In the preparation of Chapters [II], [III], and [VI] of this book I have drawn on a University of California syllabus, “Three Essays on the Antiquity and Races of Man”; for Chapter [VII], on an article “Heredity, Environment, and Civilization” in the American Museum Journal for 1918; and Chapter [V] makes use of some passages of “The Languages of the American Indians” from the Popular Science Monthly of 1911. In each case there has been revision and for the most part rewriting.
Whatever quality of lucidity the volume may have is due to several thousand young men and women with whom I have been associated during many years at the University of California. Without their unwitting but real co-authorship the book might never have been written, or would certainly have been written less simply.
A. L. K.
Berkeley, California, January 22, 1923.
CONTENTS
| CHAPTER | PAGE |
| I. Scope and Character of Anthropology | [1] |
| [1.] Anthropology, biology, history.—[2.] Organic and social elements.—[3.] Physical anthropology.—[4.] Cultural anthropology.—[5.] Evolutionary processes and evolutionistic fancies.—[6.] Age of anthropological science. | |
| II. Fossil Man | [11] |
| [7.] The “Missing Link.”—[8.] Family tree of the Primates.—[9.] Geological and glacial time.—[10.] Place of man’s origin and development.—[11.] Pithecanthropus.—[12.] Heidelberg man.—[13.] The Piltdown form.—[14.] Neandertal man.—[15.] Rhodesian man.—[16.] The Cro-Magnon race.—[17.] The Brünn race.—[18.] The Grimaldi race: Neolithic races.—[19.] The metric expression of human evolution. | |
| III. Living Races | [34] |
| [20.] Race origins.—[21.] Race classification.—[22.] Traits on which classification rests.—[23.] The grand divisions or primary stocks.—[24.] Caucasian races.—[25.] Mongoloid races.—[26.] Negroid races.—[27.] Peoples of doubtful position.—[28.] Continents and oceans.—[29.] The history of race classifications.—[30.] Emergence of the three-fold classification.—[31.] Other classifications.—[32.] Principles and conclusions common to all classifications.—[33.] Race, nationality, and language. | |
| IV. Problems of Race | [58] |
| [34.] Questions of endowment and their validity.—[35.] Plan of inquiry.—[36.] Anatomical evidence on evolutionary rank.—[37.] Comparative physiological data.—[38.] Disease.—[39.] Causes of cancer incidence.—[40.] Mental achievement and social environment.—[41.] Psychological tests on the sense faculties.—[42.] Intelligence tests.—[43.] Status of hybrids.—[44.] Evidence from the cultural record of races.—[45.] Emotional bias.—[46.] Summary. | |
| V. Language | [87] |
| [47.] Linguistic relationship: the speech family.—[48.] Criteria of relationship.—[49.] Sound equivalences and phonetic laws.—[50.] The principal speech families.—[51.] Classification of language by types.—[52.] Permanence of language and race.—[53.] The biological and historical nature of language.—[54.] Problems of the relation of language and culture.—[55.] Period of the origin of language.—[56.] Culture, speech, and nationality.—[57.] Relative worth of languages.—[58.] Size of vocabulary.—[59.] Quality of speech sounds.—[60.] Diffusion and parallelism in language and culture.—[61.] Convergent languages.—[62.] Unconscious factors in language and culture.—[63.] Linguistic and cultural standards.—[64.] Rapidity of linguistic change. | |
| VI. The Beginnings of Human Civilization | [137] |
| [65.] Fossils of the body and of the mind.—[66.] Stone and metals.—[67.] The old and the new stone ages.—[68.] The Eolithic Age.—[69.] The Palæolithic Age: duration, climate, animals.—[70.] Subdivisions of the Palæolithic.—[71.] Human racial types in the Palæolithic.—[72.] Palæolithic flint implements.—[73.] Other materials: bone and horn.—[74.] Dress.—[75.] Harpoons and weapons.—[76.] Wooden implements.—[77.] Fire.—[78.] Houses.—[79.] Religion.—[80.] Palæolithic art.—[81.] Summary of advance in the Palæolithic. | |
