[152:1] Hans., 4 Ser. CXXI., 1023.
[152:2] Ibid., LXVI., 1550.
[152:3] Ibid., LIII., 1107 et seq.
[152:4] Ibid., 1138. In the course of his speech he pointed out that the membership of the trade-unions in the postal and telegraph service had grown very much of late years. But he declared that they were accorded all the privileges enjoyed by trade-unions elsewhere.
[152:5] Ibid., CXXI., 1023.
[152:6] Ibid., CXXII., 329, 331, 333.
[152:7] Ibid., CXXXIX., 1600-36.
[152:8] Ibid., CLIII., 357.
[153:1] It may be observed that the use of competitive examinations was made general by the Act of 1870, passed shortly after the enfranchisement of revenue officials.
[154:1] The prevailing American sentiment, on the other hand, is expressed in the Declaration of Rights of the Constitution of Massachusetts, adopted in 1780, which says (Art. viii), "In order to prevent those who are vested with authority from becoming oppressors, the people have a right at such periods and in such manner as they shall establish by their frame of government, to cause their public officers to return to private life; and to fill up vacant places by certain and regular elections and appointments." This lays down the principle of rotation in office, and although by no means so intended by its framers, may be said to be the charter of the spoils system.