Trees of the Northern United States / Their Study, Description and Determination
A. C. Apgar
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  • Elliptical. Having the form of an elongated oval, [20].
  • Emarginate. With a notched tip, [22].
  • Endogenous. Inside-growing; growing throughout the substance of the stem, [12].
  • Entire. With an even edge; not notched, [22].
  • Enveloping organs. In a flower, the calyx and corolla which cover the stamens and pistil, [25].
  • Essential organs. In a flower, the organs needed to produce seeds; the stamens and pistil, [25].
  • Evergreen. Retaining the leaves (in a more or less green condition) through the winter and till new ones appear, [23].
  • Excurrent. With the trunk continued to the top of the tree, [16], [29].
  • Exogenous. Outside-growing; growing by annual layers near the surface, [11].
  • Exserted. Projecting beyond an envelope, as the stamens from a corolla, or the bracts beyond the scales of a cone, [28].
  • Exstipulate. Without stipules, [19].
  • Extra-axillary buds, [30].
  • Fasciculated. In clusters or fascicles, [18].
  • Feather-veined. With the veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of the midrib, [20].
  • Fibrous. Composed of fine threads or fibers.
  • Filament. The stalk of a stamen, [24]; any thread-like body.
  • Flowering. Having flowers.
  • Flowers, [24]; clusters of, [26]; kinds of, [25].
  • Folding of leaves in the bud, [33].
  • Foliaceous. Like a leaf in texture or appearance.
  • Footstalk. The stem of a leaf (petiole), or the stem of a flower (peduncle).
  • Forms of leaves, [20].
  • Fruit, [24], [26].
  • Gamopetalous. Same as monopetalous, [25].
  • Glabrous. Having a smooth surface; free from hairs, bristles, or any pubescence, [23].
  • Glands. Small cellular organs which secrete oily, aromatic, or other products. They are sometimes sunk in the leaves, etc., as on the Prickly-ash; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes on the ends of hairs. The word is also used to indicate small swellings, whether there is a secretion or not.
  • Glandular. Having glands. Glandular-hairy. With glandular-tipped hairs, [23].
  • Glaucous. Covered with a fine white powder that rubs off, [23].
  • Globose. Spherical in form. Globular. Nearly globose.
  • Glutinous. Covered with a sticky gum.
  • Hairy. Having rather long hairs, [23].
  • Halberd-shaped, [21].
  • Head. A compact, rounded cluster of flowers or fruit, [26].
  • Heart-shaped. Ovate, with a notched base; cordate, [21].
  • Heart-wood, [13], [35].
  • Herbaceous. Without woody substance in the stem; like an herb; soft and leaf-like.
  • Hybrid. An intermediate form of plant between two nearly related species; formed by the action of the pollen of one upon the pistil of the other.
  • Imbricated. Overlapping one another like the shingles on a roof, [28].
  • Incised. Irregularly and deeply cut, as the edge of a leaf.
  • Incurved. Gradually curving inward.
  • Indefinite annual growth, [30].
  • Indehiscent. Not splitting open.
  • Inflexed. Bent inward, [33].
  • Involucre. A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, a cluster of flowers, or fruit, [27].
  • Involute. Rolled inward from the edges, [34].
  • Irregular. Said of a flower which has its corolla of different sized, shaped, or colored pieces, [25].
  • Kernel. The substance contained within the shell of a nut or the stone of a fruit.
  • Key. A fruit furnished with a wing, or leaf-like expansion, [28].
  • Kidney-shaped. Broadly heart-shaped, with the apex and basal notch somewhat rounded.
  • Lacerated. With a margin irregularly notched or apparently torn.
  • Laciniate. Cut into narrow lobes; slashed.
  • Lance-shaped. Lanceolate. Like a lance-head in shape, [21].
  • Leaf, [17]; arrangement of leaves, [18]; bases of, [21]; forms of, [20]; kinds of, [19]; margins of, [22]; parts of, [19]; points of, [22]; veining, [19].
  • Leaflet. A separate blade of a compound leaf, [20].
  • Leafstalk. The stem of a leaf; petiole, [19].
  • Legume. A pea-like pod, [28].
  • Lensform. Lenticular. Thickest in the center, with the edges somewhat sharp; like a double-convex lens.
  • Linear. Long and narrow, with the edges about parallel, [20].
  • Lobe. The separate, projecting parts of an irregularly edged leaf if few in number, [22].
  • Lobed. Having lobes along the margin, [22].
  • Margin of leaves, [22].
  • Medullary rays, [13].
  • Membranous. Thin and rather soft, and more or less translucent, [23].
  • Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf, [19].
  • Monœcious. With both pistillate and staminate flowers on the same plant, [25].
  • Monopetalous. With the corolla more or less grown together at the base; gamopetalous, [25].
  • Mucronate. Tipped with a short abrupt point, [22].
  • Multiple roots, [9].
  • Nerved. Parallel-veined, as the leaves of some trees, [20].
  • Netted-veined. With branching veins, forming a network as in the leaves of most of our trees, [20].
  • Node. The part of a stem to which a leaf is attached, [18].
  • Nut. A hard, unsplitting, usually one-seeded fruit, [27].
  • Nutlet. A small nut.
  • Obcordate. Heart-shaped, with the stem at the pointed end, [21], [22].
  • Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, with the stem at the more pointed end, [21].
  • Oblong. Two to four times as long as wide, with the sides somewhat parallel, [20].
  • Oblique. Applied to leaves when the sides are unequal, [21].
  • Obovate. A reversed ovate, [21].
  • Obovoid. A reversed ovoid; an egg form, with stem at the smaller end.
  • Obscurely. Not distinctly; usually needing a magnifying-glass to determine.
  • Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at tip, [22].
  • Obvolute, [34].
  • Odd-pinnate. Pinnate, with an end leaflet, [20].
  • Once-pinnate. A compound leaf, with but a single series of leaflets along the central stem, [19].
  • Opposite. With two leaves on opposite sides of a stem at a node, [18].
  • Orbicular. Circular in outline, [20].
  • Oval. Broadly elliptical, [20].
  • Ovary. The part of the pistil of a flower containing the ovules or future seeds.
  • Ovate. Shaped like a section of an egg, with the broader end near the stem, [21].
  • Overlapping. One piece spreading over another.
  • Ovoid. Ovate or oval in a solid form, like an egg.
  • Ovules. The parts within the ovary which may form seeds, [25].