He conquered the territory through which he passed, laying waste the settlements and fields and inflicting unspeakable punishment on the native inhabitants. Guzman built a chapel at Tonalá, which formed the beginning of the settlement of the present city of Guadalajara, named from his native town in Spain; he also founded the towns of Santiago de Compostela and San Miguel Culiacan, in Tepic and Sinaloa respectively, and started on his return journey late in 1531. Meanwhile a new Audiencia had arrived in New Spain, and Guzman was summoned to appear at the capital. This he refused to do, and when Luis de Castilla was sent by Cortés, the captain-general of the province, to subdue him, Guzman captured him and his force of 100 men by a ruse. In May, 1533, the king commanded him to submit to the provincial authorities; many of his friends and adherents deserted him, and he was stripped of his title as governor of Pánuco. In 1536 (March 17) the licentiate Diego Perez de la Torre was appointed juez de residencia, an officer whose duty was to conduct a rigid investigation of the accounts and administration of governmental officials—this time with special reference to Guzman. By Torre's order, Guzman was arrested and confined in jail until 1538, when his case was appealed to Spain; but from this he received no comfort. He was banished to Torrejon de Velasco, where he died in 1544, penniless and despised.
[337] Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca y Capitan General de la Nueva España y de la Costa del Sur. He arrived at Vera Cruz in July, 1529.
[338] The best discussion of the stories of the Seven Caves and the Seven Cities is in A. F. Bandelier's Contributions to the History of the Southwestern Portion of the United States, in Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series, V. (Cambridge, 1890).
[339] See the narrative of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca in the present volume.
[340] See the account of this journey by Marcos de Niza in Coleccion de Documentos Inéditos de Indias, III. 325-351; Ramusio, Terzo Volume delle Navigationi (Venice, 1556); Hakluyt, Voyages, IX. 125-144 (1904); Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, IX. 249-284 (1838); and an English translation by Fanny Bandelier in The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (1905). Cf. also A. F. Bandelier, "The Discovery of New Mexico by Fray Marcos of Nizza," in Magazine of Western History, IV. 659-670 (Cleveland, 1886).
[341] Bandelier, Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America, Am. ser., V. (1890), p. 104, says this was Topia, in Durango, a locality since noted for its rich mines.
[342] The Pacific.
[343] Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, wife of Philip I., and mother of Charles V.
[344] In a letter of the Viceroy Mendoza to the King, April 17, 1540, Samaniego is mentioned as the warden of a fortress.
[345] The correct date is 1540. Castañeda carries the error throughout his narration, although he gives the year correctly in the preface.