III
¡La catedral de Toledo! Figuraos un bosque de gigantes palmeras de granito que al entrelazar sus ramas forman una bóveda colosal y magnífica, bajo la que se guarece y vive, con la vida que le ha prestado el genio, toda una creación de seres imaginarios y reales.
Figuraos un caos incomprensible de sombra y luz, en donde se mezclan y confunden con las tinieblas de las naves los rayos de colores de las ojivas; donde lucha y se pierde con la obscuridad del santuario el fulgor de las lámparas.
Figuraos un mundo de piedra, inmenso como el espíritu de nuestra religión, sombrío como sus tradiciones, enigmático como sus parábolas, y todavía no tendréis una idea remota de ese eterno monumento del entusiasmo y la fe de nuestros mayores, sobre el que los siglos han derramado á porfía el tesoro de sus creencias, de su inspiración y de sus artes.
En su seno viven el silencio, la majestad, la poesía del misticismo, y un santo horror que defiende sus umbrales contra los pensamientos mundanos y las mezquinas pasiones de la tierra....
Pero si grande, si imponente se presenta la catedral á nuestros ojos á cualquiera hora que se penetra en su recinto misterioso y sagrado, nunca produce una impresión tan profunda como en los días en que despliega todas las galas de su pompa religiosa, en que sus tabernáculos se cubren de oro y pedrería, sus gradas de alfombra y sus pilares de tapices.
Entonces, cuando arden despidiendo un torrente de luz sus mil lámparas de plata; cuando flota en el aire una nube de incienso, y las voces del coro, y la armonía de los órganos y las campanas de la torre estremecen el edificio desde sus cimientos más profundos hasta las más altas agujas que lo coronan, entonces es cuando se comprende, al sentirla, la tremenda majestad de Dios que vive en él, y lo anima con su soplo y lo llena con el reflejo de su omnipotencia.
El mismo día en que tuvo lugar la escena que acabamos de referir, se celebraba en la catedral de Toledo el último de la magnífica octava de la Virgen.
La fiesta religiosa había traído á ella una multitud inmensa de fieles; pero ya ésta se había dispersado en todas direcciones; ya se habían apagado las luces de las capillas y del altar mayor, y las colosales puertas del templo habían rechinado sobre sus goznes para cerrarse detrás del último toledano, cuando de entre las sombras, y pálido, tan pálido como la estatua de la tumba en que se apoyó un instante mientras dominaba su emoción, se adelantó un hombre que vino deslizándose con el mayor sigilo hasta la verja del crucero. Allí la claridad de una lámpara permitía distinguir sus facciones.
Era Pedro.
¿Qué había pasado entre los dos amantes para que se arrastrara al fin á poner por obra una idea que sólo el concebirla había erizado sus cabellos de horror? Nunca pudo saberse.
Pero él estaba allí, y estaba allí para llevar á cabo su criminal propósito. En su mirada inquieta, en el temblor de sus rodillas, en el sudor que corría en anchas gotas por su frente, llevaba escrito su pensamiento.
La catedral estaba sola, completamente sola, y sumergida en un silencio profundo.
No obstante, de cuando en cuando se percibían como unos rumores confusos: chasquidos de madera tal vez, ó murmullos del viento, ó ¿quién sabe? acaso ilusión de la fantasía, que oye y ve y palpa en su exaltación lo que no existe, pero la verdad era que ya cerca, ya lejos, ora á sus espaldas, ora á su lado mismo, sonaban como sollozos que se comprimen, como roce de telas que se arrastran, como rumor de pasos que van y vienen sin cesar.
Pedro hizo un esfuerzo para seguir en su camino, llegó á la verja, y subió la primera grada de la capilla mayor. Alrededor de esta capilla están las tumbas de los reyes, cuyas imágenes de piedra, con la mano en la empuñadura de la espada, parecen velar noche y día por el santuario á cuya sombra descansan todos por una eternidad.
—¡Adelante! murmuró en voz baja, y quiso andar y no pudo. Parecía que sus pies se habían clavado en el pavimento. Bajó los ojos, y sus cabellos se erizaron de horror: el suelo de la capilla lo formaban anchas y obscuras losas sepulcrales.
Por un momento creyó que una mano fría y descarnada le sujetaba en aquel punto con una fuerza invencible. Las moribundas lámparas, que brillaban en el fondo de las naves como estrellas perdidas entre las sombras, oscilaron á su vista, y oscilaron las estatuas de los sepulcros y las imágenes del altar, y osciló el templo todo con sus arcadas de granito y sus machones de sillería.
—¡Adelante! volvió á exclamar Pedro como fuera de sí, y se acercó al ara, y trepando por ella subió hasta el escabel de la imagen. Todo alrededor suyo se revestía de formas quiméricas y horribles; todo era tinieblas y luz dudosa, más imponente aún que la obscuridad. Sólo la Reina de los cielos, suavemente iluminada por una lámpara de oro, parecía sonreir tranquila, bondadosa, y serena en medio de tanto horror.
Sin embargo, aquella sonrisa muda é inmóvil que le tranquilizara un instante, concluyó por infundirle temor; un temor más extraño, más profundo que el que hasta entonces había sentido.
Tornó empero á dominarse, cerró los ojos para no verla, extendió la mano con un movimiento convulsivo y le arrancó la ajorca de oro, piadosa ofrenda de un santo arzobispo; la ajorca de oro cuyo valor equivalía á una fortuna.
Ya la presea estaba en su poder: sus dedos crispados la oprimían con una fuerza sobrenatural, sólo restaba huir, huir con ella: pero para esto era preciso abrir los ojos, y Pedro tenía miedo de ver, de ver la imagen, de ver los reyes de las sepulturas, los demonios de las cornisas, los endriagos de los capiteles, las fajas de sombras y los rayos de luz que semejantes á blancos y gigantescos fantasmas, se movían lentamente en el fondo de las naves, pobladas de rumores temerosos y extraños.
Al fin abrió los ojos, tendió una mirada, y un grito agudo se escapó de sus labios.
La catedral estaba llena de estatuas, estatuas que, vestidas con luengos y no vistos ropajes, habían descendido de sus huecos, y ocupaban todo el ámbito de la iglesia, y le miraban con sus ojos sin pupila.
Santos, monjas, ángeles, demonios, guerreros, damas, pajes, cenobitas y villanos, se rodeaban y confundían en las naves y en el altar. Á sus pies oficiaban, en presencia de los reyes, de hinojos sobre sus tumbas, los arzobispos de mármol que él había visto otras veces, inmóviles sobre sus lechos mortuorios, mientras que arrastrándose por las losas, trepando por los machones, acurrucados en los doseles, suspendidos de las bóvedas, pululaban como los gusanos de un inmenso cadáver, todo un mundo de reptiles y alimañas de granito, quiméricos, deformes, horrorosos.
Ya no pudo resistir más. Las sienes le latieron con una violencia espantosa; una nube de sangre obscureció sus pupilas, arrojó un segundo grito, un grito desgarrador y sobrehumano, y cayó desvanecido sobre el ara.
Cuando al otro día los dependientes de la iglesia le encontraron al pie del altar, tenía aún la ajorca de oro entre sus manos, y al verlos aproximarse exclamó con una estridente carcajada:
—¡Suya, suya!
POESÍAS
LOS DOS CONEJOS
EL PATO Y LA SERPIENTE
EL JABALÍ Y LA ZORRA
Á TODO HAY QUIEN GANE
EL PERAL
|
Á UN Peral una piedra Tiró un muchacho, Y una pera exquisita Soltóle el árbol. Las almas nobles, Por el mal que les hacen, Vuelven favores. |
EL GLOBITO AZUL
I
II
FUSILES Y MUÑECAS
CANTOS DE PÁJARO
CANCIÓN
¡BELLO ES VIVIR!
¡EXCELSIOR!
RIMAS: XIII
RIMAS: LIII
NOTES
The heavy figures indicate pages; the light figures, lines.
LOS CONSEJOS DE UN PADRE
José Echegaray, b. Madrid, 1833. Echegaray has been professor of engineering in the Engineering College, Madrid, member of Parliament (Cortes), and Minister of Commerce, of Education and of Finance. He is the most prominent Spanish dramatist of today. In 1907 the Nobel prize of forty thousand dollars for excellence in idealistic literature was divided between Echegaray and the Provençal poet, Federico Mistral. The dramas of Echegaray, though sometimes commonplace and often gloomy, treat modern social problems with great skill. Among the best known are El gran Galeoto, Ó locura ó santidad, El poder de la impotencia, El loco dios, and Mancha que limpia.
1.—[[1-3]] rey futuro, 'future king.' A qualifying adjective usually follows its noun.
[[1-5]] le daba, 'was giving him.' A personal pronoun object usually precedes its verb.
[[1-7]] del hombre, 'from man.' The article is required because the noun is used in a general sense to denote all of the thing or class it names.—le decía, 'he said to him.' Note that a personal pronoun subject may be omitted.—no pretendas, 'do not attempt.' The subjunctive, and not the imperative, is used in a negative command.
[[1-10]] domínalos, 'subdue them.' The personal pronoun object follows the positive imperative, and is attached to it so that the verb and pronoun form one word.]
[[1-16]] le podrías lanzar, 'you could hurl him.' Note that le is the object of lanzar.
[[1-19]] los de, 'those of.'
[[1-24]] ¿Tendrá? 'can he have?' The future indicative may be used instead of the present, to denote probability or conjecture.
[[1-25]] orgullosos, 'proudly.' A predicate adjective is often used instead of an adverb.
2.—[[2-2]] la, 'his.' The definite article is often used instead of a possessive adjective.
[[2-8]] murió el león padre. Note that the subject often follows the verb.
[[2-10]] éste, 'the latter.'
[[2-11]] los leones, 'lions.' See note, page 1, l. 7.—se tendió, 'he stretched himself out.' Note that se is here to be translated by the reflexive pronoun 'himself.'
[[2-13]] se quedó, 'he remained.' Note that se is not to be translated.
[[2-14]] se unieron, 'were brought together' (or 'were united'). Note that the reflexive is to be translated here, as often, by the passive voice.
[[2-18]] á, 'with.'—hizo rodar, 'he rolled' (lit., 'he made to roll').
[[2-19]] hasta cerrar, 'until he closed.'
[[2-25]] fué soñando con, 'he was dreaming of.' But fué is from ir (see ir in Vocab.).
[[2-27]] ¿Sería? 'could... be?' The conditional indicative may be used to denote remote or past probability. See note, page 1, l. 24.
[[2-28]] Á: do not translate.
[[2-31]] Debía de ser, 'it must have been.'
3.—[[3-8]] se dice, 'is said.'
[[3-9]] al hombre, 'man.' The preposition á is usually required before the direct object of a verb, that denotes a definite person or thing personified.
[[3-13]] se le enredó á una pierna, 'wrapped itself about one of his legs.' Note that le=='his.']
[[3-22]] que, 'for.'
[[3-24]] serpiente is the subject of forcejeó.
4.—[[4-3]] por, 'on account of.'
[[4-4]] me como: do not translate me, which is a "dative of interest" (or "ethical dative").—las que, 'those that.'
[[4-18]] Á buscar, 'let us seek' (lit., 'to seek').
