The cure of paresis, or resolution. If there be paralysis of all or of certain members, without injury of the primary energies, we must first evacuate the offending humour, whatever it be, and then give hiera, and a certain portion of castor, beginning with half a drachm, along with some honey and warm water in which it has been dissolved, either alone, or with the addition of half a scruple of pepper; then, after an interval of four days, we may give a whole drachm, and afterwards one and a half, then two and three. After an interval of the same number of days, we may give four drachms, if the patient be able to take so much, adding one spoonful of honey. To the part we may apply some of the discutient remedies, along with rubefacients, adding to them some castor, or pepper, or pellitory, or rosemary, or euphorbium; and, in addition to these, we may have recourse to embrocations with oil of rue, or Sicyonian or old oil. The food ought to be farinaceous, taken in a slop, of easy digestion, and not excrementitious. Let cupping-instruments be applied to the affected parts separately, if there be many of them, but to one if there be few. After cupping, apply cataplasms containing pitch, rosin, or manna. A most suitable application consists of calamint, fleabane, and nitre boiled along with mugwort, and some water is to be added, which is to be evaporated during the boiling. The belly is to be again opened by means of aloes, polypody, scammony, or the colocynth pottage. Fatty inunctions are to be made with old oil in which squill has been kept for forty days in the sun; or, if it be not at hand, you may boil in oil two ounces of squill, and anoint with it; or the seed of rosemary may be prepared in like manner, but an ounce of wax must be added, that it may not be too liquid. But, if you add of galbanum, of castor, of euphorbium, of adarce, and of nitre, of each, oz. ss, it will be a more potent remedy. The herb crowfoot, boiled in the oil, and preserved in the sun, is also an excellent application. Castor to the amount of a drachm, and opopanax swallowed to the size of a bean, will make suitable potions. But sagapene taken to the size of a tare in honied water, and castor with opopanax, and the Cyrenaic juice to the size of a millet, are admirable remedies. The antidote from the three peppers is also beneficial. We may likewise use beating restoratives (acapa), and masticatories. After the fourteenth day, we may give more copious food; and, when much benefit is derived, we may lead to the bath. After the thirtieth, it will be necessary to apply a dropax, use the bath, and afterwards put on a cataplasm of mustard, taking care in those cases in which both motion and sensibility are lost, lest from want of feeling they be allowed to burn too much. Where sensibility remains, rubefacients only are to be used. After it swells, we ought to lead to the bath, and cure with simple cerates. They ought to take the emetic after a meal, and that from radishes. They should be carried about in a chair, or in a car drawn by the hand, or in one drawn with a yoke. Otherwise, let them be put into one of the natural baths. A desiccative diet, spare drink, and friction will be proper. Let them, therefore, eat dry food, and struggle against thirst as much as possible.
On paralysis with relaxation or distension. Since paralysed parts are either contracted or relaxed, and this proceeds either from plethora or emptiness, it will be necessary to attend to this, and sometimes abstract blood, and sometimes not. Again, to relaxed parts we must mix astringents with the relaxing remedies, and use intense friction; but for the contrary state we must use relaxing remedies only, along with gentle friction. For the relaxed limbs, let the oil used for friction have a little nitre and dried lees of wine pounded on it. Let hot water also be strongly poured upon them, especially sea-water, in which have been boiled bay-berries, or the shoots of the chaste-tree, or marjoram, or the like. If it is in the summer season, let them also swim in the sea. But rubefacients are particularly applicable to them, and therefore the parts may be whipped with rods, or nettle branches; but if the paralysis remain, the relaxed skin between the joints is to be drawn up, and transfixed with small and slender burning-irons. To contracted limbs it is proper to apply constantly a calefacient plaster.
