It is impossible to admire too much the brief but comprehensive account of apoplexy and paralysis given by Aretæus. He states decidedly, that there is sometimes a loss of motion alone, and sometimes of sensibility; the reason of which he supposes to be, that the sensatory and motory nerves are distinct from one another. This is the germ of the theory fully expanded afterwards by Galen. It appears, indeed, from the anatomical works of Ruffus, that the famous Erasistratus had attempted a similar classification of the nerves. Galen, however, has the merit of fully establishing the truth of the theory; and all subsequent writers on physiology stated it in nearly the same terms that he does, until ancient authority in medicine and its cognate sciences came to be despised. Aretæus states it as a general rule, that when one side of the brain is affected the opposite side of the body is paralysed; but, when the disorder is in the spinal marrow, that the affection of the spine and the paralysis are on the same side. This arises, he supposes, from the decussation of the cerebral nerves; and this explanation must be admitted even now to be tolerably correct. The causes of paralysis, as stated by him, are falls, blows, cold, indigestion, debauchery, intoxication, and violent emotions of the mind. His treatment is as follows: He inculcates, in the strongest terms, that the great remedy for apoplexy is venesection; and that the only difficulty, in general, is to determine the extent to which it is to be carried. He forbids the operation, however, when the senses are oppressed with much cold and torpor. When venesection is contra-indicated the belly is to be evacuated, in order to relieve congestion there, and to produce revulsion from the head. For this purpose acrid clysters are to be given, containing nitre, euphorbium, colocynth, turpentine-rosin, and the like. He also recommends hiera as a purgative; and if nausea be present, he advises us to encourage vomiting. He praises castor strongly as a remedy for the nervous affections. The food is to be light and of easy digestion. When the disease is protracted, cupping-instruments are to be applied to the back part of the head. When the parts concerned in deglutition, namely, the fauces and œsophagus, are paralysed, food is to be conveyed into the stomach by a suitable instrument. (By the way, Dr. Friend is mistaken in stating that Avenzoar is the only ancient author who recommends this practice. It will be remarked that our author makes mention of introducing food into the stomach by means of an instrument passed by the nostrils.) When the bladder is affected, he recommends injections, but forbids the use of the catheter, for fear of occasioning convulsions or gangrene. He approves greatly of the bath of oil in this case.
Aëtius, Oribasius, Alexander, Actuarius, and Nonnus treat of the disease in much the same terms as our author. Alexander, in particular, properly recommends moderate purging with the hiera and such like medicines. He restricts venesection to those cases in which the disease is occasioned by fulness of blood.
Cælius Aurelianus enumerates nearly the same causes of apoplexy and paralysis as Aretæus, namely, excessive heat, cold, indigestion, debauchery, and injuries of the brain. The season of winter is justly said to predispose to the disease. It is seated, he says, principally in the head. His treatment is nearly the same as that of the followers of Hippocrates and Galen, namely, emollient applications to the head and limbs, venesection, abstinence, clysters, cupping the back part of the head, and the bath of oil. Of paralysis he treats at greater length, and with much precision and judgment. He mentions nearly the same causes of it as of apoplexy; and remarks that it produces loss of sensibility, or of motion, or of both. He observes, in particular, of the tongue, that it may retain the power of deglutition although that of speech be lost. He details all the phenomena of partial paralysis with surprising accuracy; and, at the present day, we do not know a work on the subject that contains so much information. He distinctly and accurately describes paralysis of the œsophagus and fauces. His treatment is, upon the whole, not very different from our author’s; but his directions for the application of his remedies are exceedingly minute and judicious. In the first place, he approves generally of venesection, calefacient applications to the extremities, a spare diet, and afterwards of cupping with scarifications. When the tongue is affected, hot gargles of mustard and vinegar are to be given; and, when there is paralysis of the bladder, the catheter is to be used. When the disease is obstinate, he approves of hellebore as an emetic, and of calefacient plasters, depilatories, cupping with much heat, embrocations of mustard, and such things as will produce a papular eruption, namely, flour of salt, nitre, and the like. He blames Praxagoras for recommending emetics indiscriminately, and Erasistratus for omitting venesection. He finds fault with Themison for being in too great haste to apply stimulants to the affected parts, and for having recourse to cupping before the disease had begun to subside. Though he permits the occasional use of hellebore, he disapproves of purgative medicines in general. For paralysis of the œsophagus he recommends us to apply a cupping-instrument, leeches, or cataplasms to the neck.