[[4-19]] por, 'with regard to.'
[[4-20]] lo rastrero y venenoso, 'his crawling and venomous ways.'—á quien... le, 'whose...' These are datives of possession; and le is redundant.
[[4-23]] valiente: see note, page 1, l. 25.
[[4-28]] me... á mi: translate with an emphatic 'me.'
[[4-31]] tendrá, 'must have.' This is the future of probability or conjecture.
5.—[[5-1]] como no sean, 'unless it be.'
[[5-16]] ¿sería? 'could... be?': conditional of probability or conjecture.
[[5-21]] al hablar, 'when speaking.' Note that Spanish al+infin.=English 'upon' or 'when'+pres. part.
[[5-22]] debería, 'should.'
[[5-24]] al que, 'the one who.'
6.—[[6-8]] Aquel que, 'that one who.'
[[6-13]] Es que, 'the fact is that.'—veces: see vez. Note that a word ending in z forms its plural in -ces.
[[6-15]] has de saber, 'you are to' (or 'must) know.'
[[6-18]] lucha is subject.
[[6-22]] al dar el león, 'when the lion gave.' Note that, by exception, al dar can not well be translated 'when giving,' since the verb has a subject (león).
[[6-24]] le, 'his': dative of possession.
[[6-27]] bregar, 'struggling.' Note that the infinitive, after a preposition, is usually to be translated by the English present participle.
[[6-28]] debí huir, 'I should' (or 'ought to) have run away.']
7.—[[7-4]] le is in apposition to al león. Do not translate le.
[[7-8]] los culpables, etc. The English word-order is ellos son los culpables ('the guilty ones').
[[7-10]] debía, 'it ought [to have done'].
[[7-11]] volviéndose, 'turning about.' Note that the personal pronoun object follows the present participle, and is attached to it.
[[7-13]] le, 'at him.'
[[7-16]] se la arrancaré, 'I shall take it off of him.'
[[7-19]] para sí, 'to himself.'
[[7-25]] hay que, 'I must' (lit., 'one must').
CASILDA
Antonio de Trueba y Quintana, b. 1821, in the Basque country of northern Spain; d. 1889. Trueba was a poet and writer of popular tales. He was conservative and monarchic; but he loved the common people and delighted in collecting their traditions, which he worked over and embellished to suit his taste before publishing. His works are pervaded by a genial, kindly humor. Works: verse,—El libro de los cantares and El libro de las montañas; tales,—Cuentos populares, Nuevos cuentos populares, Cuentos de color de rosa, Cuentos campesinos, Narraciones populares, Cuentos de madres é hijos, et al.
Casilda is one of the prettiest,—perhaps the prettiest,—of the many Spanish-Moorish traditions. Trueba took the story from a Spanish poem by the Jesuit Pedro de Reynosa (printed at Madrid in 1727), and he put it into simple, graceful prose. Saint Casilda is held in especial veneration in the province of Burgos.
The student of Spanish literature must keep in mind that the Mohammedan Moors and Arabs entered Spain from Africa in 711 and became possessed of a large part of the peninsula, and it was only after seven centuries of warfare that the Spaniards were able to reconquer the entire country (with the capture of Granada, in 1492). The Moorish invasion has left a deep impress on the Spanish race,—on the character of the people, and on their languages and customs.
8.—[[8-2]] Fernando el Grande, the first king of Castile (1037-1065).
[[8-11]] pierden á la que, 'lose the one who.'
[[8-12]] María. The Spaniards worship the Virgin Mary perhaps more than any other people do.
[[8-13]] fué creciendo, was growing (fué is pret. ind. of ir: see ir in Vocab.).
[[8-14]] Se le murió su madre, 'her mother died.'
[[8-18]] había, 'there were.' Cf. the pres. ind. hay.
[[8-22]] oyó, etc. The English order would be: oyó [á] los pobres cautivos gemir. Usually, a dependent infinitive immediately follows oir, ver, mirar, hacer, etc.
[[8-23]] lleno su corazón=su corazón lleno.
9.—[[9-3]] ¡Señor padre! 'My lord and father!'
[[9-4]] Quítales, 'take from them': les is dative of separation.
[[9-6]] lloran the subjects (padres, etc.) follow.
[[9-14]] lloraba, etc., 'he had been mourning for a year.'
[[9-18]] Profeta=Mohammed.
[[9-23]] que, 'for.'
[[9-24]] quien, 'he who.' Note that quien is the subject of both merece and aboga.
10.—[[10-5]] no habrá, 'there will not be': cf. the pres. ind. hay.—que, 'for.'
[[10-7]] extermine is subjunctive because the antecedent of que is indefinite ('any believer who does not destroy').
[[10-14]] pasear su tristeza, 'to walk sadly.'
[[10-16]] Cuentan, 'it is told,' or 'they tell.' The subject is indefinite.
[[10-26]] nazarenos is subject of gemían above.
11.—[[11-5]] volvió á presentarse á su paso, 'appeared before her again.' For this use of volver, see Vocab.]
[[11-9]] al volver, 'upon turning the corner of.'
[[11-14]] aura is subject of mecía.
[[11-16]] oir: see note, page 8, l. 22.
12.—[[12-3]] historia is subject of cuenta.
[[12-4]] coloraba... perlas, 'gushing forth, it reddened the string of white pearls' (teeth).
[[12-8]] viendo: see note, page 8, l. 22.
[[12-13]] Pero si impotente, etc.=pero si la ciencia de los primeros había sido impotente, la ciencia de los segundos era también impotente.
[[12-16]] al que salve, 'to any one that will save.'
[[12-20]] que, 'for.' Note that que often=the conjunction 'for.'
[[12-24]] hay quien pueda, 'there is any one who can.'
[[12-25]] que venga, 'let him come.'
13.—[[13-2]] al que devolviera, 'to him' (or 'the one) who would restore.'
[[13-9]] bondad is subject of inspiraba.
[[13-22]] designando al médico su hija, 'pointing out his daughter to the physician.'
[[13-25]] han de completar, 'shall complete,' or 'are to complete.' See haber in Vocab.
14.—[[14-9]] parecido... niñez, 'like that which in her childhood.' Note also that esclava is the subject of había contado, and bienaventurados of sentían.
[[14-21]] el que, 'he who.'—hija de Jairo: see Mark v., 22-43.
LA FLORECITA AZUL
María del Pilar Sinués de Marco, b. 1835, d. 1893. Sinués was a mediocre but indefatigable writer of stories that are often diffuse or sentimental. Some of her stories for children are popular.
15.—[[15-1]] en, 'at.'
[[15-5]] padres, 'parents,' is subject of quedaban. Note that the noun subject usually follows the verb in subordinate clauses.]
[[15-12]] se veían, 'were seen.'
[[15-20]] fué á posarse, 'rested' (lit., 'went to rest').
[[15-22]] dejó oir, 'uttered' (lit., 'let hear').
16.—[[16-10]] sucedió lo que, 'that happened which.'
[[16-14]] iba, 'she would go,' or 'she used to go.' The imperf. here, as often, denotes continued or repeated action.
[[16-21]] más que, 'except.'—había, 'there was.'
[[16-24]] llevaba á pacer, 'drove' (or 'took) out to graze.'
[[16-31]] ni, 'even.'
17.—[[17-3]] otra cosa que, 'anything else than,' or 'anything except'
[[17-14]] á quienes servía de, 'whom she served as.'
[[17-22]] á los pocos días, 'in a few days.'
[[17-30]] todo lo que... de aire y de luz, 'all the air and light that....'
18.—[[18-7]] Al caer la tarde, 'at nightfall.' Note that tarde is the subject of caer.—le dió fiebre, 'he was stricken with fever.'
[[18-8]] hubo de, 'had to.'—otro, 'next.'
[[18-19]]; al entrar en, 'upon entering.'
[[18-20]] hizo tirar todo lo que, 'he had everything thrown away that.'
[[18-25]] soy yo mismo, 'I myself am.'
[[18-28]] dándome, 'by giving me.'
[[18-30]] daría yo, 'I would give.'
LA NIÑA DEL VIGÍA
Manuela de la Peña Cuéllar (?). The little story La niña del vigía is popular, and it is found, in more or less mutilated form, in libros de lectura (readers) that are used in the schools of Spain and Spanish America.
20.—[[20-1]] La Niña del Vigía, 'The Lighthouse-keeper's Daughter' (lit., '... little girl').
[[20-3]] se enciende, 'is lighted.' Note how often, in this story, the reflexive is best translated by the English passive.
[[20-6]] de, 'in' (as often, when used with manera).
[[20-13]] tienen que, 'have to,' or 'must.'
[[20-20]] No se podía atravesar, 'it was impossible to pass over.'
[[20-21]] al día, 'a day.'
21.—[[21-5]] Sabiendo ellos, 'since they knew.' Note that the pres. part. usually precedes its subject.
[[21-6]] habían de pasar, 'would pass,' or 'were to pass' (habían de pasar is almost equivalent to pasarían).
[[21-10]] Llegado que hubo=luego que hubo llegado.
[[21-11]] le ataron de pies, 'they tied his feet.'
[[21-14]] impaciente: see note, page 1, l. 25.
[[21-16]] ya se veían las olas estrellarse, 'the waves were already seen dashing.'
[[21-18]] Dieron las seis, 'six o'clock struck.'
[[21-20]] Á las siete y media, 'at half-past seven.'
[[21-26]] En, 'at.'—de: omit here in translation, as usually before a subordinate clause.
[[21-30]] hizo luz, 'struck a light.'—probó si... podía, 'she tried... to' (lit., 'she tried if she could').
22.—[[22-1]] le faltaba, 'she lacked' (lit., 'was lacking to her').
[[22-3]] Ya iba á sentarse, 'she was just going to sit down.'
[[22-6]] lo suficiente, sufficiently.
TONY
Enrique Pérez Escrich, b. 1823 in Valencia, d. 1897. Pérez Escrich is a writer of plays and pleasant stories in a simple, direct style. The subject treated in Tony, that of a dog that is mistakenly believed to be mad, is taken up again and treated more fully and more happily in Fortuna. Works: El maestro de baile (play), Cura de Aldea (play and novel), El mártir del Gólgota, Un libro para mis nietos, et al.
23.—[[23-2]] aseguraros: the familiar vosotros and os are often used in writings and in public address.]
[[23-5]] con sólo ver, 'merely from seeing.'
[[23-7]] se le sacrifica, 'one sacrifices him,' or 'he is sacrificed.' The verb is impersonal.—por si: see por si, under por, in Vocab.
24.—[[24-1]] reducida á, 'which was merely to.'
[[24-3]] de: do not translate. See note, page 21, l. 26.—mientras Tony velara, 'as long as Tony should watch over' (velara is subjunctive of indef. fut. time).
[[24-11]] se le citaba, 'a business appointment was made with him.'
[[24-12]] el día cuatro, 'the fourth,' or 'the fourth day.'
[[24-13]] debía, 'was to.'
[[24-18]] veinte mil reales: how many pesetas are there?
[[24-21]] de El Palomar: de El is written instead del, because El forms part of a proper noun.
[[24-25]] del que... y el que, 'of the one who... and the one who.'