| VII. Heredity, Climate, and Civilization | [180] |
| [82.] Heredity.—[83.] Geographical environment.—[84.] Diet.—[85.] Agriculture.—[86.] Cultural factors.—[87.] Cultural distribution.—[88.] Historical induction. | |
| VIII. Diffusion | [194] |
| [89.] The couvade.—[90.] Proverbs.—[91.] Geographic distribution.—[92.] The magic flight.—[93.] Flood legends.—[94.] The double-headed eagle.—[95.] The Zodiac.—[96.] Measures.—[97.] Divination.—[98.] Tobacco.—[99.] Migrations. | |
| IX. Parallels | [216] |
| [100.] General observations.—[101.] Cultural context.—[102.] Universal elements.—[103.] Secondary parallelism in the Indo-European languages.—[104.] Textile patterns and processes.—[105.] Primary parallelism: the beginnings of writing.—[106.] Time reckoning.—[107.] Scale and pitch of Pan’s pipes.—[108.] Bronze.—[109.] Zero.—[110.] Exogamic institutions.—[111.] Parallels and psychology.—[112.] Limitations on the parallelistic principle. | |
| X. The Arch and the Week | [241] |
| [113.] House building and architecture.—[114.] The problem of spanning.—[115.] The column and beam.—[116.] The corbelled arch.—[117.] The true arch.—[118.] Babylonian and Etruscan beginnings.—[119.] The Roman arch and dome.—[120.] Mediæval cathedrals.—[121.] The Arabs: India: modern architecture.—[122.] The week: holy numbers.—[123.] Babylonian discovery of the planets.—[124.] Greek and Egyptian contributions: the astrological combination.—[125.] The names of the days and the Sabbath.—[126.] The week in Christianity, Islam, and eastern Asia.—[127.] Summary of the diffusion.—[128.] Month-thirds and market weeks.—[129.] Leap days as parallels. | |
| XI. The Spread of the Alphabet | [263] |
| [130.] Kinds of writing: pictographic and mixed phonetic.—[131.] Deficiencies of transitional systems.—[132.] Abbreviation and conventionalization.—[133.] Presumptive origins of transitional systems.—[134.] Phonetic writing: the primitive Semitic alphabet.—[135.] The Greek alphabet: invention of the vowels.—[136.] Slowness of the invention.—[137.] The Roman alphabet.—[138.] Letters as numeral signs.—[139.] Reform in institutions.—[140.] The sixth and seventh letters.—[141.] The tail of the alphabet.—[142.] Capitals and minuscules.—[143.] Conservatism and rationalization.—[144.] Gothic.—[145.] Hebrew and Arabic.—[146.] The spread eastward: the writing of India.—[147.] Syllabic tendencies.—[148.] The East Indies: Philippine alphabets.—[149.] Northern Asia: the conflict of systems in Korea. | |
| XII. The Growth of a Primitive Religion | [293] |
| [150.] Regional variation of culture.—[151.] Plains, Southwest, Northwest areas.—[152.] California and its sub-areas.—[153.] The shaping of a problem.—[154.] Girls’ Adolescence Rite.—[155.] The First Period.—[156.] The Second Period: Mourning Anniversary and First-salmon rite.—[157.] Era of regional differentiation.—[158.] Third and Fourth Periods in Central California: Kuksu and Hesi.—[159.] Third and Fourth Periods in Southern California: Jimsonweed and Chungichnish.—[160.] Third and Fourth Periods on the Lower Colorado: Dream Singing.—[161.] Northwestern California: world-renewal and wealth display.—[162.] Summary of religious development.—[163.] Other phases of culture.—[164.] Outline of the culture history of California.—[165.] The question of dating.—[166.] The evidence of archæology.—[167.] Age of the shell mounds.—[168.] General serviceability of the method. | |
| XIII. The History of Civilization in Native America | [326] |
