The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 03 (of 10)

by A. H. Cooke; F. R. C. Reed

• Quenstedtia, [456]
• Quoyia, [260], [417]

• Rachiglossa, [220], [422];
• eggs, [124]
• Rachis, [329–335], [441], [442]
• Radiolites, [456]
• Radius, [419]
• Radsia, [403]
• Radula, [213] f.;
• of Littorina, [20];
• of Cyclophorus, [21];
• of parasitic Mollusca, [79]
• Raëta, [454]
• Ranella, [256], [420]
• Range of distribution, [362] f.
• Rangia, [15], [453]
• Ranularia, [420]
• Rapa, [423]
• Rapana, [423]
• Raphaulus, [305], [309]
• Rathouisia, [316], [440]
• Rats devouring Mollusca, [57]
• Realia, [316], [327], [414]
• Recluzia, [411]
• Rectum, [241]
• Registoma, [414]
• Relationship of Mollusca to other groups, [5]
• Renssoellaria, [512]
• Reproductive activity of oyster, [112];
• system in Mollusca, [123], [134] f.
• Requienia, [269], [455], [455]
• Respiration, [150] f.
• Retzia, [508]
• Revoilia, [331], [414]
• Reymondia, [332]
• Rhabdoceras, [398]
• Rhagada, [311], [324]
• Rhenea, [325], [440]
• Rhinobolus, [504]
• Rhiostoma, [247], [266], [309], [414]
• Rhipidoglossa, [225], [405]
• Rhizochilus, [75], [423]
• Rhodea, [356], [441]
• Rhodina, [307], [310], [442]
• Rhynchonella, [466], [470], [471], [472], [474], [483], [487];
• distribution, [487];
• fossil, [492], [497], [499], [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [506], [507], [508], [511]
• Rhynchonellidae, [487], [501], [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508], [511]
• Rhysota, [67], [310], [314], [316], [319], [440]
• Rhytida, [319–326], [333], [359], [440];
• habits, [54];
• radula, [232]
• Rillya, [442]
• Rimella, [418]
• Rimula, [265], [406]
• Ringicula, [430];
• radula, [230]
• Risella, [413]
• Rissoa, [415]
• Rissoina, [415]
• Robillardia, [77]
• Rochebrunia, [331], [414]
• Rock-boring snails, [49]
• Rolleia, [349]
• Rossia, [389]
• Rostellaria, [418]
• Rudistae, [456]
• Rumina, [260], [442]
• Runcina, [431];
• protective coloration, [73]