[[24-26]] sucedió lo que sucede, 'that happened which happens.'
25.—[[25-1]] que era donde, 'where' (lit., 'which was where').
[[25-5]] Conste, 'let it be understood.' The subjunctive has here the force of an imperative.
[[25-7]] se haría, 'should be made.'
[[25-9]] las que resultaran, 'those that should turn out to be' (or 'should be found').
[[25-10]] más que aquí, 'anywhere else than right here.'
[[25-11]] lo dejas, 'you may leave it alone.' The pres. ind. has here the force of a fut. ind. used imperatively.
[[25-19]] la que había emprendido Pablo, 'that which Paul had taken.'
[[25-29]] como si tratara de, 'as if he were trying to.'
26.—[[26-11]] Nuevamente is redundant: do not translate.—volvió á colocarse, 'placed himself again.'
[[26-12]] hasta chocar... con, 'until he struck... against.' The infinitive is used here because the main and the subordinate verbs have the same subject.]
[[26-22]] á quien... decirle, 'whose master does not understand what he means.'
[[26-27]] sin que soltara, 'without his letting go of.'
27.—[[27-10]] Al aturdimiento: the á of al indicates that aturdimiento is the object of the verb.
[[27-15]] por, 'with.'
[[27-19]] dándole, 'by giving him.'
28.—[[28-20]] después de muerto, 'after death' (lit., 'after dead').
[[28-31]] fué perdiendo, 'lost' (lit., 'went losing').
29.—[[29-6]] Perdona, 'pardon me.'
[[29-7]] llevarte, 'carry for you': te is ethical dative (dative of interest).—ya lo ves, 'you see now.'
[[29-11]] ha de, 'shall.'
[[29-13]] lleva por nombre, 'has borne the name of.' The pres. ind. is used, since the act or state still continues.
PESCADOR DE CAÑA
Ernesto García Ladevese, b. 1850, a writer of commonplace, and sometimes coarse, stories. He is at his best in Pescador de caña. Other works are Fuego y cenizas (verse) and several volumes of short stories.
30.—[[30-1]] cubierta la cabeza=la cabeza cubierta.
[[30-5]] el bueno de Chaviri, 'the good Chaviri.'
[[30-7]] al pasar por allí, 'upon passing by there.'
[[30-9]] Y no siempre eran los chicos los que=y los chicos no eran siempre los que ('the ones who').
[[30-17]] Antes de hacerse Chaviri, 'before Chaviri became.' Note that Chaviri is the subject of hacerse.
[[30-20]] al ir á, 'when about to' (lit., 'upon going to').
[[30-21]] se le adelantó alguno, 'some one got ahead of him.'
[[30-22]] por él concebidas=concebidas por él.
[[30-23]] Lo que no... nunca, 'what he never fully understood.']
[[30-24]] chascos is the subject of producían.
[[30-25]] cómo á... no les había pasado lo mismo, 'why the same thing had not happened to....'
31.—[[31-1]] al establecerse, 'when they went into business.'
[[31-3]] Anduvo, 'he was' (lit., 'he went'.
[[31-11]] se, 'to themselves,' or 'to one another.'—al verle, 'upon seeing him.' Note again this common use of al with the infinitive.
[[31-12]] Chaviri is the subject of trae.
[[31-13]] se supo, 'it was known.'
[[31-14]] no hubo quien no dijese, 'there wasn't any one who didn't say.'
[[31-23]] le is redundant: do not translate. It is in apposition to pescador. This idiom is very common in colloquial Spanish.
[[31-25]] de tarde en tarde, 'some afternoons' (lit., 'from afternoon to afternoon').—se le veía, 'he was seen,' or 'they saw him.'
[[31-29]] cuya pesca, 'the catching of which.'
[[31-30]] que.. le pagaban á subido precio, 'for which... paid him a high price.'
32.—[[32-1]] Ho había nadie que... llevara, 'there wasn't any one who brought....'
[[32-2]] la de Chaviri, 'that of Chaviri,' or 'Chaviri's.'
[[32-4]] iba durando una y otra semana, 'lasted week after week.'
[[32-5]] Á los dos meses, 'after two months.'
[[32-7]] Fué la noticia extendiéndose, 'the report spread.'
[[32-8]] ya no volvieron á gritarle, 'no longer shouted at him.'
[[32-14]] en evitar que nadie me viese, 'to avoid being seen' (lit., 'in avoiding that any one should see me').
[[32-20]] á que acertasen el sitio, 'to the risk of their finding the place' (lit., 'to that they should hit upon the place').
[[32-26]] levantóse=se levantó.
33.—[[33-4]] del de más allá, 'from one farther away.'
[[33-9]] Si querrás, 'can you indeed expect': querrás is fut. of conjecture.—se puede, 'one can.']
[[33-11]] ¿Cómo que no? 'why not?'
[[33-12]] los tres, 'you three.'
CONFESIÓN DE UN CRIMEN
Armando Palacio Valdés, b. 1853 in the Asturias. Palacio Valdés is a journalist and novelist. He began as a realist, but his later works have become more and more idealistic. He is a careful, direct writer, elegant in diction, and he excels in psychological analysis. Palacio Valdés and Pérez Galdós are probably the strongest and the best known Spanish novelists of today. Works: Marta y María, El idilio de un enfermo, José, El cuarto poder, La hermana San Sulpicio, La espuma, La fe, El maestrante, La alegría del capitán Ribot, La aldea perdida, et al.
34.—[[34-1]] salón del Prado: see prado and salón, in Vocab.
[[34-1]] aún no había gente, 'there were not yet any people.'
[[34-14]] sin que... perdiesen de vista, 'without... losing sight of.'
[[34-17]] en una silla metálica de las que=en una de las sillas metálicas que. Both constructions occur, but the first is considered the better.
[[34-18]] me puse á: see ponerse á, in Vocab.
[[34-25]] gravedad is the subject of llamó.
35.—[[35-2]] alegría is the subject of causaba.
[[35-10]] vestido de marinero, 'in a sailor-suit' (lit., 'dressed as a sailor').
[[35-14]] Luisa: see this name, and those that follow, in the Vocab.
[[35-15]] le tiró por los..., 'pulled his....'
[[35-18]] oí exclamar á Luisa=oí á Luisa que exclamaba.
[[35-30]] de su misma edad, 'of the same age as they.'
36.—[[36-2]] debía de ser, 'must have been.'
[[36-9]] visto lo cual por su amiga, 'her friend having observed this' (lit., 'which seen by her friend').]
[[36-11]] lo que la ponía, 'what made her.'
[[36-13]] ya no: see ya no, under ya, in Vocab.
[[36-16]] Mañana hace un mes que = hará ('it will be') un mes mañana que.
[[36-17]] Á mí... me: translate by an emphatic 'me.' The double construction is here used for emphasis.—toda la tarde la pasé=pasé toda la tarde. The redundant la is here used because the object precedes the verb.
[[36-18]] te lo ('so') puede decir=puede decírtelo.
[[36-22]] lo éramos desde hacía dos meses=hacía dos meses que lo éramos (eramos, 'had been'). The imperfect is used, as the condition still existed: lo takes the place of novios,—omit in translation, or translate 'engaged.'
[[36-23]] al entrar en, 'as I was going into.'
[[36-24]] echó á correr: see echar(se) á, under echar, in Vocab.
[[36-26]] le había gustado: does this mean 'he had liked me' or 'I had liked him'?—le quería=[le] quería á el: see querer á, in Vocab.
[[36-27]] en: see Vocab.—que era la que, 'which was the one that.'
[[36-29]] á Luisa... Paco Núñez=también Paco Núñez había escrito á Luisa: for the use of le, see second note, l. 17.
[[36-31]] le dije, 'said to him' (Paco).—en el paseo: on Sunday afternoons and on other holidays, groups of young women accompanied by older persons, and groups of young men, stroll up one side of the paseo and down the other. Often they will go in opposite directions so that they may speak in passing.
In Spain and in Spanish America, as in all Latin countries, young men and young women, not closely related, may not walk out together unless they are engaged to be married, and even then they must be accompanied by an older person, usually the young woman's mother.
37.—[[37-1]] que sí, 'yes.' This expression may have its origin in dice que sí, 'he says so.'—á la otra vuelta, 'when we went around again' (lit., 'at the next turn').]
[[37-6]] una vez bailando, 'once when we were dancing.' In the Latin countries it is usually considered harmless to dance on Sundays after returning from mass, and the most devout Christians may do so.—estaba=él estaba.
[[37-10]] á la salida del colegio, 'as I came from school.' See colegio in Vocab.
[[37-14]] á que continuase, 'for her to continue.'
[[37-23]] metido en, 'standing in' (lit., 'packed closely in').
[[37-28]] el de la criada, 'the servant's.'
[[37-29]] le dejé ir mojándose hasta casa, 'I let him go on getting wet all the way home.'
[[37-31]] fué que, 'it was because.'
38.—[[38-1]] se le anudó la voz en la garganta, 'the words choked in her throat.'
[[38-3]] se la quedó mirando=se quedó mirándola.
[[38-10]] sin que... perdiesen, 'without... their losing.'
[[38-23]] debió pasar, 'must have passed.'
[[38-25]] destacóse=se destacó. Note, finally, that a personal pronoun object may follow any verb that comes first in a clause.—le echó los brazos al cuello, 'threw her arms about her neck.'
[[38-31]] dejó de: see no (or ni) dejar de, under dejar, in Vocab.
39.—[[39-1]] que is expletive: do not translate.
ECONOMÍA PRÁCTICA
Luis Taboada, b. 1848 at Vigo in Galicia, d. 1906. Taboada is a playwright and novelist, but he has probably excelled in the humorous articles that he has written for the daily press.
There is a good American edition of some of these humorous sketches, Cuentos alegres edited by Prof. Murray Anthony Potter of Harvard University (Boston, 1907). The editor of Spanish Tales for Beginners has pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to Professor Potter.
40.—[[40-7]] Quiero que sea, 'I wish it to be.']
41.—[[41-6]] después de... rebajen, 'after getting them to throw off.'
[[41-19]] Hace pocos días tuvo que, 'a few days ago he had to.'
[[41-30]] Oiga usted, 'listen.'
42.—[[42-2]] póngase usted en razón, 'be reasonable.'
[[42-4]] He dicho que no: do not translate que.
[[42-7]] el de los pájaros, 'the bird-dealer' (lit., 'he of the birds').
[[42-12]] Conque ya lo sabe usted, 'well, you understand' (lit., 'so you already know it').
[[42-15]] en, 'for.'
DE VIAJE
Luis Taboada: see note, page 40.
43.—[[43-4]] ha de, 'is to.'
[[43-9]] á la que trata de, 'which she tries to' (que alone would be ambiguous, as it might be subject or object, but á la que must be the object).
[[43-16]] dígale V. que no se moleste, 'tell it not to trouble itself.'
[[43-25]] Los demás viajeros conseguimos, 'the rest of us succeed in' (lit., 'we other passengers...').
44.—[[44-12]] Salvador=Amós Salvador, at one time minister of finance,—a member of the liberal party.
[[44-16]] en éstas y las otras=en estas y otras cosas, 'in the meantime.'
[[44-17]] poco menos que, 'almost' (lit., 'little less than').