On paralysis in particular parts. Paralysis occasioned by the division of a nerve is incurable; but when occasioned by an intemperament, or a certain humour, it is relieved by the common remedies already mentioned; but there are certain particular remedies applicable to each of them, which we shall describe below. Wherefore, in cynic spasms, the jaw is to be reduced to the opposite side by means of a muzzle. Detraction of blood from the vessels below the tongue will likewise be proper, as also cupping-instruments applied along the first vertebra, with masticatories, and purgatives administered by an instrument inserted into the nose. It is necessary to know that the jaw which appears to be distorted is not the one which is paralysed, but the opposite one. When the organ of deglutition is paralysed, cupping-instruments must be applied to the chin, and we must use the liniments made of castor, sagapene, and the Parthic juice. Acrid gargles are also beneficial. When the tongue is paralysed, we must open its veins, apply a cupping-instrument to the chin, and use masticatories of mustard, and exercise the tongue. When the organs of speech are paralysed, apply the remedies to the chest, enjoin retention of the breath, and have recourse to vociferation. When the eyebrows are affected, anointing of the eyelids in like manner is of great use, and, at last, the operation by suture called anarrhaphé. When the bladder is paralysed, there is either retention of urine or an involuntary discharge of it. The remedies are to be applied to the bottom of the belly and perinæum, and clysters injected by the anus, consisting of oil of rue, or Sicyonian oil, with butter and castor, galbanum, opopanax, or the juice of laserwort. And these things, if injected into the bladder by the penis, will be of great service, or prove sufficient of themselves. Clysters of centaury and colocynth, along with Sicyonian oil, are also beneficial; and diuretics may be drunk with advantage, and castor taken in like manner. But, above all things, we must have recourse to the catheter when the patients cannot make water, and get them to sit in hot baths of a relaxing nature, and use emollient cataplasms. When the urine flows involuntarily, we must treat them upon the astringent plan with tonic remedies, and make them use dry food and cold drink. During convalescence they ought to use rubefacients, and natural baths in a cold state. Cases occurring from a wound of the spine, from a fall and dislocation of a vertebra, if there be a concurrence of fatal symptoms, it is impossible to remedy. If the penis is paralysed, we must apply the remedies recommended for the bladder to the same parts, and also to the groin; and medicines which excite to erections ought also to be used. Milk, cheese, and the other cakes are improper, likewise lettuces and the other pot-herbs. When the rectum is paralysed, in which case the fæces are either discharged involuntarily, or retained, the same remedies must be used, and clysters are to be administered, sometimes of an astringent nature, such as the decoction of cypress, of rush, or of bramble; and sometimes emollient; such as the fat of swine and geese, and the oil of mallows; and sometimes stimulating, such as salt water, the decoction of colocynth, or the like. Nothing contributes so much to motion as variety of exercise with the lever. If they complain of a sense of cold, the restorative plaster of euphorbium, dissolved in oil, may be used for a clyster. But, along with the ordinary treatment, the paralysed limbs should be bent, rubbed, and stretched in the manner described; for our greatest dependence is upon friction.
On paralysis supervening upon colic disease. In our times a colic complaint has prevailed, in which convalescents are seized with complete loss of motion in their limbs, but the sense of touch remains uninjured, there being a critical translation of the disease from the internal parts. Hence, in many cases, the motion has returned spontaneously in process of time. Those of more difficult cure were remedied by using the more simple liniments formerly described. The acopa made of poplar and of the fir were found to be excellent applications; and many were greatly benefited by tonic and moderately cooling applications.
Commentary. Consult Hippocrates (Aphoris. ii, 42, de Glandulis, et alibi); Galen (Comment. de Loc. Aff. iii, 11); Aretæus (Morb. Chron. i, 7; Cur. Morb. Acut. i, 4); Aëtius (vi, 26); Oribasius (Synops. viii, 14); Theophrastus (ap. Photii Bibliothecam); Alexander (x, 2); Actuarius (Meth. Med. iv, 2); Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Acut. iii, 5); Octavius Horatianus (ii, 7); Leo (ii, 5); Nonnus (37); Avicenna (iii, i, 5, 12); Avenzoar (i, 9, 12); Serapion (i, 24); Mesue (de Ægr. Cap. 27; de Ægr. Nerv. 2); Haly Abbas (Theor. ix, 6, Pract. v, 22); Alsaharavius (Pract. i, 2, 18); Rhases (ad Mansor. ix, 3.)
To so many excellent works on apoplexy, wherein the subject is treated of fully and correctly, it is difficult to do justice within our narrow limits. We shall give, however, a brief, though imperfect outline of their opinions.
Hippocrates pronounces a slight attack of apoplexy to be difficult to cure, and a severe one to be utterly incurable. He says that an apoplectic attack is brought on by turgidity of the veins. When a person has suddenly lost his powers Hippocrates directs that he should be bled. (Aphor.) Apoplexy, he says, occurs most frequently between the age of forty and sixty. (Ibid.) He says, in allusion to apoplexy (as his commentator Theophilus remarks), that when persons in good health are suddenly seized with pains in the head, with loss of speech, and stertorous breathing, they die in seven days, unless fever supervene. (Ibid.)
Galen states that apoplexy arises from a cold, thick, and viscid humour obstructing the ventricles of the brain. He remarks that, in severe cases, all voluntary motion is lost while respiration is performed as in persons asleep. The reason which he assigns for this is, that the nerves which are distributed upon the respiratory muscles are all derived from the brain itself, and these often escape being injured, unless the attack be of a particularly serious nature. His account of cases of partial paralysis is highly interesting. (Loc. Affect. iii, 14.)
Celsus’ brief account deserves to be given in his own words: “Attonitos quoque raro videmus, quorum et corpus et mens stupet. Fit interdum ictu fulminis, interdum morbo ἀποπληξιαν hunc Græci appellant. His sanguis mittendus est: veratro quoque albo, vel alvi ductione utendum. Tum adhibendæ frictiones, et ex mediâ materiâ minimè pingues cibi, quidam etiam acres; et a vino abstinendum.” Respecting the treatment of paralysis he delivers the following aphorism: “Si omnia membra vehementer resoluta sunt, sanguinis detractio vel occidit vel liberat: aliud curationis genus vix unquam sanitatem restituit, sæpe mortem tantum differt, vitam interdum infestat.” His other remedial measures are such as our author’s, namely gestation, the application of cupping-instruments or rubefacients to the affected part, the warm salt-water bath, and a restricted diet.
According to Theophrastus, paralysis is occasioned by a deficiency or loss of the pneuma, i. e. vital heat.