• Sabatia, [430]
• Sactoceras, [394]
• Sagda, [348–351], [441]
• Sageceras, [398]
• Salasiella, [353], [440]
• Salivary glands, [237]
• Sandford, on strength of Helix, [45]
• Sandwich islanders, use of shells, [99]
• Sanguinolaria, [456]
• Sarepta, [447]
• Sarmaticus, [409]
• Satsuma, [314], [316], [441]
• Saxicava, [447], [457]
• Saxidomus arata, money made from, [97]
• Scalaria, [247], [263], [411];
• radula, [224]
• Scaldia, [452]
• Scalenostoma, [422]
• Scaliola, [415]
• Scaphander, [428], [429], [430];
• radula, [231];
• gizzard, [238]
• Scaphites, [399], [399]
• Scaphopoda, [444];
• defined, [6];
• breathing organs, [160];
• nervous system, [205];
• radula, [236]
• Scaphula, [14], [305], [448]
• Scarabus, [18], [278], [439], [439]
• Scharff, R., on food of slugs, [31];
• on protective coloration in slugs, [70]
• Schasicheila, [347], [351], [354], [410]
• Schismope, [266], [407]
• Schizochiton, [187], [402], [403]
• Schizodus, [448]
• Schizoglossa, [325], [440]
• Schizoplax, [403]
• Schizostoma, [413]
• Schloenbacia, [398]
• Scintilla, [175], [453]
• Scissurella, [265], [407];
• radula, [226]
• Sclerochiton, [403]
• Scrobicularia, [15], [164], [453];
• siphons, [164]
• Sculptaria, [333]
• Scurria, [405]
• Scutalus, [356], [442]
• Scutellastra, [405]
• Scutus, [245], [406], [406]
• Scyllaea, [433];
• jaws, [212];
• stomach, [239]
• Segmentina, [320]
• Selenites, [339], [341], [440]
• Selenitidae, radula, [231]
• Selenochlamys, [296]
• Self-fertilisation, [42–44]
• Semele, [453]
• Semicassis, [420]
• Semper, K., on habits of Limnaea, [34];
• of Helicarion, [45], [67];
• on mimicry, [67];
• on parasitic Eulima, [79];
• on development of Limnaea, [84], [94];
• on sexual maturity in snails, [129];
• on Onchidium, [187]
• Sepia, [381], [385–387], [389];
• egg-capsules, [127];
• glands, [136];
• jaws, [214];
• radula, [236];
• alimentary canal, [238];
• ink-sac, [241];
• hectocotylus, [389]
• Sepiadarium, [389]
• Sepiella, [389]
• Sepiola, [389];
• glands, [136];
• radula, [236]
• Sepioloidea, [389]
• Sepiophora, [388]
• Sepioteuthis, [390];
• hectocotylus, [139]
• Septaria, [337], [338], [410]
• Septibranchiata, [145], [167], [459];
• branchiae, [166]
• Septifer, [274], [449]
• Sequenzia, [420]
• Sergius Orata, [104]
• Serrifusus, [424]
• Sesara, [305], [440]
• Sex, differences of, [133]
• Shell, [244] f.;
• internal, [174];
• shape of bivalve, [445]
• Shell-gland, primitive, [132]
• Shells as money, [96] f.;
• as ornament, etc., [98] f.;
• various uses of, [98] f.;
• prices given for rare, [121];
• sinistral, [249]
• Shores of N. Asia, no littoral fauna, [2]
• Showers of shells, [47]
• Sigaretus, [186], [245], [267], [411];
• foot, [198]
• Sight, [180]
• Silenia, [459];
• branchiae, [168]
• Silia, [425]
• Siliqua, [274], [457]
• Siliquaria, [248], [418]
• Simnia, [419]
• Simpulopsis, [345], [350], [442]
• Simpulum, [420]
• Simroth, on recent forms of Helix, [22];
• on food of slugs, [31];
• on crawling of Helix, [45]
• Singular habitat, [48]
• Sinistral shells, [249]
• Sinistralia, [424]
• Sinusigera, [133]
• Sipho, [424]
• Siphonalia, [424]
• Siphonaria, [18], [431];
• classification, [19];
• breathing organs, [151], [152]
• Siphonarioidea, [431]
• Siphonodentalium, [444]
• Siphonostomata, [156]
• Siphonotreta, [493], [496], [504];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Siphons, [173];
• in burrowing genera, [165];
• branchial, [155]
• Sistrum, [75], [423];
• radula of S. spectrum, [79], [222]
• Sitala, [301], [304], [310], [314–319], [333], [440]
• Skärgard, Mollusca of the, [13]
• Skenea, [415]
• Skenidium, [505], [508]
• Slit, in Gasteropoda, [265], [406]
• Slugs, habits and food of, [30] f.;
• bite hand of captor, [33];
• in bee-hives, [36];
• in greenhouses, [36];
• protective coloration, [70];
• eaten in England, [120]
• Smaragdia, [21]
• Smaragdinella, [430]
• Smell, sense of, [192]
• Smith, W. Anderson, quoted, [98], [111], [114], [191]
• Snails as barometers, [50];