[[44-30]] ¿Que no? 'no?'
45.—[[45-2]] se las calza, 'puts them on.'
[[45-24]] ¿Cómo quieres que esté un hombre? 'how do you expect a man to be?'
TEMPRANO Y CON SOL
Emilia Pardo Bazán, b. 1851 in Galicia, a literary critic and novelist. Pardo Bazán is considered the most highly cultivated and the most forceful contemporary writer amongst the women of modern Spain. Works: Los pazos de Ulloa, La madre naturaleza, El cisne de Vilamorta, De mi tierra, Pascual López, La cuestión palpitante, et al.
46.—[[46-7]] de, 'with.'
[[46-10]] le sentaba á las mil maravillas, 'was wonderfully becoming to her.'
[[46-12]] sobre poco más ó menos: see under más, in Vocab.
[[46-17]] quien, 'one who.'
[[46-21]] Ahí va dinero, 'there's the money.'
47.—[[47-5]] Al decir esto el empleado=cuando el empleado dijo esto. Note that empleado is the subject of decir. See note, page 6, l. 22.
[[47-6]] damisela: why can damisela not be the object of había soltado?
[[47-17]] Sonó la campana=la campana sonó. Note how often the subject follows the verb in this story.
[[47-20]] fuesen, 'might be.'
[[47-25]] del, 'in the.'
48.—[[48-9]] que le enseñase, 'to show him.'
[[48-13]] Tengo la colección completa=la colección está completa.
[[48-19]] Éste no lo tengo yo=yo no tengo éste; but éste is more emphatic in the first sentence.
[[48-23]] se pusiese color de, 'turned the color of.' Note the subj. with como ('as'): como se pusiese=poniéndose.
[[48-27]] te he de decir una cosa, 'I have something to tell you.'
[[48-28]] dímela (di-me-la): see di, in Vocab.
49.—[[49-1]] Hay que ir: see hay que under haber, in Vocab.
[[49-7]] que le había de suceder algo raro..., 'that something unusual... would' (or 'was to) happen to him.'
[[49-9]] con: see soñar con, in Vocab.
[[49-10]] coleccionaba, soñaba: why must these be translated by the English pluperfect indicative?]
[[49-18]] constándole á, 'as it was clear' (or 'evident) to.'
[[49-19]] había is here the imp. ind. of hay.
[[49-25]] Lo que me ibas á decir=lo que ('what') ibas á decirme.
[[49-28]] Si: note that si here means 'why' or 'indeed,' and not 'if.'
50.—[[50-4]] echó á=empezó á.
[[50-10]] Se halla un alma enamorada=un alma se halla enamorada. Note un, where el would be used, before a feminine noun beginning with stressed a. It is considered better form to use una.
[[50-14]] No... más que en, '... only of.'
[[50-17]] novios en regla, 'real lovers.' Here novio does not mean formally 'betrothed.'
[[50-19]] se hablaba de, 'they were speaking of.'
[[50-24]] ¡Jesús, María y José! 'great heavens!' Custom has made this invocation of the Holy Family less sacrilegious in Spanish than in English. Cf. dios mío, 'dear me.'
[[50-36]] irán, 'can they be going?' See note, page 1, l. 24.—Aviso=avisaré. The pres. ind. may often be used for the fut.
51.—[[51-14]] que, 'to.'
[[51-19]] La hicimos, 'we have done it.' La is here an indefinite pronoun.
[[51-20]] será de: see under ser, in Vocab.
[[51-21]] Lo que, 'how,' or 'what (a good time).'
[[51-28]] ¿Por dónde se va? see under dónde, in Vocab.
52.—[[52-2]] á la del Inglés=á la fonda del Inglés.
[[52-8]] no se les permitió, 'they were not permitted.'—ni aún los domingos: the internos, or boarding-students, of a colegio are allowed to visit their parents or guardians on Sundays. On other occasions they may leave the confines of the colegio only when accompanied by an instructor. See colegio in Vocab.]
EL PREMIO GORDO
Emilia Pardo Bazán: see note, page 46.
53.—[[53-25]] no lo pasaban mal tampoco, 'did not have a bad time of it either.'
54.—[[54-2]] nadie, 'any one.' Note the negative pronoun after a comparative (mejor).
[[54-3]] andaban ellos de contentos, 'they were well satisfied.'
[[54-26]] Al oir tal, 'on hearing this.'—hubo=pret. of hay.
[[54-29]] que el que echaba con señores, 'that he who gambled with gentlemen.'
[[54-30]] de lo cual le pesó tanto al marqués, 'at which the marquis was so displeased' (lit., 'on account of which it weighed so upon the marquis').
55.—[[55-2]] le cobijaba, 'had given him shelter.' Why imp. ind. in Spanish?
[[55-13]] se le colaba el frío por la nuca, 'his neck was getting cold' (lit., 'the cold was filtering through the nape of his neck').
[[55-15]] no nos ha de caer, 'will not fall to us.'
[[55-17]] se las compuso, 'arranged matters' (las is here an indefinite pronoun. Some such word as cosas is probably understood after las).
[[55-18]] no sé qué, 'some... or other' (lit., 'I know not what').
[[55-31]] El Siglo Futuro, an ultra-catholic paper.
56.—[[56-3]] á los diez segundos de atender, 'after paying attention for ten seconds.'
[[56-8]] No tardó tres minutos en regresar el enviado=el enviado regresó dentro de tres minutos. See tardar, in Vocab.
[[56-11]] por querer, 'in his efforts' (lit., 'through seeking').
[[56-14]] logró oir brotar, 'he finally heard... burst forth' (lit., 'he succeeded in hearing burst forth').
[[56-20]] rauda y amorosamente=raudamente y amorosamente. Note that mente is used with only the last adjective, and note also that the adjectives are feminine to agree with mente.] [[56-26]] sin que fuese poderoso, 'without his being able.'
[[56-27]] echándoselo unos á otros, 'tossing him from one to another.' Note that both se and unos á otros are here reciprocal.
[[56-31]] quieras no quieras, 'whether he were willing or not' (lit., 'you may be willing [or] you may not be willing').
57.—[[57-4]] por haber, 'from having.'
[[57-5]] sangre, 'liquid,' or 'contents' (lit., 'blood').
[[57-11]] Note the abbreviations: V.=usted, and D.=don.
[[57-21]] tener el diablo en el cuerpo, 'to be possessed' (lit., 'to have the devil in one's body').
[[57-26]] como pudiesen, 'as best they could.'
58.—[[58-3]] Quien vuecencia disponga..., 'whoever your Excellency may arrange to....'
[[58-9]] Sepa vuecencia, 'may your Excellency know,' or 'your Excellency should know' (sepa is used imperatively).
[[58-12]] Váyase V. al..., 'go to the....'
[[58-17]] sin que se atreviese, 'without daring.'
[[58-18]] por no arrostrar, 'for fear of facing.'
59.—[[59-2]] sí no, 'not.' Here sí simply makes no emphatic.
[[59-8]] dió, 'he met with.'
[[59-11]] Abierto el testamento=cuando el testamento fué abierto.
[[59-12]] por heredero, 'as his heir.'
EL LIBRO TALONARIO
Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, b. 1833 in Granada, d. 1891. Alarcón was a journalist, poet, novelist, and writer of works of travel; member of the Council of State, Minister to Turkey, etc. He had a lively vein and was often humorous or ironical, but he was seldom a careful writer. Beginning as a writer of frivolous tales for newspapers, he ended as a conservative and a member of the Royal Spanish Academy. Works: El final de Norma, El escándalo, El niño de la bola, El sombrero de tres picos, El capitán Veneno, Historietas nacionales, et al.
60.—[[60-2]] Rota: the action begins at Rota, one of the many villages on the Bay of Cadiz in southwestern Spain.
[[60-4]] era que, 'the fact was.'
[[60-5]] llevaba cuarenta de labrar, 'he had cultivated for forty years.' See llevar, in Vocab.
[[60-10]] había mediado el mes de junio, 'it was the middle of June' (lit., 'the month of June was half gone').
[[60-12]] á los... ejemplares is an object of conocía above.
[[60-22]] ¡Feliz quien se las coma! 'happy he who eats them.' The pronoun se, an ethical dative or dative of interest, is best not translated.
61.—[[61-1]] ¡Lástima de mis calabazas! 'my poor squashes!'
[[61-5]] Gradúese... cuánto sería, 'judge how great must have been' (lit., 'let it judge itself...').
[[61-12]] ¡Si te encuentro! See Merchant of Venice, Act I, Scene 3.
[[61-16]] de que él las reconociese, 'of his recognizing them.'
[[61-18]] Como si lo viera, '[as truly] as if I saw them' (lit., 'it').
[[61-19]] debió de robármelas, 'must have stolen them from me' (me is dat. of separation).
[[61-20]] se escaparía: see note, page 2, l. 27.
[[61-23]] maravilla será que, 'it will be a wonder if.'
62.—[[62-7]] villa..., Hércules=Rota, and Cádiz. The first belonged to the Duke of Arcos; the second is so called, since tradition has it that Cádiz was founded by Hercules.
[[62-19]] contárselo: note that lo denotes eso, and se denotes Alcalde.
[[62-21]] ¡Que no! 'no!'; ¡Que sí! 'yes!' The full expressions would probably be: digo que no, and digo que sí.
[[62-23]] Tío: see tío, in Vocab.
[[62-25]] Vds.=ustedes. Note V., Vd., and Ud.,=usted.
63.—[[63-3]] Á quién le..., 'of whom....' The expletive le refers to quién. Both are datives of separation.
[[63-6]] ¡Ése había de ser! 'it must have been that very fellow!' See ese, in Vocab.
[[63-8]] en la del vecino, 'in his neighbor's.' Note that vecino, in line 4, means 'resident.'
[[63-9]] admitida la hipótesis=la hipótesis habiendo sido admitida.—de que á V. le han robado, 'that they stole from you.' Note this use of the pres. perfect with the force of a preterite, which is not uncommon in Spain today.
[[63-12]] las suyas ('yours') is more distinctive and emphatic than suyas; but the article is usually omitted when the possessive is in predicate.
[[63-14]] conocerá: see note, page 1, l. 24.
[[63-20]] con que usted reconozca, 'with your recognizing.'
[[63-27]] hasta sentarse, 'until he sat.'
64.—[[64-10]] se lo impidieron, 'prevented his going' (lit., 'impeded it to him'): lo denotes irse.
[[64-11]] el mismo Regidor=el Regidor mismo ('himself').
[[64-16]] ha de ver, 'must consider,' or 'must be careful.'
[[64-24]] por, 'over.'
[[64-31]] de donde va cortando, 'from which he keeps on cutting.'
65.—[[65-1]] comprobarse si tal ó cual, 'be proved whether such and such a.'
[[65-2]] ó no lo es=ó no es falso.
[[65-19]] las que pudiéramos llamar cicatrices..., 'the scars ..., as we might call them': cicatrices is the subject of presentaban.
[[65-26]] ¡Nada! 'by all means!' This positive force of the exclamatory adverb nada is not uncommon.
66.—[[66-8]] fuese (from ir), 'kept on.'
