[1647] See Mommsen Staatsr. ii. p. 760.
[1648] Caesar had been imperator since his first salutation in Gaul; but the right to use the title as a nomen seems first to have been granted him in 45 B.C. after the victory of Munda (Dio Cass. xliii. 44 ἐκείνῳ τότε πρώτῳ τε καὶ πρῶτον, ὥσπερ τι κύριον, προσέθεσαν). It does not seem, however, that he employed it as a praenomen, as is stated by Suetonius (Caes. 76). Cf. p. 337.
[1649] Dio Cass. l.c.
[1650] p. 156.
[1651] Dio Cass. liii. 16 Αὔγουστος ὡς καὶ πλεῖόν τι ἤ κατὰ ἀνθρώπους ὤν ἐπεκλήθη.
[1652] Karlowa Rechtsgeschichte i. p. 508.
[1653] Vita L. Veri, 2.
[1654] Mommsen Staatsr. ii. p. 1140.
[1655] App. B.C. ii. 7 οὐδὲ γὰρ τοίσδε καίπερ οὖσι βασιλεῦσιν εὐθὺς ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἅμα ταῖς ἄλλαις ἐπωνυμίαις, ἀλλὰ σὺν χρόνῳ μόλις ἤδε ὡς ἐντελὴς ἐπὶ μεγίστοις δὴ μαρτυρία ψηφίζεται: Vita Hadriani 6 “patris patriae nomen delatum sibi statim, et iterum postea, distulit quod hoc nomen Augustus sero meruisset.” It was declined altogether by Tiberius (Suet. Tib. 26 and 67) and was not borne by the transitory emperors Galba, Otho, and Vitellius. See Mommsen Staatsr. ii. p. 780.
[1656] See Mommsen Staatsr. ii. pp. 782-786. As typical instances we may cite an inscription of Vespasian giving the praenomen imperatoris: “Imp. Caesar. Vespasianus Aug. pontif. max. tribunic. potest, vi. imp. xiiii. p.p., cos. vi. desig. vii. censor” (Wilmanns n. 855), and one of Caracalla showing the title proconsul: “M. Aurellius Antoninus Pius Felix Augustus ... pontif. max., trib. pot. xviii. imp. iiii. cos. iiii. p.p. procos.” (ib. n. 2868). Pater patriae appears sometimes before, sometimes after consul.