• plants fertilised by, [102];
• cultivation for food, [118] f.;
• used for cream, [119];
• as medicine, [120];
• banned by the Church, [121]
• Solariella, [408];
• radula, [225]
• Solarium, [264], [412], [413];
• radula, [224]
• Solaropsis, [343], [353–357], [442]
• Solecurtus, [165], [457]
• Solen, [171], [446], [457];
• vision, [190];
• habits, [45]
• Solenaia, [452]
• Solenomya, [275], [448]
• Solenotellina, [456]
• Solomon islanders, use of shells, [98]
• Somatogyrus, [415]
• Sophina, [305]
• Spallanzani, experiments on Helix, [163]
• Spat, fall of, [113]
• Spatha, [294], [331], [336], [452]
• Spekia, [333]
• Spermatophore, in Cephalopoda, [137];
• in Helix, [142]
• Spermatozoa, forms of, [136]
• Sphaerium, [453]
• Sphenia, [456]
• Sphenodiscus, [398]
• Sphyradium, [442]
• Spines, use of, [64]
• Spiraculum, [266], [414]
• Spiraxis, [442]
• Spirialis, [249]
• Spirifera, [468], [501], [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508], [511], [512]
• Spiriferidae, [501], [505], [508]
• Spiriferina, stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Spirobranchiata, [464]
• Spirotropis, [426];
• radula, [218], [219]
• Spirula, [247], [386], [387], [388]
• Spirulirostra, [380], [386], [388]
• Spondylium, [500]
• Spondylus, [257], [446], [450], [450];
• ocelli, [191];
• genital orifice, [242]
• Spongiobranchaea, [437]
• Spongiochiton, [403]
• Sportella, [453]
• Starfish eat oysters, [110]
• Stearns, R. E. C., on tenacity of life, [38]
• Stegodera, [306]
• Stenochisma, [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Stenogyra, [324], [442];
• S. decollata, [279];
• food, [34];
• smell, [194];
• Goodallii, [279];
• octona, sudden appearance, [47]
• Stenogyridae, radula, [234]
• Stenopus, [440];
• habits, [45]
• Stenothyra, [415]
• Stenotis, [416]
• Stenotrema, [340], [441]
• Stephanoceras, [399]
• Stepsanoda, [358]
• Stilifer, [76], [77], [79], [422]
• Stiliferina, [76], [422]
• Stiliger, [432]
• Stilina, [76]
• Stoastoma, [348–351], [410]
• Stoloteuthis, [389]
• Stomach, [239]
• Stomatella, [408]
• Stomatia, [408]
• Stomatodon, [302], [417]
• Strebelia, [353], [440]
• Strength of Helix, [45]
• Strephobasis, [417]
• Strepsidura, [424]
• Streptaulus, [414]
• Streptaxis, [302], [306], [309], [314–331], [343], [357–359], [440];
• variation, [87]
• Streptoneura, [203], [404]
• Streptosiphon, [424]
• Streptostele, [329], [338], [440]
• Streptostyla, [343–355], [353], [440]
• Stricklandia, [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Strigatella, [425]
• Stringocephalidae, [506], [508]
• Stringocephalus, [492], [497], [498], [500], [501], [506];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Strobila, [340], [345–353]
• Strobilops, [442]
• Strombidae, habits, [64];
• penis, [136]
• Strombina, [423]
• Strombus, [69], [200], [252], [418];
• mimicking Conus, [69];
• operculum, [78], [269];
• pearls from, [101];
• metapodium, [199];
• stomach, [239]
• Strophalosia, [504];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Stropheodonta, [497], [505], [508]
• Strophia, [343–355], [442];
• S. nana, [278]
• Strophochilus, [358], [441]
• Strophomena, [499], [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Strophomenidae, [500], [505], [508]
• Strophostoma, [248], [414]
• Structure of shell, [252]
• Struthiolaria, [99], [418];
• radula, [216]
• Styliola, [437]
• Stylodonta, [339], [441]
• Stylommatophora, [11], [181], [439];
• origin, [19]
• Subemarginula, [406]
• Submytilacea, [451]
• Subularia, [422]
• Subulina, [332], [352], [442]
• Subulites, [420]
• Succinea, [325], [327], [358], [433];
• jaw, [211];
• S. putris, parasite of, [61]
• Succineidae, [443];
• radula, [234]
• Sudden appearance of Mollusca, [46]
• Suessia, stratigraphical distribution, [507]
• Sulphuric acid, [237]
• Surcula, [426]
• Sycotypus, [424]
• Synaptocochlea, [408]
• Syndosmya, [453]
• Syringothyris, [500], [508]
• Syrnola, [422]
• Syrnolopis, [332], [333]
• Systrophia, [356], [357]

