Antivenomous serum-therapy, which my studies, supplemented by those of Phisalix and Bertrand, Fraser, George Lamb, F. Tidswell, McFarland, and Vital Brazil, have enabled me to establish upon scientific bases, has now entered into current medical practice. In each of the countries in which venomous bites represent an important cause of mortality in the case of human beings and domestic animals, special laboratories have been officially organised for the preparation of antivenomous serum. All that remains to be done is to teach its use to those who are ignorant of it, especially to the indigenous inhabitants of tropical countries, where snakes are more especially formidable and deadly. This book will not reach such people as these, but the medical men, naturalists, travellers, and explorers to whom it is addressed will know how to popularise and apply the information that it will give them.

I firmly believe also that physiologists will read the book with profit. Its perusal will perhaps suggest to them the task of investigating a host of questions, which are still obscure, relating to toxins, their mode of action upon the different organisms, and their relations to the antitoxins. There is no doubt that in the study of venoms a multitude of workers will, for a long time to come, find material for the exercise of their powers of research.


At the moment of completing this work I would like to be allowed to cast a backward glance upon the stage that it marks in my scientific career, and to express my heartfelt gratitude to my very dear master and friend, Dr. Émile Roux, to whom I owe the extreme gratification of having been able to dedicate my life to the study of experimental science, and of having caused to germinate, grow, and ripen a few of the ever fertile seeds that he sows broadcast around him.


I am especially grateful to those of my pupils, C. Guérin, A. Deléarde, F. Noc, L. Massol, Bernard, and A. Briot, who have helped me in my work, while showering upon me the marks of their confidence, esteem, and attachment; to my former chiefs, colleagues, and friends of the Colonial Medical Staff, Drs. G. Treille, Kermorgant, Paul Gouzien, Pineau, Camail, Angier, Lépinay, Lecorre, Gries, Lhomme, and Mirville; and to my numerous foreign or French correspondents, George Lamb, Semple, C. J. Martin, Vital Brazil, Arnold, de Castro, Simon Flexner, Noguchi, P. Kyes, Morgenroth, J. Claine, Piotbey, and R. P. Travers, several of whom have come to work in my laboratory, or have obligingly procured for me venoms and venomous animals.

I have experienced at the hands of a large number of our ministers, consuls, or consular agents abroad the most cordial reception on repeatedly addressing myself to them in order to obtain the papers or information of which I was in need. It is only right for me to thank them for it, and to acknowledge the trouble that M. Masson has most kindly taken in publishing this book.

Institut Pasteur de Lille, A. Calmette. March 10, 1907.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

[PART I.]
Page
[Chap. I.—I.][General notes on poisonous animals]1
[II.][General classification of poisonous snakes. Their anatomo-physiological characters]3
[Chap. II.—][Habits of poisonous snakes. Their capture]17
[Chap. III.—][Description of the principal species of poisonous snakes. Their geographical distribution]22
[A. Europe]22
[B. Asia, Dutch Indies and Philippine Islands]30
[C. Africa]57
[D. Australia and adjacent large islands]81
[E. America]100
[F. Hydrophiidæ (sea-snakes)]131
[G. Geographical distribution of the principal genera of poisonous snakes in the five divisions of the world]142
[PART II.]
[Chap. IV.—][Secretion and collection of venom in snakes]147
[Chap. V.—][Chemical study of snake-venoms]159
[Chap. VI.—][Physiological action of snake-venoms]168
[A. Physiology of poisoning in man and in animals bitten by the different species of poisonous snakes (Colubridæ, Viperidæ, Hydrophiidæ)]168
[B. Physiology of experimental poisoning]170
[C. Determination of the lethal doses of venom for different species of animals]173
[D. Effects of venom in non-lethal doses]177
[Chap. VII.—][Physiology of poisoning (continued). Effects of the various venoms on the different tissues of the organism]179
[(1) Action upon the liver]182
[(2) Action upon the kidney]183
[(3) Action upon the spleen, heart and lungs]183
[(4) Action upon the striated muscles]184
[(5) Action upon the nervous centres]185
[Chap. VIII.—][Physiology of poisoning (continued). Action of venoms on the blood]188
[A. Effects of venom on the coagulation of the blood]188
[I. Coagulant venoms]190
[II. Anticoagulant venoms]192
[III. Mechanism of the anticoagulant action of venoms on the blood]195
[B. Effects of venom on the red corpuscles and on the serum]196
[(1) Hæmolysis]196
[(2) Precipitins of venoms]202
[(3) Agglutinins of venoms]202
[C. Effects of venom upon the white corpuscles: Leucolysin]203
[Chap. IX.—][Physiology of poisoning (continued). Proteolytic, cytolytic, bacteriolytic, and various diastasic actions of venoms: diastasic and cellular actions on venoms]204
[A. Proteolytic action]204
[B. Cytolytic action]206
[C. Bacteriolytic action]206
[D. Various diastasic actions of venoms]212
[E. Action of various diastases upon venoms]214
[Chap. X.—][Toxicity of the blood of venomous snakes]217
[Chap. XI.—][Natural immunity of certain animals with respect to snake-venoms]222
[Chap. XII.—][Snake-charmers]228
[PART III.
ANTIVENOMOUS SERUM-THERAPEUTICS.]
[Chap. XIII.—][Vaccination against snake-venom—Preparation of antivenomous serum—Its preventive properties as regards intoxication by venom]241
[Specificity and polyvalence of antivenomous serums]248
[Chap. XIV.—][Neutralisation of venom by antitoxin]253
[Chap. XV.—][Treatment of poisonous snake-bites in man and animals. Objects of the treatment. Technique of antivenomous serum-therapy]259
[PART IV.
VENOMS IN THE ANIMAL SERIES.]
[Chap. XVI.—][Venoms in the animal series.]
1.—[Invertebrates]269
[A. Cœlenterates]269
[B. Echinoderms]273
[C. Arthropods:][(a) Araneids]274
[(b) Scorpions]276
[(c) Myriopods]280
[(d) Insects]281
[D. Molluscs]286
[Chap. XVII.—][Venoms in the animal series (continued)].
2.—[Venomous fishes]288
[A. Teleostei. Acanthopterygii]:
——[1. Triglidæ]290
——[2. Trachinidæ]297
——[3. Gobiidæ]300
——[4. Teuthididæ]301
——[5. Batrachiidæ]302
——[6. Pediculati]303
[B. Teleostei. Plectognathi:]305
[C. Teleostei. Physostomi:]307
——[1. Siluridæ]308
——[2. Murænidæ]309
[Chap. XVIII.— Venoms in the animal series (continued)].
3.—[Batrachians; Lizards; Mammals]312
[A. Batrachians]312
[B. Lizards]321
[C. Mammals (Ornithorhynchus)]323
[PART V.
DOCUMENTS.]
[I.—A few notes and observations relating to bites of poisonous snakes treated by antivenomous serum-therapeutics]326
[II.—A few notes and observations relating to domestic animals bitten by poisonous snakes and treated with serum]356
[III.—Note on the collection of cobra-venom and the treatment of poisonous bites in the French Settlements in India (by Dr. Paul Gouzien)]359