ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES OF VERBS

Orthographic changes of verbs are based upon the principle that the final consonantal sound of the stem must be retained throughout the entire conjugation. The sound is retained by changes in spelling.

Summary of Sounds.

K sound.
1.c =k before a, o, u.
2.qu =k before i, e.
Hard G.
3.g =g (hard) before a, o, u.
4.gu =g (hard) before i, e.
GW.
5.gu =gw before a, o, u.
6.gü =gw before i, e.
TH.
7.c =th before i, e.
8.z =th before a, o, u.
J or Jota.
9.j =Jota before a, o, u.
10.g =Jota before i, e.

31. Sacar.

c radical consonant.
c = k before a, o, u.
But by 7c = th before i, e.
Then by 2,qu = k before i, e.

Pretérito: saqué.

Presente de Subjuntivo: saque, saques, saque, saquemos saquéis, saquen.

32. Pagar.

g radical consonant.
g = g (hard) before a, o, u.
But by 10g = j before i, e.
Then by 4,gu = g (hard) before i, e.

Pretérito: pagué.

Presente de Subjuntivo: pague, pagues, pague, paguemos, paguéis, paguen.

33. Averiguar.

gu radical consonant.
gu = gw before a, o, u.
But by 4gu = g (hard) before i, e.
Then by 6,gü = gw before i, e.

Pretérito: averigüé.

Presente de Subjuntivo: averigüe, averigües, averigüe, averigüemos, averigüéis, averigüen.

34. Rezar.

z radical consonant.
z = th before a, o, u.
z = th before a, o, u.
By 7,c = th before i, e.

Pretérito: recé.

Presente de Subjuntivo: rece, reces, rece, recemos, recéis, recen.

35. Vencer.

c radical consonant.
c = th before i, e.
But by 1c = k before a, o, u.
Then by 8,z = th before a, o, u.

Presente de Indicativo: venzo.

Presente de Subjuntivo: venza, venzas, venza, venzamos, venzáis, venzan.

Note. —cir verbs belong to this class and undergo the same changes. This class is not to be confused with the inceptive-ending verbs like conocer and traducir. It will be noticed that —cer and —cir of the latter class are preceded by a vowel while the verbs that undergo the orthographic changes are preceded by a consonant.

36. Dirigir.

g radical consonant.
g = j before i, e.
But by 3g = g (hard) before a, o, u.
Then by 9,j = j before a, o, u.

Presente de Indicativo: dirijo.

Presente de Subjuntivo: dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan.

Note. -ger verbs belong to this class.

37. Delinquir.

qu radical consonant.
qu = k before i, e.
But by 1,c = k before a, o, u.

Presente de Indicativo: delinco.

Presente de Subjuntivo: delinca, delincas, delinca, delincamos, delincáis, delincan.

38. Distinguir.

gu radical consonant.
gu = g (hard) before i, e.
But by 5gu = gw before a, o, u.
Then by 3,g = g (hard) before a, o, u.

Presente de Indicativo: distingo.

Presente de Subjuntivo: distinga, distingas, distinga, distingamos, distingáis, distingan.