[[66-9]] He debido traerme á Manuela, 'I should have brought Emma away with me.'
10. comérmela: do not translate the ethical dative me.
EL PÁJARO EN LA NIEVE
Armando Palacio Valdés: see note, page 34.
67.—[[67-5]] [murió] hacía un año, 'had been dead a year.'
[[67-20]] antes de morir: note again that a Spanish infinitive after a preposition is usually best translated by the English present participle.—había conseguido que le diesen, 'had gotten them to give.'
[[67-24]] por modesta que fuese: see por... que, under por, in Vocab.
[[67-25]] pasados los... días=los... días habiendo pasado.—quince días: see under día, in Vocab.
68.—[[68-6]] sin salir...: see sin más que, under más, in Vocab.
[[68-10]] que contaba se tocase, 'which, he expected, would be played.'
[[68-11]] por la caridad: since he was unable to pay for the mass, or for prayers for the dead.
[[68-19]] cesante: this is one of the many sarcastic flings at Spanish politics in which Palacio Valdés indulges.
[[68-27]] llevase á empeñar: see under empeñar, in Vocab.
69.—[[69-2]] ya no tuvo...=ya no tuvo nada que empeñar: see ya no and tener que, in Vocab.
[[69-3]] tuvieron, 'kept.'
[[69-6]] podían has here the force of hubieran podido.—que les quedaba á deber, 'which he still owed them.'
[[69-14]] De... en, 'from... to.'
[[69-16]] el calzado..., los pantalones: translate both el and los by 'with his.'
[[69-20]] Comía lo preciso...: see under preciso, in Vocab.
70.—[[70-6]] del mejor modo que pudo, 'as best he could.'
[[70-9]] El corazón le latía: note that el+le='his.'
[[70-17]] iba venciendo, 'he was overcoming (little by little).' Note that ir with a present participle denotes progressive action.
[[70-22]] Por lo cual: see under cual, in Vocab.
71.—[[71-3]] vuelta á reunirse=volvió (or tornó) á reunirse.
[[71-28]] Al llegar la noche=cuando llegó la noche.
72.—[[72-1]] pausada y copiosamente: see note, page 56, l. 20.
[[72-7]] el caer, 'the falling' or 'fall.' Note that the infinitive is here a noun, and is modified by an adjective.
[[72-16]] en: do not translate. See note, page 24, l. 3.
[[72-21]] sería, 'was probably' (cond. of probability).—lo de siempre: see under siempre, in Vocab. The reference here is to the usual command to "move on."
[[72-26]] Apenas puedo, 'I can scarcely [do so].'
73.—[[73-1]] vamos á ver=veamos. Sometimes á ver alone is used with the force of vamos á ver.—si hallamos, after vamos á ver, may be best translated by 'if we can find.'
[[73-7]] á ver si llegamos: see vamos á ver and hallamos above.
[[73-9]] se lo pagará á V., 'will repay you' (lit., 'will pay you for it').
[[73-11]] Nada de morirse=no diga V. nada de morirse.
75.—[[75-2]] hacía cuatro meses que estaba: the imperf. ind. is used because the act or state still continued at the time. See under hacer, in Vocab.
[[75-29]] hasta sentarle, 'to a seat' (lit., 'as far as to seat him').
76.—[[76-4]] no pudo menos de: see under poder, in Vocab.
[[76-9]] cuando se le da cuerda=cuando alguno le da cuerda: see cuerda, in Vocab.
[[76-15]] me hago como que: see hacerse como que, under hacer, in Vocab.
77.—[[77-1]] creía escuchar la...=creía que escuchaba la voz...; but the infin. (escuchar) is better, as both verbs have the same subject.]
[[77-3]] Y todavía quiso añadir más cuidados á los de Santiago, 'and she sought to show him even greater attention than James had done.'
[[77-4]] mandó traer: see under mandar, in Vocab.
[[77-8]] dejándose acariciar de, 'letting themselves be caressed by.'
[[77-16]] Á que: see under que, in Vocab.
[[77-24]] se me cierran los ojos, 'my eyes close.'—sin poderlo remediar=sin poder yo remediarlo.
[[77-29]] echándole... al, 'throwing... about his.'
78.—[[78-6]] dijo un guardia de los que=dijo uno de los guardias que.
LA BALLENA DEL MANZANARES
Antonio de Trueba y Quintana: see note, page 8.
79.—[[79-1]] El Manzanares is the river that flows through Madrid. Generally it carries little water, but after heavy rains it sometimes becomes a raging torrent. In the Appendix to Cuentos populares, Trueba says that the people of Madrid are twitted for having once believed that there was a whale in the Manzanares river, when it was only a floating pack-saddle.
[[79-8]] Dar el primero, 'to be the first to give.'
[[79-10]] Ver Alvar..., y salir..., todo era uno, 'it was all one for Alvar to see..., and for him to go out...'='as soon as Alvar saw..., he would go out....'
[[79-13]] el gusto de que acudiesen, 'the pleasure of their coming.'
[[79-15]] antes que nadie, 'before any one else.'
[[79-20]] San Isidro, 'Saint Isidor,' the patron saint of Madrid. He lived in the twelfth century. It is related of him that he was one day at prayer in his fields, when angels descended from heaven and drove the plow, finishing his plowing for him. He is also called the Labrador de Madrid.
[[79-21]] sobre si: see under si, in Vocab.
80.—[[80-5]] á más no poder: see under poder, in Vocab.
[[80-6]] á poco más: see under poco, in Vocab.]
[[80-7]] no lo dejó, 'it did not stop [raining].'
[[80-10]] por no tener, 'on account of not having,' or 'because it did not have.'
[[80-11]] aprendiz de río, 'an apprentice of a river.'
[[80-17]] Móstoles: the wine-grower of Móstoles had been mentioned before. He had a wine-shop at Móstoles, about nine miles west of Madrid, and had recently established a branch in the outskirts of Madrid beside the Manzanares. In a meadow between the wine-shop and the river the empty wine-casks (cubas) were accumulating.
81.—[[81-4]] del agua sacarían vino=sacarían vino del agua.
[[81-7]] Oir Alvar, 'for Alvar to hear': see note, page 79, l. 10.
[[81-19]] coronada villa del oso.—The arms of Madrid show a bear climbing a madroño (see Vocab.). The crest is a crown.
82.—[[82-2]] Otra te pego=te pegaré otra [paliza, bofetada, or some such word].
[[82-5]] me, 'from me': me is dat. of separation or privation.—una va llena, 'one is full (lit., 'one goes full'). Note that va llena is taken for ballena. As a matter of fact, most Spaniards pronounce b and v alike. See the Hills-Ford Spanish Grammar, § 6.
[[82-8]] anda á: see under andar, in Vocab. Cf. ve á hacerlo, 'go and do it'; and ven á hacerlo, 'come and do it.'—la cabra de tu madre, 'your goat of a mother.'
[[82-12]] Que: do not translate.—me dan de palos: note this partitive construction with dar; de may be translated by 'some.'
[[82-23]] albarda: see l. 7 of the same page.
[[82-25]] empinarse á un madroño may be freely rendered: 'to be turned into bears (for their stupidity).'
LA CASA DONDE MURIÓ
Julia de Asensi (?), a writer of stories that are generally interesting, but are often morbidly sentimental or gruesome. La casa donde murió is decidedly gruesome, but it has the merit of portraying the superstitious nature of a considerable part of the Spanish people. There is a good American edition of some of Asensi's short stories, edited by Prof. Edgar S. Ingraham, of the Ohio State University (Boston, 1908). The editor of Spanish Tales for Beginners has pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to Professor Ingraham.
83.—[[83-1]] Camino: see camino de, under camino, in Vocab.
[[83-6]] los cuatro, 'we four' (since the verb is in the first person).
[[83-7]] La señora de López, 'Mrs. López.' López is doubtless her husband's name, hence the de. A Spanish woman usually retains her maiden name after marriage, but adds her husband's name. Thus, if la señorita Martínez is married to el señor López, her official name becomes la señora Martínez de López. Children born of the union may use both names, if they wish: thus, López y Martínez.
[[83-11]] por la que: note that, after a preposition, Asensi prefers el que (la que, etc.) to que alone.
[[83-12]] Serían, cond. of probability.
[[83-14]] se veneraba á: translate 'was worshiped.'
[[83-15]] tenía particular devoción: although 'Our Lady of Mercy' (or 'of Pardons') is merely one attribute of the Virgin Mary, it is to this attribute that Mrs. López is particularly devoted.
[[83-17]] que le siguiera, 'to follow him.'
[[83-21]] leyéndose, 'where were to be read' (lit., 'reading themselves,' 'being read').
84.—[[84-2]] por verla por lo que: translate 'to see it that.' Note por lo que where que alone would be expected. This expletive use of preposition and relative is not uncommon.
[[84-12]] Lo de siempre: see under siempre, in Vocab.
[[84-14]] Diez años hace que: see under hacer, in Vocab.
[[84-18]] hace diez años, 'ten years ago.' Note the different meanings of hace in expressions of time. Compare: (1) hace tres meses que está aquí, 'he has been here for three months'; hace tres meses que se fué, or se fué hace tres meses, 'he went away three months ago.'
[[84-22]] ¿Acaso lo sé yo? 'how do I know?' (lit., 'do I, perchance, know it?'). Acaso often indicates improbability, and is best omitted in the translation.
[[84-26]] el plazo: in Spanish graveyards a space of ground may be taken for a limited time (plazo) or in perpetuity, according to the amount of money paid. If the time is limited, the grave is opened at the expiration of the time, and the bones are removed to the "bone pile." The same ground may then be occupied by another body. The poor who can not pay are cast into a common grave, where the bodies remain until the bones can be taken away. Often a score of bodies, sprinkled with quicklime to hasten decay, are buried in the same common grave. Although this custom is decidedly repellant, it must be borne in mind that in old and densely populated countries the available ground-space is limited.
85.—[[85-1]] No digo que no, 'I do not say that you did not' (lit., 'I do not say [that] no').
[[85-18]] habrá extrañado, fut. perf. of conjecture or probability: lo que acabas de ver y oir is the subject of habrá extrañado.
[[85-21]] que deseo conozcas, 'which I desire you to know.' The que is omitted before conozcas to avoid repetition.
[[85-25]] por la que, 'for whom,' or 'for whose sake.'
86.—[[86-11]] al saber, 'upon hearing of.'
[[86-19]] me había educado, 'I had been brought up.'
[[86-21]] al que, 'whom,' is the direct object, and ocupaciones the subject, of retenían.
87.—[[87-1]] á la que no veía desde niño, 'whom I had not seen since [I was] a child.'
[[87-2]] por más que: see under más, in Vocab. This conjunction takes the subjunctive.
[[87-15]] para que no hubiera observado, 'that I did not observe.'
[[87-26]] sin que mi tía lo advirtiese, 'without my aunt's noticing it.'
[[87-27]] acabamos por, 'we ended by,' or we came finally to.'
[[87-30]] acaecida hacía cuatro años, 'which had occurred four years before.'
88.—[[88-1]] ello es, 'the fact is.'
[[88-2]] amenazándome con hacerme marchar, 'threatening to make me go away.'
[[88-3]] después de escribírselo todo, 'after writing all about it.'
