sujetar subdue, hold fast, catch, restrain

superior superior, above

superlativo, -a superlative

supersticioso, -a superstitious

súplica f. supplication, petition, request

suplicante supplicating

suplicar supplicate, beseech

suponer irreg. suppose

surcar plow, furrow

suspenso, -a (pp. irreg. of suspender) surprised, astonished, distraught

suspiro m. sigh

sustento m. sustenance, food, maintenance

susto m. shock, surprise, astonishment

suyo, -a his, her, their tahur m. gambler

tal such, such a, the aforesaid, this; so; qué ~ how goes it, how about it; si ~ surely, by all means

talento m. talent, genius

Talía Thalia, muse of comedy (see note)

también also

tamboril m. timbrel

tan so, such, so, as, such a; ~ sólo only; ~... como as... as; ~... que as... as

tanto, -a so, so much, as much; pl. so many, as many; en ~ meanwhile; en ~ que while

tapado, -a (pp. of tapar) covered (see note, ll. 5-6)

tapa-enredijos m. tangle-screener

tapar cover

tapia f. wall (of yard or garden)

tarantela f. tarantella

tardanza f. delay, tardiness

tardar delay, be late, be long

tarde late, too late

tarde f. afternoon

Tarifa f. Tarifa, cf. note

te you, to you

teatral theatrical

teatro m. theater

tedio m. tedium, weariness

telón m. curtain

temblar irreg. tremble

temblor m. trembling, agitation

temer fear, be afraid; ~ se fear, be afraid

temerario, -a daring, rash, imprudent

temor m. fear

templanza f. moderation

temple m. temper

templo m. temple, church

tenaz (pl. ~ ces) tenacious, obstinate

tender irreg. stretch forth, hold out

tendido, -a (pp. of tender) stretched out, lying prone

tener irreg. have, hold, keep; ~ hambre be hungry; ~ gracia be funny, be witty; ~ razón be right; ~ miedo be afraid; ~ presente bear in mind; ~ que must; ~ de must; ~ a bien regard as advisable; ~ para sí have an opinion; tengo para mí my own opinion is; ~ en cuenta take into consideration; ya te tengo bien seguro now I have you where I want you; téngame Dios de su mano may heaven restrain me; qué tiene what is the matter with him

tercero, -a third; Islas Terceras Azores, cf. note

terciana f. tertian fever, chills and fever

terminante definite, final

término m. term, end; primer ~ foreground (side); segundo ~ background (side); sin más ~ ni espacio without a moment of grace

ternura f. tenderness

terrible terrible

terror m. terror

tesoro m. treasure, treasury

testigo m. witness

testimonio m. testimony; falso ~ false accusation

ti you

tiempo m. time; a ~ on time, at the right time; a ~ de while, as; al ~ que at the same time as; a su ~ at the proper time; algún ~ some day, once; en otro ~ once, formerly

tierra f. earth, world, ground

timidez f. timidity

tinieblas f. total darkness; Tenebræ (morning prayers of the last three days of Holy Week; these prayers are recited not on the mornings to which they belong, but on the evenings of the preceding days)

tinta f. ink, tint, color

tirano, -a tyrannical

tirano m. tyrant

tirar throw, fling, hurl; fire (a gun)

tiro m. shot

tocar touch, belong to, behoove, be a duty, find out; play (of musical instrument); el desengaño toca is discovering her mistake; bien tocáis vuestros registros you pull your stops well, you play your cards well

todo, -a all, whole, every, everything; con todo nevertheless; del todo entirely, completely; toda una Infanta de España no less a personage than an infanta of Spain

Toledo m. or f. Toledo, see note

tomar take; ~ más cuerpo increase

tono m. tone

tonto, -a foolish

tonto m. fool

torbellino m. whirlwind

tormenta f. storm

tormento m. torment, torture, anguish

tornar return

torno m. turn; en ~ round, about

torpe infamous; dull, rude, clumsy

torpeza f. clumsiness, stupidity

traer irreg. bring, draw, carry

tragar swallow

tragedia f. tragedy

traición f. treachery; a ~ treacherously

traidor m. traitor

traje m. clothes, suit

trama f. deceit, plot, machination

tramar weave, plot

trance m. peril, extremity

tranquilo, -a tranquil, quiet

tras (de) after, behind

trastornar upset, disorder, confuse

tratar treat, handle; ~ de try to

trazar plan, arrange; plot

treinta thirty

trémulo, -a tremulous, trembling

tres three

trescientos, -as three hundred

triaca f. antidote

tributo m. tribute

triste sad, gloomy, dejected

tristeza f. sadness, sorrow, affliction

triunfante triumphant

triunfar triumph; ~ de triumph over

triunfo m. triumph; la palma del ~ the palm of victory

trocar irreg. exchange

trocito m. (dim. of trozo) small fragment, bit

tronco m. trunk (of tree etc.)