| [169.] Review of the method of culture examination.—[170.] Limitations on the diffusion principle.—[171.] Cultural ranking.—[172.] Cultural abnormalities.—[173.] Environmental considerations.—[174.] Culture areas.—[175.] Diagrammatic representation of accumulation and diffusion of culture traits.—[176.] Representation showing contemporaneity and narrative representation.—[177.] Racial origin of the American Indians.—[178.] The time of the peopling of America.—[179.] Linguistic diversification.—[180.] The primitive culture of the immigrants.—[181.] The route of entry into the western hemisphere.—[182.] The spread over two continents.—[183.] Emergence of middle American culture: maize.—[184.] Tobacco.—[185.] The sequence of social institutions.—[186.] Rise of political institutions: confederacy and empire.—[187.] Developments in weaving.—[188.] Progress in spinning: cotton.—[189.] Textile clothing.—[190.] Cults: Shamanism.—[191.] Crisis rites and initiations.—[192.] Secret societies and masks.—[193.] Priesthood.—[194.] Temples and sacrifice.—[195.] Architecture, sculpture, towns.—[196.] Metallurgy.—[197.] Calendars and astronomy.—[198.] Writing.—[199.] The several provincial developments: Mexico.—[200.] The Andean area.—[201.] Colombia.—[202.] The Tropical Forest.—[203.] Patagonia.—[204.] North America: the Southwest.—[205.] The Southeast.—[206.] The Northern Woodland.—[207.] Plains area.—[208.] The Northwest Coast.—[209.] Northern marginal areas.—[210.] Later Asiatic influences. | |
| XIV. The Growth of Civilization: Old World Prehistory and Archæology | [393] |
| [211.] Sources of knowledge.—[212.] Chronology of the grand divisions of culture history.—[213.] The Lower and Upper Palæolithic.—[214.] Race influence and regional differentiation in the Lower Palæolithic.—[215.] Upper Palæolithic culture growths and races.—[216.] The Palæolithic aftermath: Azilian.—[217.] The Neolithic: its early phase.—[218.] Pottery and the bow.—[219.] Bone tools.—[220.] The dog.—[221.] The hewn ax.—[222.] The Full Neolithic.—[223.] Origin of domesticated animals and plants.—[224.] Other traits of the Full Neolithic.—[225.] The Bronze Age: Copper and Bronze phases.—[226.] Traits associated with bronze.—[227.] Iron.—[228.] First use and spread of iron.—[229.] The Hallstadt and La Tène Periods.—[230.] Summary of Development: Regional differentiation.—[231.] The Scandinavian area as an example.—[232.] The late Palæolithic Ancylus or Maglemose Period.—[233.] The Early Neolithic Litorina or Kitchenmidden Period.—[234.] The Full Neolithic and its subdivisions in Scandinavia.—[235.] The Bronze Age and its periods in Scandinavia.—[236.] Problems of chronology.—[237.] Principles of the prehistoric spread of culture. | |
| XV. The Growth of Civilization: Old World History and Ethnology | [440] |
| [238.] The early focal area.—[239.] Egypt and Sumer and their background.—[240.] Predynastic Egypt.—[241.] Culture growth in dynastic Egypt.—[242.] The Sumerian development.—[243.] The Sumerian hinterland.—[244.] Entry of Semites and Indo-Europeans.—[245.] Iranian peoples and cultures.—[246.] The composite culture of the Near East.—[247.] Phœnicians, Aramæans, Hebrews.—[248.] Other contributing nationalities.—[249.] Ægean civilization.—[250.] Europe.—[251.] China.—[252.] Growth and spread of Chinese civilization.—[253.] The Lolos.—[254.] Korea.—[255.] Japan.—[256.] Central and northern Asia.—[257.] India.—[258.] Indian caste and religion.—[259.] Relations between India and the outer world.—[260.] Indo-China.—[261.] Oceania.—[262.] The East Indies.—[263.] Melanesia and Polynesia.—[264.] Australia.—[265.] Tasmania.—[266.] Africa.—[267.] Egyptian radiations.—[268.] The influence of other cultures.—[269.] The Bushmen.—[270.] The West African culture-area and its meaning.—[271.] Civilization, race, and the future. | |
| Index | [507] |