[[88-13]] mi tía is subject of no pudiendo oponerse: note again that the subject of a participle regularly follows the participle.
[[88-21]] se iba apoderando=iba apoderándose. See note, page 70, l. 17.
[[88-22]] era mi mismo mal el que la devoraba=el [mal] que la devoraba era mi mismo mal.
[[88-25]] tanto, 'so often.'
89.—[[89-7]] iba siendo peor, 'kept getting worse,' or 'became worse and worse.' See note, page 70, l. 17.
[[89-11]] á, 'in.'
[[89-13]] te lo juro: do not translate te. Note te lo diré, 'I shall tell you,' etc.
[[89-14]] serán de: see soy de, under ser, in Vocab.
[[89-15]] Eso lo, 'that.' Note the expletive lo, which is used here because eso precedes the verb.
[[89-16]] de la mujer á quien ames, 'of any woman that you may love.' The subjunctive indicates that the antecedent of que is indefinite.
[[89-19]] lo que yo: see lo que, under que, in Vocab.
[[89-28]] plazo is the subject of cumplirse.
90.—[[90-2]] la desgracia hizo que, 'adversity brought it about that.'
[[90-3]] enlace is the subject of verificarse.
[[90-9]] Temo que no, 'I fear not.' Cf. digo que no, creo que no, etc.
[[90-10]] su recuerdo=el recuerdo de ella.]
[[90-15]] sea: a verb of believing, saying, etc., when negative or interrogative, may become a verb of doubting and require the subjunctive.
[[90-16]] es: note the indicative here after ¿crees? to indicate that this, and not the other, is probably his belief.
[[90-20]] me hice conducir, 'I had myself taken' (lit., 'I made [some one] take me').
91.—[[91-8]] llegada ya la hora=habiendo llegado ya la hora.
[[91-10]] sentándonos todos=y nos sentamos (pret.) todos.
[[91-18]] ¿Á qué? 'what... for.' Note that 'why?' or 'what ... for?' may be expressed by ¿por qué?, ¿para qué?, or ¿á qué?, according to the meaning to be conveyed.
[[91-20]] Á, 'for' (see ¿Á qué? above). The ringing of the church bell at this time announces that some one is in 'the death struggle' (agonía), that is to say, 'is dying.'
92.—[[92-1]] hermoso, florido: see these words in Vocab.
[[92-4]] el calor que... hacía: see hace calor, in Vocab.
[[92-11]] Una... así, 'such a.'
[[92-20]] todos nos despedimos, 'we all took leave of one another,' or 'bade one another good-night.'
[[92-25]] Otro=otro rato.
[[92-27]] en la [alcoba] de Fernando.
[[92-28]] oí abrir, 'I heard [some one] open,' or 'I heard... opened.'
93.—[[93-10]] No debiste nunca volver, 'you should never have returned.'
[[93-13]] querías has here nearly the force of quisieras ('should you wish me to be married').
[[93-15]] En buen hora is also sometimes written en buena hora. In colloquial language the final a of buena, mala, una, etc., may fall before a noun beginning with a vowel.
[[93-17]] Una vez sola=una sola vez.
[[93-18]] permite que me case con, 'permits me to marry.'
[[93-20]] como hace diez años, 'as [it was] ten years ago.']
[[93-21]] me marcho=me marcharé. The present tense makes the action less remote and more positive.
[[93-24]] sean, 'be.' The independent subjunctive usually has the force of an imperative.
[[93-25]] por haberlo visto por la tarde: the first por means 'on account of,' or 'from'; the second, 'in.'
[[93-31]] clara y distintamente: see note, page 56, l. 20.
94.—[[94-12]] Estamos los dos, 'we are both of us.'
[[94-27]] muriese, subjunctive after a relative with indefinite antecedent.
95.—[[95-2]] me pareció, 'I seemed' (lit., 'it seemed to me').
[[95-5]] tenía que ser así, 'it had to be.'
[[95-6]] ya voy, 'I am coming.'
[[95-21]] cúmplase la voluntad de Dios, 'God's will be done.'
[[95-30]] alabado sea el Señor, 'the Lord be praised.'
LAS NOCHES LARGAS DE CÓRDOBA
Narciso Campillo, b. 1838 in Seville, d. 1900. Campillo is chiefly known as a poet; his verse is delightful. He is also the author of a few volumes of short stories, which have a light and graceful humor that is peculiarly Andalusian. Works: in verse, Á Murillo, Á los españoles en 1859, La playa de Sanlúcar, Á Rosa, El ángel caído, El pescador, Nuevas poesías; in prose, Una docena de cuentos, Cuentos nuevos.
96.—[[96-12]] poco después de obscurecido, 'a little after dark.'
97.—[[97-5]] Es que, 'the fact is that.'
[[97-8]] para en ella padecer hambre=para padecer hambre en ella.—No ha oído V. hablar, 'have you not heard (tell).'
[[97-10]] sucederá, fut. of probability.
[[97-12]] esto lo saben=saben esto.
[[97-17]] por mí, 'for my part,' 'as far as I am concerned.'
[[97-19]] en metiéndome: en, with a pres. part., is best translated by 'after.']
[[97-21]] pues, 'since' (in line 17 above, pues='well').
[[97-25]] tenía destinada is not quite equivalent to había destinado, as tenía retains the meaning of 'holding' or 'keeping.' See also tenía preparado below.
98.—[[98-5]] que pase V., 'may you pass,' or 'may you have.'—felices noches ('pleasant night') is by analogy to buenas noches, 'good night'; buenos días, 'good day' or 'good morning'; and buenas tardes, 'good afternoon' or 'good evening.'
[[98-8]] Á los pocos minutos, 'in a few minutes.'
[[98-13]] La de que se trataba debía de gustarle, 'the one (joke) that they were planning must have pleased him.'
[[98-18]] Razón tenía el señor Frutos al ponderar=el señor Frutos tenía razón al ponderar ('when he emphasized').
[[98-24]] ¿qué había de ver? 'what should he see?; había de ver is nearly equivalent to vería. See page 99, l. 15, por qué había de enfermar=(nearly) por qué enfermaría.
99.—[[99-13]] ¿Qué manda su merced? 'what are your orders, sir?' Compare su merced (lit., 'your grace') with the weaker usted, which is an abbreviated form of vuestra merced.
[[99-28]] El tuno del criado: translate del by 'of a.'
100.—[[100-2]] por estar cerrados..., 'on account of... being closed.' Corredor and habitaciones are the subjects of estar.
[[100-7]] era menester, etc.,=para escalarlo era menester subirse.
[[100-9]] más bien, etc.,=quedó amodorrado más bien que dormido. See más bien, under bien, in Vocab.
[[100-12]] Será; habrá; estará: fut. of probability or conjecture.
[[100-23]] llevo, 'I have passed.'
[[100-24]] Si: note again this exclamatory si, 'why' or 'indeed.'
[[100-26]] Dióle agua el criado=el criado le dió agua.
[[100-28]] aguardando á que amanezca, 'waiting for dawn' (lit., 'waiting that it should dawn').—todavía debe de tardar un poquillo, 'there must still be some time [before dawn].'
101.—[[101-8]] faltan dos horas, etc.,=dos horas y media faltan todavía para amanecer ('before dawn').—si es que alguna vez amanece, 'if it ever does dawn.']
[[101-12]] será, fut. of probability.
[[101-14]] se oye el, etc.,=el [reloj] de la iglesia se oye.
[[101-15]] que está al paso, 'which I happened to pass' (lit., 'which is on the way').
[[101-16]] faltará, fut. of probability. Note how common this future is in colloquial language, when the speaker is not, or wishes not to appear, positive.
[[101-23]] ¿Quería V. que la pasaran...? 'did you expect them to pass it...?'
102.—[[102-1]] que me llames and que me avises are somewhat more emphatic than llámame and avísame.
[[102-3]] Descuide su merced=descuide usted.
[[102-10]] por, 'on.'
[[102-12]] por, 'to.'
[[102-13]] que de tal, etc.,=que alcanzaría de tal tráfico.
[[102-22]] de puro aburrido y hambriento, 'purely from being bored and hungry.'
103.—[[103-2]] en, 'by.'
[[103-3]] ¡Que yo me divierto! 'amuse myself!' The que introduces a repetition of what the first speaker said, as if it were: ¡dices que yo me divierto!
[[103-10]] no tiene cuerda para un trimestre, 'it can not be wound up to run three months.' See also cuerda, in Vocab.
[[103-15]] Abre tú, 'you open [it].' Note the subject pronoun used with the imperative, for emphasis.—lo que haya, 'what there is.'
[[103-16]] ¿Qué ha de haber? 'what can there be?' Note that ha de haber is nearly equivalent to habrá used as fut. of probability or conjecture. See origin of Spanish fut. and cond. in the Hills-Ford Spanish Grammar, § 71, note 1.
[[103-18]] puertas de madera: note that there is an inner door of wood,—probably a folding door,—and an outer window of glass. Both usually come to the floor and turn on hinges, so that when they are open one may step out onto the balcony. In rooms that do not open onto a balcony the windows do not come to the floor.]
[[103-27]] que: this and the following que are usually considered expletive, and are therefore not translated; but they may be rendered freely as follows: ¡que es de noche! 'if it isn't night!'; ¡que si esto sigue! 'why, if this continues!'
104.—[[104-5]] y cerrada, etc.,=y la despensa está cerrada.—en el armario, etc.,=la llave suele quedar puesta ('is usually left') en el armario del comedor.
[[104-30]] Mientras llegaba [la luz del día].
[[104-31]] si es que, 'if indeed' (lit., 'if it is that').
105.—[[105-2]] como de: see under como, in Vocab.
[[105-29]] Así: see así+past subj., in Vocab.
106.—[[106-7]] sea como fuese, 'whatever it was' (lit., 'let it be as it might be').
[[106-15]] aurora: note the Spanish words for 'dawn': alba, 'dawn'; albor, 'light of dawn'; alborada, 'dawn' or 'light of dawn' (these words come from the Latin adjective albus, 'white'); aurora, 'rosy light of dawn'; madrugada, 'dawn' or 'early morning'; el amanecer, 'the dawn' or 'the dawning.'
[[106-31]] habría, cond. of probability or conjecture.
107.—[[107-13]] ¡Pues vaya!: see under ir, in Vocab.
[[107-19]] lo que es á: see under que, in Vocab.
[[107-23]] Quiere decir, 'that is to say.'
[[107-27]] he mandado traer..., 'I have had... brought [here]' (lit., 'I have ordered to bring').
[[107-29]] á no ser que: see under ser, in Vocab.
108.—[[108-1]] ocho, quince: see Vocab.
[[108-6]] Queso ('cheese') and Tieso ('firm,' 'valiant') are meant for Creso: see Vocab. Frutos is a shrewd, practical farmer, but unlettered.
[[108-7]] que dicen que: do not translate the second que.
[[108-10]] ó fuera de, 'or out of.'
[[108-15]] con tal de que: see under tal, in Vocab.]
[[108-17]] ó una, 'or a whole one.'
[[108-19]] tendrá usted aunque, 'you shall have [what you want] even if.'
