[346] An error for Hernando de Alarcon.
[347] That is, from a point on the Pacific coast in latitude 19° to another in latitude 21° 30´.
[348] See Alarcon's narrative translated by Hakluyt in his Voyages, IX. 279-318 (ed. 1904), and also Buckingham Smith, Coleccion de Varios Documentos para la Historia de la Florida (1857), p. 1.
[349] The province of Nueva Galicia, explored under Guzman's direction. See p. 285, note 1.
[350] For this locality see p. 299, note 1.
[351] Culiacan, or San Miguel Culiacan, as it was named by Guzman, is in central Sinaloa. Castañeda was a resident of this town and evidently joined the expedition there.
[352] Chichilticalli, or the "Red House," was so named by the Aztec Indians on account of its color. It was doubtless situated on or near the Rio Gila, east of the mouth of the San Pedro, probably not far from the present Solomonsville in southern Arizona.
[353] The Zuñi River, within the present Arizona. Its waters are very muddy in springtime, which is the only time of the year that it flows into the Little Colorado.
[354] This was the Zuñi Indian pueblo of Hawikuh, one of their seven villages, from which Coronado wrote to the Viceroy Mendoza, dating his letter "from the province of Cevola, and this city of Granada, the 3d of August, 1540." (See Winship's translation in Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 552-563.) Hawikuh, or "Granada," was situated about fifteen miles southwest of the present Zuñi, near the Zuñi River, in New Mexico, and its ruins are still to be seen. This was the pueblo in which Estévan doubtless lost his life the year before, and which was viewed from an adjacent height by Fray Marcos. Hawikuh was the seat of a mission established by the Franciscans in 1629; it was abandoned in 1670 after having been raided by the Apaches and its priest killed. The name "Cibola," now and later applied to Hawikuh, is believed to be a Spanish form of Shiwina, the Zuñi name for their tribal range. Cibolo later became the term by which the Spaniards of Mexico designated the bison.
[355] The houses were built in terrace fashion, one above the other, the roof of one tier forming a sort of front yard for the tier of houses next above it.