[615]. 1330a25-31; cf. also the pseudo-Econ. i. 2. 1343a26 ff.
[616]. i. 3. 1260a40 ff.; cf. infra for discussion of this idea.
[617]. 1258b25-27; Rhet. i. 9. 27, 1367a; ἐλευθέρον γὰρ τὸ μὴ πρὸς ἄλλον ζῆν. His entire argument for the slave as a mere “instrument” (cf. infra) shows the same attitude. Stewart (op. cit., II, 316) says that he failed to see that labor is “an essential function of the social organism, something καλόν and not merely ἁναγκαῖον.”
[618]. Pol. iv (vii). 4. 1326a22-24.
[619]. 1328b19-23; vi (iv). 1291a1-3.
[620]. 1329a1; i. 11. 1258b38 f.
[621]. v (viii). 2. 1337b15-22, especially 17 f.: ἔχει δὲ πολλὴν διαφορὰν καὶ τὸ τίνος ἕνεκεν πράττει τις ἣ μανθάνει.
[622]. The difference in employments and studies is largely one of method and aim. The most humanizing pursuit becomes ἀνελεύθερον and βάναυσον, if followed to an extreme or with a sordid purpose, merely. Cf. Plato Laws 918B-919C, and the criticism of the superficial method and merely vocational motive in mathematical study (Rep. 525C ff.). Cf. above, p. [33], n. 7, for Ruskin’s idea on this point.
[623]. Aristotle also has the aristocratic idea of labor as robbing a freeman of his independence, Pol. v (viii). 1337b15-22; Rhet. 1367a, cited on p. [94], n. 9.
[624]. Pol. iv (vii). 9. 1328b39 ff.; N. Eth. x. 7. 1177b4; cf. Jowett, Ar. Pol., I, 144, cited by Stewart, op. cit., II, 446.