[[108-20]] rellena, 'stuffed.' Note the intensive particles re and rete: rebueno, 'very good,' retebueno, 'very, very good.'—¡Bonito soy yo para que nadie pase! 'I should be a fine fellow to let any one suffer.'
[[108-24]] en ver devorar á su amigo y huésped: amigo and huésped are subjects of devorar, as well as objects of ver.
[[108-25]] de á media libra: see under libra, in Vocab. Cf. un billete de á cien pesetas, 'a hundred-peseta bank-note.'
109.—[[109-6]] escribir, 'writing.'
[[109-11]] caminantes is the subject of saludarse: the se of saludarse is reciprocal ('one another').—aún cuando, see under cuando, in Vocab.
[[109-13]] capital: see Córdoba, in Vocab.
CUADROS DE COSTUMBRES
Fernán Caballero (her real name was Cecilia Böhl de Faber), b. 1796 in Switzerland, d. 1877. She went to Spain (to Andalusia) at an early age, and became one of the most Spanish of Spanish women. In her writings she used the pseudonym of Fernán Caballero. The novels and tales of Fernán Caballero have always been popular in Spain. They abound in charming descriptions of the home life of the common people and of nature; but they contain many digressions that are personal or didactic, they usually end with a crime, and often they have an air of evident unreality. Works: La gaviota, La familia de Alvareda, Elia, Deudas pagadas, Relaciones, Cuadros de costumbres, Un servilón y un liberalito, et al.
110.—[[110-6]] puertos: at the mouth of the river.
[[110-8]] que no, 'than.' This expletive no after a comparative can not be expressed in English.
111.—[[111-13]] vereda is subject of parte.
[[111-15]] capital: see Sevilla, in Vocab.
[[111-25]] de no ir=á fin de no ir.
112.—[[112-1]] trayendo... la imaginación, 'bringing... one's imagination back.'
[[112-5]] se vuelva: from volverse, 'to turn into'; te, 'for you' (ethical dative).
[[112-13]] ahora es la nuestra, 'it's our turn now,' or 'this hour is ours.'
[[112-16]] mes de las flores: cf. the English saying: "April showers bring May flowers."
[[112-28]] Simón Verde is a humble workman, who is noted for kindliness and generosity.
113.—[[113-4]] por hacerlo necesario el declive=porque el declive lo hacía necesario.
[[113-5]] pretil is the subject of sosteníalo.
[[113-10]] de por sí: see under reflexive sí, in Vocab.
114.—[[114-20]] entre sí, 'one from another.'
[[114-22]] machacando, etc., refers to the clatter the stork makes with his beak.
[[114-28]] la rana al rano, 'the mamma frog to the papa frog.'—Picuaque, Ranoque and reniquicuaque are meaningless words that imitate the croaking of frogs.
115.—[[115-3]] que is expletive: do not translate.
[[115-5]] Uds.: note here the hesitancy between ustedes and the forms that correspond to vosotros. In Cuban and Mexican Spanish, both largely Andalusian dialects, vosotros is rare.
[[115-10]] pongo: see poner á que, under poner, in Vocab.
[[115-13]] y si no, 'and if you don't believe it.'
[[115-15]] Á que: see under the conjunction que, in Vocab.
[[115-16]] carrillo: it rattles boisterously as it goes down without a load, and creaks and shrieks when it rises loaded.
[[115-17]] ¿lo que es? 'what this is?'
[[115-28]] el vino: see predicador, in Vocab.
116.—[[116-22]] de que abriese... la zorra, 'when the fox opened...'
[[116-23]] ¡[come] á otro; que ('for') no [me comerás] á mí!
117.—[[117-2]] Berbería ('Barbary') is often used in southern Spain to denote the land of the Moors, who are the traditional enemies of the Spaniards.
[[117-14]] que le des is nearly equivalent to da. (imperative).
[[117-15]] eso no: the English word order would be no eso.
[[117-18]] ora por obis, a child's mispronunciation of ora pro nobis, 'pray for us.'
118.—[[118-11]] Pueda... la luna, 'may the moon..."—perdonárselo, 'pardon them for doing so' (lit., 'pardon it to them').
[[118-13]] Nosotros no nos sentimos con, 'we do not feel that we have.'
[[118-19]] Vese=se ve.—que es de=que es una de.
[[118-27]] de Melgarejo, Melgarejo's.
119.—[[119-3]] por los años de mil trescientos y tantos, 'about the year thirteen hundred' (lit., 'about the years thirteen hundred odd').
[[119-12]] esclavo: at this time the Spanish peninsula was divided between Moors and Spaniards, and each nation made slaves of those that were captured from the other nation.
[[119-22]] que, 'when,' as often after an expression of time.
[[119-26]] la cristiana: hueste is understood.
[[119-29]] por lo que: see under que, in Vocab.
[[119-31]] por el que, 'over which.'
120.—[[120-3]] se extraña: translate se by the indefinite pronoun 'one.'
[[120-7]] se mueven, etc.,=los trabajadores mueven, como hormigas en un esqueleto.
121.—[[121-15]] Viernes Santo: see under Viernes, in Vocab.
[[121-28]] mas que no sea: see under mas, in Vocab.]
122.—[[122-7]] rosario: see Vocab.
[[122-20]] El interior lo formaba=formaba el interior: the subject of formaba is pieza.
123.—[[123-6]] como lo era: do not translate lo, which stands for doméstica y tranquila.
[[123-8]] les, 'in them.'
[[123-23]] por traerle=porque le traían ('kept').
124.—[[124-7]] ¡Qué será de ti!: see under ser, in Vocab.
[[124-17]] Más Honor que Honores='honor is better than honors.'
LA AJORCA DE ORO
Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, b. 1836 in Seville, d. 1870,—journalist, writer of short stories and poet. His tales are mostly legendary, and are imbued with a morbid mysticism. Bécquer is primarily a poet, for even his prose has the poetic fancy and, to a large extent, the music of verse. His lyric verse is perhaps the most finished that was written in Spain during the nineteenth century. Bécquer left only three volumes of prose and verse.
125.—[[125-3]] en nada, 'in any respect.'
[[125-16]] que los vió nacer, 'where they were born' (lit., 'that saw them [to be] born.')
126.—[[126-20]] templo here refers to the cathedral of the archbishopric of Toledo, although any church may be called templo.—la fiesta de la Virgen refers to some one of several church festivals in honor of the Virgin Mary.
[[126-25]] Salve, Regina ("Hail, Queen"), the opening words of a Latin hymn to the Virgin.
[[126-29]] digo mal, en la imagen no, 'no, not on the image either' (lit., 'I speak incorrectly, not on the image').
127.—[[127-21]] no lo será nunca: lo stands for tuya.
[[127-22]] aquí, en la cabeza.]
[[127-31]] La [Virgen] del Sagrario, one of many images of the Virgin in the cathedral. This image is held in especial veneration, and it is adorned with many precious stones. See Sagrario, in Vocab.
128.—[[128-5]] otra Virgen: although there is only one Virgin Mary worshiped by Christians, certain images of the Virgin are believed to have more efficacy than others, and there is often much rivalry and jealousy between the adherents of and another image.
[[128-19]] La catedral de Toledo: this vast Roman Catholic cathedral was begun in the thirteenth century and finished (or nearly finished) in the fifteenth.
129.—[[129-12]] si grande, etc.,=si ('although') la catedral se presenta grande é imponente.
[[129-30]] el último: día is understood.
130.—[[130-10]] permitía distinguir, 'permitted one to distinguish.'
[[130-13]] que sólo el concebirla, 'the mere conception of which' (lit., 'that only the conceiving it').
[[130-15]] saberse: translate into the English passive voice.
131.—[[131-10]] el suelo, etc.,=formaban el suelo de la capilla. The subject follows.
[[131-17]] el templo todo=todo el templo.
[[131-25]] la Reina de los cielos=la Virgen.
[[131-29]] tranquilizara=tranquilizó. This use of the imperfect subjunctive in -ra, with the force of a pluperfect or preterite indicative, is not uncommon in Spanish. See the Hills-Ford Spanish Grammar, § 99, note 2.
[[131-30]] que el: temor is understood.
132.—[[132-10]] demonios: these demonios, endriagos, etc., within and without the medieval churches,—usually placed high on cornice or roof,—gave concrete expression to the belief that demons were hovering about ready to pounce down upon the wicked.
[[132-18]] no vistos: no may perhaps be best expressed by 'never before.'
[[132-22]] se rodeaban y confundían, 'were moving about one another and were intermingling.'
[[132-30]] todo un mundo de, etc., is the subject of pululaban.
133.—[[133-9]] ¡Suya!=¡es de ella (de María Antúnez)!
POESÍAS
In Spanish poetry the verse-line must contain some definite number of syllables, as in the following six-syllabled lines:
|
En | es | ta | dis | pu | ta, Lle | gan | do | los | pe | rros, Pi | llan | des | cui | da | dos Á | mis | dos | co | ne | jos. |
In the syllabic division of words, a single consonant, or any group of consonants that may begin a word,[A] goes with the following vowel.
[A] These are bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr, pl, pr, and tr. Note also that ch, ll, ñ, and rr are considered single consonants. But a prepositional prefix, except before s+consonant, forms a separate syllable: des | a | gra | da | ble, in | a | ni | ma | do, but cons | tan | te.
The final vowel of one word, and the initial vowel of the next word in the same line, usually form one syllable:
|
De | su | ma | dri | gue | ra Sa | lió^un | com | pa | ñe | ro, Y | le | di | jo:— | ¡Ten | te! A | mi | go, | ¿Qué^es | es | to? |
A verse-line contains one or more rhythmic stresses. By rhythmic stress is meant the more important metrical accent that falls (1) always upon the last accented syllable of a line, and (2) near the middle of a line of ten or more syllables. In the following line there are eight syllables and one rhythmic stress:
|
Á | pe | sar | de | su | vi | ve | za. |
The following line has eleven syllables and two rhythmic stresses:
|
ai | re | de^a | ro | mas, | flo | res | a | pi | ña | das. |
The strongly marked rhythmic beat of English and German verse occurs rarely in Spanish. The syllables of a verse-line should be read evenly, with the exception of a slight emphasis and rest upon the word that bears the rhythmic stress.
Verse may be blank (unrhymed) or rhymed. If it is rhymed, the rhyme may be (1) both vocalic and consonantal (viveza, tristeza, pureza, or honor, volador, olor, etc.), or (2) it may be merely vocalic (assonance), in which the vowels alone are rhymed (perros, conejo, compañero, esto, or muchacho, árbol, etc.).
LOS DOS CONEJOS
Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa, b. 1750, d. 1791,—known chiefly for his fables (Fábulas literarias).
135.—Los dos conejos has 6 syllables to the verse-line, as follows:
|
Por | en | tre^u | nas | ma | tas, Se | gui | do | de | pe | rros, (No | di | ré | co | rrí | a) Vo | la | ba^un | co | ne | jo. |
Each verse-line contains one rhythmic stress. The rhyme is assonance, the rhyme-vowels being é-o in the 2d, 4th, 6th, etc., line throughout the poem.
[[135-9]] ¿Qué ha de ser? 'what must it be?'
