18. prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria.
20. nec … superārī: Indirect Discourse depending on dīxit.
22. Palaeopharsālum: this battle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia.
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Ch. 21.
4. numquam … neque … neque: “a general negative may be subdivided by neque … neque, or aut … aut.”
7. pūgnātum tum est: Pompey would have refused battle, but was urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship for Egypt.
9. ā rēge Aegyptī: he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7.
11. occīdit: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where he was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse was flung into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned.
12. quō cōnspectō: ‘and when Caesar had seen it.’