• Tachea, [441]
• Taenioglossa, [223], [411]
• Taheitia, [414]
• Talona, [457]
• Tanalia, [304], [417]
• Tancredia, [453]
• Tanganyicia, [332], [415]
• Tanganyika, L., fauna of, [12]
• Tanysiphon, [454]
• Taonius, [391], [391]
• Tapes, [454]
• Taste, [179]
• Tebennophorus, [143], [340], [440]
• Tectarius, [413]
• Tectibranchiata, [10], [429]
• Tectura, [305], [405]
• Tectus, [408]
• Teeth in aperture of the shell, [63]
• Teinostoma, [247], [408]
• Teinotis, [407]
• Telescopium, [252], [416]
• Tellina, [440], [453], [453]
• T. balthica, variation, [84]
• Tellinacea, [453]
• Telotremata, [511]
• Tenacity of life, [37]
• Tenison-Woods, on red blood, [171];
• on shell-eyes, [189]
• Tennent, Sir J. E., on musical sounds produced by Mollusca, [50]
• Tennentia, [304], [314], [338], [440]
• Terebellum, [418];
• jumping powers, [64]
• Terebra, [246], [263], [426], [426];
• radula, [219]
• Terebratella, [468], [487];
• distribution, [486];
• fossil, [506];
• stratigraphical distribution, [508]
• Terebratula, [467], [468], [487];
• size, [484];
• distribution, [485], [486];
• fossil, [492], [499], [506];
• stratigraphical distribution, [506], [507], [508]
• Terebratulidae, [487];
• fossil, [500], [505], [506];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Terebratulina, [466], [479], [487];
• larva, [482];
• distribution, [486];
• fossil, [506];
• stratigraphical distribution, [508];
• form of shell, [510]
• Teredina, [457]
• Teredo, [262], [457], [458];
• nervous system, [206];
• intestine, [241]
• Tergipes, [432]
• Terquemia, [450]
• Testacella, [22], [52], [440];
• habits, etc., [49], [51] f.;
• pulmonary orifice, [160];
• eyes, [186];
• radula, [231];
• anus, [241]
• Testicardines, [466], [487];
• muscles, [476];
• fossil, [497], [504];
• external characters, [497];
• internal characters, [499];
• attachment of muscles, [501];
• stratigraphical distribution, [508]
• Testis, [135]
• Tethyidae, [216]
• Tethys, [432]
• Tetrabranchiata, [391] f.
• Thala, [425]
• Thalassia, [319]
• Thalotia, [408]
• Thapsia, [329]
• Thaumasia, [349], [442]
• Thaumastus, [356], [442]
• Thecacera, [434];
• radula, [229]
• Thecidiidae, [487];
• fossil, [501], [506], [508]
• Thecidium, [475], [479], [480], [483], [487];
• fossil, [506], [508]
• Thecosomata, [435]
• Thelidomus, [346–351], [350], [441]
• Theora, [453]
• Therasia, [441]
• Thersites (Helicidae), [322], [325]
• Thersites (Fasciolariidae), [424]
• Thetis, [454]
• Thracia, [245], [459]
• Thread-spinning, [29]
• Thridachia, [432]
• Thyca, [76], [79]
• Thyrophorella, [330], [440]
• Thysanoteuthis, [390]
• Tiedemannia, veliger, [132]
• Tiphobia, [332], [333], [417]
• Titicaca, L., Mollusca of, [25]
• Todarodes, [390]
• Tomichia, [414]
• Tomigerus, [334], [356], [358], [442]
• Tomocyclus, [354]
• Tomostele, [330], [440]
• Tonicella, [403]
• Tonicia, [403];
• eyes, [188]
• Torellia, [411]
• Torinia, [413];
• radula, [224];
• operculum, [269]
• Tornatellina, [278], [319], [323–327], [338], [358], [443]
• Tornatina, [250], [430]
• Torquilla, [442]
• Toucasia, [455]
• Touch, sense of, [177]
• Toxoglossa, [218], [426]
• Trachia, [314]
• Trachyceras, [397]
• Trachydermon, [403]
• Trachyteuthis, [389]
• Tralia, [439]
• Transovula, [419]
• Trematis, [492], [493], [504];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Trematonotus, [407]
• Tremoctopus, [384];
• radula, [236];
• hectocotylus, [137]
• Trevelyana, [434]
• Trichia, [316]
• Trichotropis, [275], [411]
• Tricula, [302]
• Tridacna, [273], [455]
• Triforis, [416];
• radula, [224]
• Trigonellites, [397]
• Trigonia, [15], [254], [269], [448];
• jumping powers, [65];
• distribution, [370]
• Trigonochlamys, [296], [440]
• Trigonostoma, [426]
• Trimerella, [495], [504], [508], [511]
• Trimerellidae, [493], [494], [496], [504];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Trinacria, [448]
• Triodopsis, [340], [441]
• Triopa, [434]
• Triopella, [434]
• Triopha, [434]
• Tritaxeopus, [385]
• Triton, [256], [275], [420];
• jaws, [212]
• Tritonia, [433];
• protective coloration, [71]
• Tritonidea, [424]
• Trivia, [419]
• Trochidae, egg-capsules, [125]
• Trochiscus, [408]
• Trochita, [248], [412]
• Trochoceras, [395]
• Trocholites, [395]
• Trochomorpha, [306], [321], [324], [327], [333], [441]
• Trochonanina, [331], [440]
• Trochosphere, [5], [130]
• Trochotoma, [266], [407]
• Trochus, [263], [408];
• eye, [182];
• stomach, [239]
• Trophon, [423]
• Tropical beach, Mollusca of a, [3]
• Tropidophora, [414]
• Tropites, [397]
• Troschelia, [424]
• Truncaria, [423]
• Truncatella, [260], [414]
• Tryblidium, [405]
• Trypanostoma, [340]
• Trypho of Lampsacus, prayer against snails, [121]
• Tubed operculates, [157], [266], [300], [307], [309]
• Tudicla, [424]
• Tudora, [291], [349], [351], [414]
• Tugonia, [456]
• Tulotoma, [340], [416]
• Turbinella, [100], [262], [264], [424], [424]
• Turbo, [409];
• eye, [182];
• osphradium, [195];
• operculum, [268]
• Turbonilla, [250], [332], [422]
• Turcica, [408]
• Turricula, [425];
• radula, [221]
• Turrilites, [399], [399]
• Turritella, [252], [417];
• radula, [215], [224]
• Tyleria, [459]
• Tylodina, [431]
• Tylopoma, [416]
• Tympanotonus, [416]
• Tyndaria, [447]
• Typhis, [423]