trono m. throne

tropa f. troops

tropezar irreg. stumble

trueno m.. thunderclap, thunder; noche de ~ s dark and threatening night

trueque m. exchange

tu your, thy

tú you, thou

tumba f. tomb, grave

turbación f. perturbation, confusion

turbado, -a (pp. of turbar) perturbed, confused

turbar disturb, trouble, alarm

tuyo, -a your, thy; el tuyo, la tuya yours, thine u or

ufano, -a proud; cheerful, content

ujier m. usher, doorkeeper

último, -a last

ultraje m. outrage, insult

umbral m. threshold

un see uno

único, -a only, sole, unique

unido, -a (pp. of unir) united

unir unite, join, connect

uno, -a one; pl. some; unas... otras some... others

un(o), -a a, an

Urías Uriah, see note

uso m. use vacilar vacillate, waver, reel, hesitate

vago, -a vague

valedor m. protector, defender

valer irreg. be of value, be worth

valía f. credit, price, influence

valor m. valor, courage, value

vano, -a vain, in vain, fruitless

vario, -a various, several

varón m. male, man

varonil manly, spirited, courageous

vasallaje m. vassalage, servitude, homage

vasallo m. vassal, subject

vehemencia f. vehemence

veinticinco twenty-five

velar watch, be vigilant, keep vigil; ~ por watch over

velo m. veil

vena f. vein

venático, -a erratic

vencer conquer, win

vender sell

veneno m. poison

venganza f. revenge

vengativo, -a revengeful, vindictive

venida f. coming, arrival

venidero, -a future

venir irreg. come, occur; be (estar)

ventaja f. advantage

ventura f. chance, fortune, happiness; por ~ by chance, perchance

venturoso, -a happy, fortunate

ver irreg. see; ~ se be; ved remember, bear in mind, see; a ~ let's see

verdad f. truth; es ~ it is true, that is so; a la ~ truly, to tell the truth

verdadero, -a true

verde green

verdugo m. executioner

verso m. verse; pl. lines, poems

verter irreg. shed

vez f. time, turn; otra ~ again; tal ~ perhaps; a su ~ in his turn; a veces at times

viaje m. journey

viceversa vice versa

viceversa m. contrast

vicio m. vice

víctima f. victim

victoria f. victory

vida f. life; en mi ~ never in my life, never; por ~ by Jove

viento m. wind

vil vile, base

villa f. town, country estate

Villamediana proper name (cf. Hist. Introd.)

Villaviciosa f. cf. note

viña f. vineyard

violencia f. violence, force, intensity; con ~ forcing the words

violento, -a violent, strained

Virgen f. the Virgin

virreina f. vicereine

virtud f. virtue, chastity

visible visible

vista f. sight, gaze; corto de ~ near-sighted

visto, -a (pp. irreg. of ver) seen; por lo visto apparently

viuda f. widow

viudez f. widowhood, widowerhood

viudo m. widower

viveza f. vivacity, spirit

vivir to live; vive Dios by heaven; vivan nuestros reyes long live our king and queen

vivo, -a living, alive, lively, keen

volcar irreg. overturn, upset

voluntad f. will, purpose

volver irreg. turn, return, restore; ~ se turn around, return; ~ a... (infin.) to... again; ~ sobre sí come to one's senses, collect one's self

vos you

vosotros, -as you

votar vow, vote, swear; voto a I swear by; voto a veinticinco santos I vow by all the saints

voto m. vow

voz f. voice; rumor, report; en ~ alta aloud; en ~ baja in an undertone

vuecencia your excellency

vuelta f. return

vuesa archaic for vuestra

vuestro, -a your; el vuestro, la vuestra, yours Wiranzan m. Besançon, cf. note y and

ya already, now, by now, by this time; ~ que now that, since

yacer irreg. lie

yo I

yugo m. yoke zaguán m. entrance, vestibule

zozobra f. anxiety, care, unrest

zumbón, -a waggish, jesting