THE ROMAN ADMINISTRATION IN EGYPT—THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY—THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY—THE GROWTH OF MONASTICISM—THE DECLINE OF ALEXANDRIA—THE ARAB INVASION AND THE SPREAD OF MUHAMMEDANISM—THE ARAB DYNASTIES.
Augustus remodels the government of Egypt—A new calendar introduced—Egypt surveyed—Dissension between Jews and Greeks at Alexandria—Strabo’s visit—The Egyptian religion at Rome—Wise administration of Tiberius—The rise of the Therapeutæ—Lake Mæris destroyed—The origin of Chemistry—The fable of the Phoenix—Christianity introduced—Fiscal reforms under Galba—Vespasian in Egypt—Fall of Jerusalem—The Nile Canal restored—Hadrian’s voyage up the Nile—Death of Antinous—Christians and Gnostics—Astrology and Astronomy—Roman roads in Egypt—Commerce and Sports—The Growth of Christianity—Severus visits Egypt—The massacre of the Alexandrians—Ammonius Saccas and the Alexandrian Platonists—The School of Origen—Rise of Controversy—Decline of Commerce—Zenobia in Syria—Growing importance of the Arabs—Revolt and recapture of Alexandria—Persecution of the Christians under Diocletian—Introduction of the Manichean heresy.
Constantine the Great converted—Privileges of the clergy—Dogmatic disputes—Council of Nicæa and the first Nicene Creed—Athanasian and Arian controversies—Founding of Constantinople—Decline of Alexandria—Imperial appointments in the Church—Religious riots—Triumphs of Athanasius—Persecution by Bishop George of Cappadocia—Early mission work—Development of the monastic system—Text of the Bible—The monks and military service—Saracenic encroachments—Theodosius overthrows Paganism—Destruction of the Great Library—Pagan and Christian literature—Story of Hypatia—The Arabs defeat the Romans—The Koptic New Testament—Egypt separated from Rome—The Council of Chalcedon—Paganism restored in Upper Egypt—The Henoticon—The writings of Hierocles—Relations with Persia—Inroads of the Arabs—Justinian’s fiscal reforms—Coinage restored—The Persians enter Egypt. The Life of Muhammed—Amr conquers Egypt—The legend of Omar and the Great Library—The founding of Fostât—The Christians taxed—Muhammedan oppression in Egypt—The Ommayad and Abbasid dynasties—Caliph Harun er-Rashid—Turkish bodyguards—Rise of the Tulunite Dynasty—Office of Prince of Princes—Reign of Muhammed el-Ikshid—War with Byzantium—Fatimite Caliphs—The Ismailians and Mahdism—Reign of Mustanssir—Turkish Rapacity—End of the Fatimite Rule.
CONTENTS
[ CHAPTER I—EGYPT UNDER THE ROMAN EMPIRE ]
[ CHAPTER II.—THE CHRISTIAN PERIOD IN EGYPT ]
[ CHAPTER III.—EGYPT DURING THE MUHAMMEDAN PERIOD ]
List of Illustrations
[ 007.jpg Plan of Alexandria ]
[ 011.jpg the Nilometer at Elephantine ]
[ 016.jpg on the Edge of The Desert ]
[ 022b.jpg Fragments in Wood Painted ]
[ 024.jpg Temple at Tentyra, Enlarged by Roman Architects ]
[ 027.jpg on the Banks of The Nile. ]
[ 029.jpg Bedouin Tent in the Desert ]
[ 041.jpg Egyptian Threshing-machine ]
[ 056.jpg Egyptian Threshing Machine ]
[ 078b.jpg Scene in a Sepuuchral Chamber ]
[ 083.jpg Trinity of Isis, Horus and Nephthys ]
[ 086.jpg Egyptian Wig (british Museum) ]
[ 089.jpg Antoninian Temple Near Sinai ]
[ 095.jpg Commemorative Coin of Antinous ]
[ 097.jpg Rose-coloured Lotus ]
[ 099.jpg Vocal Statue of Amenhothes ]
[ 100b..jpg the Slumber Song ]
[ 106.jpg Koptic Charm and Scarabeus ]
[ 108.jpg Gems Showing Symbol of Death and the Word [Îah Javeh ]
[ 109.jpg Hadrian’s Egyptian Coins ]
[ 112.jpg Coins of Antoninus Pius. ]
[ 115.jpg Statue of the Nile ]
[ 117.jpg Coins of Marcus Aurelius ]
[ 120.jpg Alexandrian Forms of Writing ]
[ 123.jpg the Sign of Nobility ]
[ 125.jpg Cartouche of Commodus ]
[ 130.jpg Religious Procession ]
[ 135.jpg Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic Writing ]
[ 138b.jpg a Native of Aswan ]
[ 139b.jpg Painting at the Entrance of The Fifth Tomb ]
[ 161.jpg Coin of Athenodorus ]
[ 164.jpg Street Vendors in Metal Ware ]
[ 165.jpg Coin of Domitianus With Latin Inscription ]
[ 169.jpg Coin of Trajan’s Second Legion ]
[ 184.jpg Dome Palm of Upper Egypt ]
[ 199.jpg the Island of Rhodha ]
[ 213.jpg Temple of Abu Simbel in Nubia ]
[ 220.jpg Coin of Constantius ]
[ 225.jpg a Young Egyptian Wearing the Royal Lock ]
[ 231.jpg an Egyptian Water-carrier ]
[ 237.jpg Remains of a Christian Church in the Temple Of Luxor ]
[ 243.jpg Temple Courtyard, Medinet Abu ]
[ 248.jpg Christian Picture at Abu Simbe ]
[ 250.jpg Manfaloot, Showing the Height of The Nile In Summer ]
[ 257.jpg Quarries at Toorah on the Nile ]
[ 258b.jpg Street and Mosque of Mahdjiar ]
[ 264.jpg Ramses Ii. And St. Peter ]
[ 271.jpg Arabs Resting in the Desert ]
[ 279.jpg Isis As the Dog-star ]
[ 285.jpg Street Sprinkler at Alexandria ]
[ 291.jpg Illustrations from Copy of Dioscoride ]
[ 302.jpg Fortress Near Mount Sinai ]
[ 313.jpg a Modern House in the Delta at Rosetta ]
[ 316.jpg Coins of Justinian ]
[ 325.jpg Coins of Ali abd Omar ]
[ 329.jpg Old Cairo (fostat) ]
[ 339.jpg Citadel of Cairo (fostat). ]
[ 341.jpg a Crocodile Used As A Talisman ]
[ 347.jpg Door of an Arabian House. ]
[ 356.jpg the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo. ]
[ 359.jpg Sanctuary of the Mosque Of Ibn Tulun ]
[ 361.jpg the Mosque of Ibn Tulun ]