• Ultra-dextral shells, [250]
• Umbonella, [409]
• Umbonium, [409]
• Umbrella, [10], [431];
• radula, [217], [230]
• Uncites, [505];
• stratigraphical distribution, [507], [508]
• Underground snails, [48]
• Ungulina, [452]
• Unicardium, [452]
• Unio, [452];
• shell, [254], [259], [273], [341];
• variation, [92]
• Union of Limax, [128]
• Unionidae, origin of, [15];
• eaten by rats, [57];
• larvae, [146]
• Urocyclus, [331], [440]
• Urosalpinx, [423]
• Utriculus, [430]
• Uvanilla, [409]

• Vaginula, [245], [319], [343], [352], [443]
• Vaginulidae, radula, [234];
• anus, [241]
• Valletia, [456]
• Vallonia, [441]
• Valvata, [133], [416];
• branchia, [159]
• Valves of Chitonidae, [401] f.
• Vanganella, [454]
• Variation, [82] f.
• Varicella, [346], [348]
• Velates, [260], [410]
• Velifera, [353], [440]
• Veliger stage, [131];
• mistaken for perfect form, [133]
• Velorita, [302], [453]
• Velum, [131]
• Velutina, [275], [411];
• radula, [223]
• Veneracea, [454]
• Venericardia, [451]
• Venerupis, [454]
• Veniella, [451]
• Venilicardia, [451]
• Venus, [270], [271], [446], [454];
• V. mercenaria, [97], [374]
• Verania, [391]
• Vermetus, [247], [418];
• radula, [223]
• Veronicella, [443]
• Verticordia, [458]
• Vertigo, [327], [442];
• V. arctica, [287]
• Vexilla, [423]
• Vibex, [417]
• Vitrella, [289]
• Vitrina, [22], [296] f., [332], [440];
• hardy habits, [24];
• jumping powers, [65];
• shell, [175];
• radula, [217]
• Vitrinella, [408]
• Vitriniconus, [314], [440]
• Vitrinoidea, [314], [440]
• Vitrinozonites, [340], [440]
• Vitularia, [423]
• Vivipara, [324], [343], [416]
• Volume of water, effect in producing variation, [94]
• Voluta, [267], [425], [425];
• spawn, [125];
• radula, [217], [221];
• distribution, [370];
• prices given for rare, [122]
• Volutaxis, [348]
• Volutharpa, [267], [424]
• Volutolithes, [425]
• Volutolyria, [425];
• radula, [222]
• Volutomitra, [425];
• radula, [221]
• Volutopsis, [423]
• Volvaria, [429]
• Volvatella, [430]
• Volvula, [430]
• Vulsella, [75], [446], [449]

