Trees of the Northern United States / Their Study, Description and Determination

by A. C. Apgar

S. adiantifòlia.

Leaves broad, simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous, deeply cut or lobed at the apex, alike on both surfaces, with long petioles. Flowers diœcious; staminate ones in catkins, pistillate ones either solitary or in clusters of a few each. Fruit a nut with a drupaceous covering.

Salisbùria adiantifòlia, Sm. (Ginkgo Tree.) Leaves parallel-veined, fan-shaped, with irregular lobes at the end, thick, leathery, with no midrib. Fruit globular or ovate, 1 in. long, on long, slender stems. A very peculiar and beautiful large tree, 50 to 100 ft. high; from Japan. Hardy throughout, and should be more extensively cultivated than it is.

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS
AND
INDEX TO PART I.

The numbers refer to the pages where the illustrations appear or where fuller definitions of the words are given.

• Abortive. Defective or barren; not producing seeds.
• Abrupt base of leaf, [21].
• Abruptly pinnate. Pinnate, without an odd leaflet at the end; even-pinnate, [20].
• Acerose. Slender; needle-shaped, [20].
• Acorn, [27].
• Acuminate. Taper-pointed, [22].
• Acute. Terminating in a well-defined angle, usually less than a right angle, [22].
• Adventitious buds, [31].
• Alternate. Not opposite each other; as the leaves of a stem when arranged one after the other along the branch, [18].
• Angulated. Edge with such sudden bends as to form angles.
• Annual layer of wood, [13].
• Anther. The essential part of a stamen of a flower; the part which contains the pollen, [24].
• Apetalous. Said of a flower which has no corolla, [25].
• Apex. The point or summit, as the point of a leaf.
• Apple-pome. A fruit like the apple, with seeds in horny cells, [27].
• Appressed. Pressed close to the stem or other part, [19].
• Ariled. Seed with a somewhat membranous appendage, sometimes surrounding it, and attached to one end.
• Aromatic. With an agreeable odor.
• Arrangement of flowers, 26; of leaves, [18].
• Astringent. That which contracts or draws together muscular fiber; the opposite of laxative.
• Auriculate. Furnished with ear-shaped appendages, [21].
• Awl-shaped. Like a shoemaker's curved awl; subulate, [21].
• Awned. Furnished with a bristle-shaped appendage, [22].
• Axil. The angle between the leafstalk and the twig, [14].
• Axillary. Situated in the axil; as a bud, branch, or flower-cluster when in the axil of a leaf, [14], [26], [30].

• Bark, [12].
• Bases of leaves, [21].
• Berry. Used in this work to include any soft, juicy fruit with several (at least more than one), readily separated seeds buried in the mass, [27.]
• Bipinnate. Twice-pinnate, [20].
• Bladdery. Swollen out and filled with air.
• Blade. The thin, spreading portion, as of a leaf, [19].
• Bract. A more or less modified leaf belonging to a flower or fruit; usually a small leaf in the axil of which the separate flower of a cluster grows, [28].
• Branch. A shoot or stem of a plant, [11].
• Branching, general plan of, [29].
• Branchlet. A small branch.
• Bristle-pointed. Ending in a stiff, roundish hair, [22].
• Bud. Undeveloped branch or flower, 30; forms of, 32; bud-scales, [31].
• Bur. Rough-prickly covering of the seeds or fruit, [27].
• Bush. A shrub, [11].

• Calyx. The outer leafy part of a flower, [24].
• Canescent. With a silvery appearance, [23].
• Capsule. A dry, pod-like fruit which has either more than one cell, or, if of one cell, not such a pod as that of the pea with the seeds fastened on one side on a single line, [28].
• Carpel. That part of a fruit which is formed of a simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil; often shown by a single seed-bearing line or part. A fruit has as many carpels as it has seed-bearing lines on its outer walls, or as it had stigmas when it was a pistil, or as it had leaves at its origin.
• Catkin. A scaly, usually slender and pendent cluster of flowers, [26], [28.]
• Ciliate. Fringed with hairs along its edge.
• Cleft. Cut to about the middle, [22].
• Cluster. Any grouping of flowers or fruit on a plant, so that more than one is found in the axil of a leaf, or at the end of a stem, [26].
• Complete. Having all the parts belonging to an organ; a complete leaf has blade, leafstalk, and stipules, [19]; a complete flower has calyx, corolla, stamen, and pistil, [24].
• Compound. Composed of more than one similar part united into a whole; a compound leaf has more than one blade, [19].
• Conduplicate. Folded on itself lengthwise, [33].
• Cone. A hard, scaly fruit, as that of a pine-tree, [28].
• Conical. With a circular base and sloping sides gradually tapering to a point; more slender than pyramidal.
• Convolute. In a leaf, the complete rolling from edge to edge, [34].
• Cordate. Heart-shaped, the stem and point at opposite ends, [21].
• Coriaceous. Leathery in texture or substance.
• Corolla. The inner, usually the bright-colored, row of floral leaves, often grown together, [24].
• Corymb. A flat-topped or rounded flower-cluster; in a strict use it is applied only to such clusters when the central flower does not bloom first. See cyme, [26].
• Crenate. Edge notched with rounded teeth, [22].
• Crenulate. Finely crenated, [22].
• Crisped. Having an undulated or curled edge.
• Cross-section of wood, [35].
• Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, [21].
• Cylindric. With an elongated, rounded body of uniform diameter.
• Cyme. A flat-topped flower-cluster, the central flower blooming first, [26].

• Deciduous. Falling off; said of leaves when they fall in autumn, and of floral leaves when they fall before the fruit forms, [23].
• Decurrent leaf. A leaf which extends down the stem below the point of fastening.
• Definite annual growth, [29].
• Dehiscence. The regular splitting open of fruits, anthers, etc.
• Dehiscent. Opening in a regular way, [27], [28].
• Deliquescent, [16], [29].
• Deltoid. Triangular, [21].
• Dentate. Edge notched, with the teeth angular and pointing outward, 22.
• Denticulate. Minutely dentate.
• Dichotomous. Forking regularly by twos, as the branches of the Lilac.
• Dilated. Spreading out; expanding in all directions.
• Diœcious. With stamens and pistils on different plants, [25].
• Distichous. Two-ranked; spreading on opposite sides in one plane; as leaves, 18; or branches, [19].
• Divergent. Spreading apart.
• Divided. Separated almost to the base or midrib, [23].
• Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a single bony stone. In this book applied to all fruits which, usually juicy, have a single seed, even if not bony, or a bony stone, even if the stone has several seeds, [27].
• Dry drupe. Used when the material surrounding the stone is but slightly fleshy, [27].
• Duration of leaves, [23].