Little additional information is to be got from the Arabians; and yet Avicenna, in particular, has treated the subject in a very masterly manner. The causes of apoplexy, he says, are either obstruction or repletion; and these are produced either by blood or a pituitous humour. We need scarcely remark that this accords with the modern division into sanguineous and serous apoplexy. Even in pituitous apoplexy he admits of venesection. He approves of vomiting when it can be produced easily. Neither Serapion nor Avenzoar makes mention of venesection. Serapion commences his treatment with an emetic. When connected with plethora, Alsaharavius recommends general bleeding, opening the temporal veins, cupping the legs, restricted diet, applications to the head, such as oil of roses and vinegar, and acrid clysters. Haly’s account is minute and judicious. He attributes the affection to obstruction within the brain occasioning a loss or diminution of the powers of sensation or of voluntary motion. It is produced, he says, by phlegm mixed with bile or blood; and sometimes arises from repletion with wine, which case generally proves fatal. He justly remarks, that one of the most common symptoms is stertorous breathing. If the face be ruddy or livid, he directs us to open the cephalic vein, or vena saphena, and abstract blood according to the patient’s strength; to apply ligatures to the extremities, vinegar and rose-oil to the head; and to give clysters. He also approves of emetics. When the disease has partly subsided, he approves of the bath. He treats separately of paralysis, describing many varieties of it. In paralysis of the face he recommends stimulant liniments, ligatures, gargles, and sternutatories. According to Rhases, apoplexy arises from congestion of blood or of viscid phlegm in the brain. He remarks correctly, that when attended with stertor it is difficult to cure. When the memory is affected, he directs us to apply a sinapism to the occiput.
The paralysis of the extremities after colic, mentioned by our author, and after him noticed by Avicenna and Haly Abbas, was, no doubt, the same disease as the palsy after colica pictonum described by modern authors. De Haen has given a masterly description of this disease. (Rat. Med.)
Rhases states decidedly that the skin of paralytics may retain its sensibility, although the muscular motion be lost. In a word, he maintains that the nerves of sensibility and motion may be affected separately. He remarks, however, that a part can scarcely retain its powers of motion when the sensibility is entirely gone. He says that he had known several cases of paralysis cured by a natural diarrhœa. His general remedies are bleeding, purging, and rubefacient applications. He, and several of the authorities referred to by him, recommend the warm salt-water bath for the cure of paralysis.
SECT. XIX.—ON CONVULSIONS, OR SPASMS.
The consideration of spasms naturally follows that of paralysis, because both are affections of the nerves; and, for the same reason, we shall next treat of tremors. When, therefore, spasms come on at the commencement of the complaint, or nearly so, and are protracted, they have their origin in plethora; but when they supervene after copious sweatings, vomitings, discharges from the bowels, hemorrhages, watchfulness, hunger, or much and violent exercise, they proceed from depletion. If they suddenly attack a person in health, they must necessarily proceed from plethora. But when from ardent fevers the nerves and whole body are dried, and then spasms come on owing to the dryness, this is one of the worst possible cases, and is almost incurable. Wherefore, we must, in the first place, bind gently the limbs which are contracted, and resist their inordinate motions, and rub them with oil of rue, Sicyonian or old oil, or the like; and the patients must take propomata of honied water. In convulsions from depletion, warm oil, or oil and water, are to be poured upon the patients, and if nothing contra-indicate, they may be put into a bath. We may use a tepid hip-bath with oil, and the gentlest friction. For food, they must take spoon-meats of chondrus and alica; and we may allow them a thin watery wine of easy diffusion if they have no fever. Then we must use the juice of ptisan and promote sleep. Spasms occasioned by plethora or inflammation, we may cure by diminishing the fulness, and removing the inflammation by suitable remedies. Spasms come on also during the agitations of violent vomitings, which cases are benefited by drinking infusions of the root of cotton-thistle, or of the white thorn, or of the Egyptian thorn; but some give the juice of the slender centaury to drink when the convulsions arise from plethora; and one should not only drink it, but rub the skin externally with castor and Sicyonian oil. If they do not cease, cupping-instruments, with scarifications, should be applied; when the legs are affected, along the ischium and the last vertebra; and when the arms are convulsed, to the back, to its first vertebra, and the one above the shoulder. When the rest of the body is not affected, but one of the lips, eyebrows, or tongue, is contracted, the symptom is to be reckoned dangerous and alarming, although the parts affected be but small in size. Wherefore you must abstract blood from the hind-head, and from over the first vertebræ.
Commentary. See Hippocrates (Aphor. v, 70); Galen (Comment.; de Loc. Aff. iii; Meth. Med. xii); Celsus (ii, 1); Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Acut. iii, 6); Aretæus (de Morb. Acut. i, 6); Leo (ii, 17); Nonnus (38); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 10); Aëtius (vi, 38); Oribasius (Synops. viii, 16); Avicenna (iii, 2, 5, 6, 7); Serapion (i, 27); Avenzoar (ii, 3, 10, and i, 10, 3); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 21); Rhases (Divis. i, 16, and Contin. i.)
Aëtius and Oribasius treat of spasms in nearly the same terms as our author. We shall give an account of the doctrines of Aretæus and Cælius Aurelianus in [the next section]. The principles of our author’s treatment are mostly derived from Galen. The Arabians adopt his views without the slightest modification.