• Waldheimia, [464], [467], [468], [473], [474], [487];
• size, [484];
• distribution, [486];
• fossil, [500], [501], [502], [506], [508]
• Walton and mussel cultivation, [115]
• Wampum, [97]
• Warner, R., quoted, [37]
• Warning coloration, [71] f.
• West Coast, South America, melanism of shells occurring on, [85]
• Whelks, use of, [118]
• Whitneya, [424]
• Whitstable, oyster-parks at, [106], [112]
• Willem, V., on vision of Mollusca, [185]
• Wollaston, T. V., quoted, [32]
• Wood, Rev. J. G., on starfish eating oysters, [111]
• Woodia, [451]
• Woodward, S. P., on tenacity of life, [38];
• Dr., on the same, [38]
• Wotton, F. W., on egg-laying of Arion, [42]
• Wright, Bryce, on tenacity of life, [38]

• Xenophora, [412];
• habits, [64]
• Xenopoma, [346], [351]
• Xerophila, [285], [296], [441]
• Xesta, [310], [319], [321], [440];
• mimicry by, [66] f.
• Xylophaga, [457]

• Yetus, [425]
• Yoldia, [447];
• genital orifice, [242]

• Zagrabica, [297]
• Zebrina, [285], [296], [442]
• Zeidora, [406]
• Zidona, [425]
• Zittelia, [420]
• Zones of depth, [361]
• Zonites, [275], [440];
• food, [33];
• radula, [232];
• distribution, [294], [296], [340]
• Zospeum, [187], [442]
• Zygobranchiata, [154], [406]