[[135-18]] como mi abuelo, 'as sure as fate' (lit., 'like my grandfather.' Cf. Éste tan muerto está como mi abuelo, in Samaniego's Los dos amigos y el oso).
[[135-20]] vistos los tengo=los he visto. Note that the participle agrees with the object when the auxiliary is tener.
136.—[[136-2]] Que: do not translate. The expression is elliptic: digo may be understood (digo que no...).
[[136-4]] que: do not translate. After que, son may be understood.
EL PATO Y LA SERPIENTE
Iriarte: see note, page 135.
137.—El pato y la serpiente has 7 syllables to the line:
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Á^o | ri | llas | de^un | es | tan | que Di | cien | do^es | ta | ba^un | Pa | to: ¿Á | qué^a | ni | mal | dió^el | cie | lo Los | do | nes | que | me^ha | da | do? |
Each line has one rhythmic stress. The rhyme is assonance, the rhyme-vowels being á-o in every second line.
[[137-13]] No hay que, 'you needn't.'
[[137-14]] ni anda=usted ni anda.
[[137-17]] tenga sabido, 'know' (imperative).
EL JABALÍ Y LA ZORRA
Félix María de Samaniego, b. 1745, d. 1801,—known chiefly for his fables, most of which are imitations or renderings of those of Phaedrus or La Fontaine.
138.—El jabalí y la zorra has 11 or 7 syllables to the line:
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Sus | ho | rri | bles | col | mi | llos | a | gu | za | ba Un | Ja | ba | lí^en | el | tron | co | de^u | na^en | ci | na, La | Zo | rra, | que | ve | ci | na Del | a | ni | mal | cer | do | so | se | mi | ra | ba. |
Each line of 11 syllables has 2 rhythmic stresses, and each line of 7 syllables has 1.
The rhyme-scheme is a, b, b, a; c, d, d, c; e, f, f, e.
[[138-4] se miraba, 'happened to be' (lit., 'saw herself').
138.5. Extraño el verte, 'I am surprised to see' (do not translate te). Note that the infinitive is modified by the definite article.
[[138-9]] Tenga entendido, 'please understand' (lit., 'have [it] understood').
[[138-12]] vale por dos, 'is worth two.'
Á TODO HAY QUIEN GANE
Felipe Pérez y González, b. in Seville,—journalist, novelist and playwright,—writing at times under the pseudonym of Tello Téllez. Works: El libro malo, Tajos y reveses, El nuevo sistema tétrico, and many light comedies.
[[139]].—Á Todo Hay Quien Gane (lit., 'there is some one who will get the better of every one'), 'Every One Is Sometimes Worsted.'
Á todo hay quien gane has 8 syllables to the line:
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Juan, | que^es | pes | ca | dor | de | ca | ña, Se | pa | sa^el | dí | a | pes | can | do, Y | Pe | dro | lo^es | tá | mi | ran | do Con | u | na | son | ri | sa^ex | tra | ña. |
The line has one rhythmic stress. The rhyme-scheme is a, b, b, a, etc.
[[139-10]] ha de, 'must.'
EL PERAL
Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch, b. 1806 in Madrid, of a German father and a Spanish mother, d. 1880,—a literary critic, and a romantic poet and dramatist. Works: Amantes de Teruel, La ley de raza, Vida por honra, Un sí y un no, Cuentos y fábulas, et al.
140.—El peral has 7 or 5 syllables, and 1 rhythmic stress to the line:
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Á^un | Pe | ral | u | na | pie | dra Ti | ró^un | mu | cha | cho, Y^u | na | pe | ra^ex | qui | si | ta Sol | tó | le^el | ár | bol. |
The rhyme is assonance, the rhyme-vowels being á-o in the 2d and 4th lines, and ó-e in the 5th and 7th lines. This kind of metrical composition is called seguidilla.
[[140-1]] Á un Peral... muchacho=un muchacho tiró una piedra á un peral.
[[140-4]] Soltóle=le ('for him') soltó.
EL GLOBITO AZUL
Juan Antonio Cavestany, b. 1861 at Seville,—playwright and poet. Works: El esclavo de su culpa, Grandezas humanas, El casino, Salirse de su esfera, Sobre quien viene su castigo, La noche antes, et al.
141.—El globito azul has 8 syllables, and 1 rhythmic stress, to the line:
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Mi | ra | ba^un | ni | ño^a | som | bra | do, Con | ex | pre | sión | ca | ri | ño | sa, Un | glo | bo | de^a | zul | pin | ta | do, Por | un | hi | lo | su | je | ta | do Á | su | ma | no | cui | da | do | sa. |
These stanzas are quintillas. There are two rhymes in each stanza, and not more than two lines having the same rhyme may stand together.
[[141-3]] de azul pintado, 'painted blue.'
142.—[[142-1]] Miraba... tranquilo el niño, 'the child was looking quietly at...'
[[142-8]] Ver que... is the subject of produjo.
[[142-13]] que: the second que is expletive. Do not translate.
FUSILES Y MUÑECAS
Juan de Dios Peza, b. 1852 in Mexico City,—a distinguished Mexican poet. His verse is written in evident haste and is often published without revision, but it has simplicity and spontaneity. Works: Leyendas de la ciudad de Méjico, Recuerdos y esperanzas, El arpa del amor, Flores del alma, Hogar y patria. Peza died in 1910.
143.—Fusiles y muñecas has 11 syllables, and 2 rhythmic stresses, to the line:
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Juan | y | Mar | got, | dos | án | ge | les | her | ma | nos, Que^em | be | lle | cen | mi^ho | gar | con | sus | ca | ri | ños, Se^en | tre | tie | nen | con | jue | gos | tan | hu | ma | nos Que | pa | re | cen | per | so | nas | des | de | ni | ños. |
The rhyme-scheme is a, b, a, b; etc.
[[143-3]] tan humanos, 'so like those of men and women.'
[[143-4]] parecen personas desde niños, 'they have seemed grown-up people from their very childhood.'
[[143-16]] orgullo is subject of alienta.
144.—[[144-10]] sobre, 'in.'
[[144-13]] de entusiasmo ciego=ciego de entusiasmo.
[[144-23]] ¿Será la que ha, 'can it be that she has?'
145.—[[145-1]] del dolor al peso=al peso del dolor.
[[145-3]] Se me cuelga del cuello=se cuelga de mi cuello (me is dative of possession).
[[145-4]] Se le saltan las lágrimas (le is dative of possession).
[[145-11]] ¡Cómo han de ser..., 'how shall... be.'
CANTOS DE PÁJARO
Antonio de Trueba y Quintana: see note, page 8.
146.—Cantos de pájaro has 7 or 5 syllables, and 1 rhythmic stress, to the line:
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Ten | go | yo^un | pa | ja | ri | llo Que^el | dí | a | pa | sa Can | tan | do^en | tre | las | flo | res De | mi | ven | ta | na. |
There are 5 seguidillas: see El peral.
[[146-14]] Lo que [hacen] los pájaros.
[[146-18]] Cantos: note the double meaning (see Vocab.).
147.—[[147-9]] poetas y pájaros somos, 'we poets and birds are.'
CANCIÓN
Fernán Caballero: see note, page 110.
148.*—Canción has 8 syllables, and 1 rhythmic stress, The line:
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El | cla | vel | que | tú | me | dis | te El | dí | a | de | la^As | cen | sión, No | fué | cla | vel, | si | no | cla | vo Que | cla | vó | mi | co | ra | zón. |
The rhyme-scheme is -, a, -, a; -, b, -, b.
[*] A stressed syllable (as in Ascensión) at the end of a line counts as two syllables.
¡BELLO ES VIVIR!
José Zorrilla y Moral, b. 1817 at Valladolid, d. 1893,—poet and dramatist. Zorrilla was one of the most popular romantic poets of Spain, and his writings exerted a deep influence on his contemporaries in Spain and Spanish America. Much of his work was done hastily and carelessly. Zorrilla is probably at his best in his Leyendas, which give a somewhat imaginary history of medieval Spain. Works: lyric verse, Soledad del campo, Indecisión, Cantos del trovador, et al.; plays, El zapatero y el rey, Traidor inconfeso y mártir, Don Juan Tenorio, et al.
149.—¡Bello es vivir! (fragmento de Indecisión) has 11 syllables, and 2 rhythmic stresses, to the line:
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¡Be | llo^es | vi | vir, | la | vi | da^es | la^ar | mo | ní | a! Luz, | pe | ñas | cos, | to | rren | tes | y | cas | ca | das, Un | sol | de | fue | go^i | lu | mi | nan | do^el | dí | a, Ai | re | de^a | ro | mas, | flo | res | a | pi | ña | das. |
The rhyme-scheme is a, b, a, b, etc.
[[149-9]] Se ve... que nace, 'the growing light of early morn is seen upon the horizon.'
[[149-12]] En el aire flotando=flotando en el aire.
[[149-16]] desatan su voz, 'burst into song.'
¡EXCELSIOR!
Gaspar Núñez de Arce, b. 1834 at Valladolid, d. 1903. Núñez de Arce was a journalist, lyric poet and playwright. He wrote comparatively little, but he had a great influence in literature and in politics. Works: Gritos del combate, Idilio, Vértigo, La pesca; and the plays, El haz de leña, Quien debe paga, Deudas de la honra, et al.
150.—¡Excelsior! has 11 or 7 syllables, and 2 or 1 rhythmic stresses, to the line:
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¿Por | qué | los | co | ra | zo | nes | mi | se | ra | bles, Por | qué | las | al | mas | vi | les, En | los | fie | ros | com | ba | tes | de | la | vi | da Ni | lu | chan | ni | re | sis | ten? |
The rhyme is assonance: í-e in the first stanza, á-a in the second, and é-a in the third.
[[150-5]] más... Cuanto más, 'the more... the higher.'
[[150-10]] ligera, 'quickly' (pred. adj.).
RIMA XIII
Bécquer: see note, page 125.
151.—Rima XIII has 11 or 7 lines, and 2 or 1 rhythmic stresses, to the line:
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Tu | pu | pi | la^es | a | zul, | y | cuan | do | rí |es, Su | cla | ri | dad | sü | a | ve | me | re | cuer | da El | tré | mu | lo | ful | gor | de | la | ma | ña | na Que^en | el | mar | se | re | fle | ja. |
The rhyme is assonance: é-a throughout. In these lines suave (2d line) counts as three syllables, and violeta (8th line) as four.
RIMA LIII
Bécquer: see note, page 125.
152.—Rima LIII has 11 or 7 syllables, and 2 or 1 rhythmic stresses, to the line:[A
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Vol | ve | rán | las | obs | cu | ras | go | lon | dri | nas En | tu | bal | cón | sus | ni | dos | á | col | gar Y,^o | tra | vez, | con | el | a | la^á | sus | cris | ta | les Ju | gan | do | lla | ma | rán. |
The rhyme is alternating -ar and -an (-a in line 20).
[[152-2]] En tu balcón... colgar=á colgar sus nidos en tu balcón.
[[152-10]] De tu jardín... escalar=á escalar las tapias de tu jardín.
[[152-17]] Volverán... sonar=las palabras ardientes del amor volverán á sonar en tus oídos.
153.—[[152-3]] querido and querrán: here querer='to love.' {See note to Canción, page 148.}