Suggestions for Study.—1. Why are waters within three miles of shore considered as territorial waters? (See War Cyclopedia, "Marine League.") What is meant by freedom of the seas? What is meant by the phrase "free ships make free goods"? 2. Make a map of Europe showing what it would be like if all of President Wilson's points were approved at the peace conference. 3. Are there any reasons why every nation should give up its colonies and permit them to be independent states? 4. Why is it dangerous as well as wrong to permit Germany to retain her control over the territory taken from Russia? 5. What was the "wrong done to France (by Germany) in 1870"? 6. What is autonomy? Name the peoples of Austria-Hungary who wish autonomous development, or complete independence. 7. Find some ways by which Poland and Serbia can get access to the sea. 8. Do you think it will take a longer or a shorter time to bring the soldiers home than it did to send them to France? Why? 9. What is meant by rehabilitation of the wounded? Find some ways in which other nations have made their maimed soldiers self-supporting. 10. How is it likely that Constantinople will be controlled after the war? 11. How would the league of nations enforce its decisions? (See President Wilson's second point.)

References.—War Cyclopedia (C.P.I.); McKinley, Collected Materials for the Study of the War; War, Labor, and Peace (C.P.I.); Conquest and Kultur (C.P.I.); The War Message and the Facts Behind It (C.P.I.); American Interest in Popular Government Abroad (C.P.I.).

CHRONOLOGY—PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE WAR

(Adapted from "War Cyclopedia" published by the Committee on Public Information, Washington, D.C. Events which especially concern the United States are put in italic type.)

1914
June 28Murder of Archduke Francis Ferdinand at Serajevo.
July 5Conference at Potsdam (page [70]).
July 23Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to Serbia.
July 28Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
July 31German ultimatums to Russia and France.
Aug. 1Germany declares war on Russia and invades Luxemburg.
Aug. 2German ultimatum to Belgium, demanding a free passage for her troops across Belgium.
Aug. 3Germany declares war on France.
Aug. 4-26Most of Belgium overrun: Liege occupied (Aug. 9); Brussels(Aug. 20); Namur (Aug. 24).
Aug. 4Great Britain declares war on Germany.
Aug. 4President Wilson proclaims neutrality of United States.
Aug. 6Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.
Aug. 12France and Great Britain declare war on Austria-Hungary.
Aug. 16British expeditionary force landed in France.
Aug. 18Russia invades East Prussia.
Aug. 21-23Battle of Mons-Charleroi. Dogged retreat of French and British in the face of the German invasion.
Aug. 23Japan declares war on Germany.
Aug. 23Tsingtau (Kiaochow) bombarded by Japanese.
Aug. 25-Dec. 15Russians overrun Galicia. Lemberg taken (Sept. 2); Przemysl besieged (Sept. 16 to Oct. 15, and again after Nov. 12). Dec. 4, Russians 3-1/2 miles from Cracow.
Aug. 26Germans destroy Louvain, in Belgium.
Aug. 26Allies conquer Togo, in Africa.
Aug. 26-31Russians defeated in battle of Tannenberg (page [85]).
Aug. 28British naval victory of Helgoland Bight, in North Sea.
Aug. 31Name of St. Petersburg changed to Petrograd.
Sept. 5Great Britain, France, and Russia agree not to make peace separately.
Sept. 6-10First battle of the Marne (page [81]).
Sept. 7Germans take Maubeuge, in northern France.
Sept. 11Australians take German New Guinea, etc.
Sept. 12-17Battle of the Aisne.
Sept. 16Russians driven from East Prussia.
Sept. 22Three British armored cruisers sunk by a submarine.
Sept. 27Invasion of German Southwest Africa by Gen. Botha.
Oct. 9Germans occupy Antwerp, the chief port of Belgium.
Oct. 16-28Battle of the Yser, in Flanders, Belgium. Belgians and French halt German advance.
Oct. 17-Nov. 15Battle of Flanders, near Ypres, saving Channel ports.
Oct. 21-28German armies driven back in Poland.
Oct. 28-Dec. 8De Wet's rebellion in British South Africa.
Oct. 29Turkish war ship bombards Odessa, Russia.
Nov. 1German naval victory off the coast of Chile.
Nov. 3-5Russia, France, and Great Britain declare war on Turkey.
Nov. 7Fall of Tsingtau (Kiaochow) to the Japanese and British.
Nov. 10-Dec. 14Austrian invasion of Serbia (page [87]).
Nov. 10German cruiser "Emden" destroyed in Indian Ocean.
Nov. 21Basra, on Persian Gulf, occupied by British.
Dec. 8British naval victory off the Falkland Islands.
Dec. 16German warships bombard towns on east coast of England.
Dec. 17Egypt proclaimed a British protectorate, under a sultan.
Dec. 24First German air raid on England.
1915
Jan. 1-Feb. 13Russians attempt to cross the Carpathians.
Jan. 24British naval victory of Dogger Bank, in North Sea.
Jan. 25-Feb. 12Russians again invade East Prussia, but are defeated in the battle of the Mazurian Lakes.
Jan. 28American merchantman "William P. Frye" sunk by German cruiser.
Feb. 4Germany's proclamation of "war zone" around the British Isles after February 18.
Feb. 10United States note holding German government to a "strict accountability" for destruction of American lives or vessels.
Feb. 10Anglo-French squadron bombards Dardanelles forts.
Mar. 1Announcement of British "blockade" of Germany.
Mar. 10British capture Neuve Chapelle, in northern France.
Mar. 22Russians capture Przcmysl, in Galicia.
Apr. 17-May 17Battle of Ypres. First use of poison gas (page [95]).
Apr. 25Allied troops land on the Gallipoli peninsula.
Apr. 30Germans invade the Baltic provinces of Russia.
May 1American steamship "Gulflight" sunk by German submarine; two Americans lost.
May 2Battle of the Dunajec. Russians defeated by the Germans and Austrians and forced to retire from the Carpathians.
May 7British liner "Lusitania" sunk by German submarine (1,154 lives lost, 114 being Americans).
May 9-JuneBattle of Artois, or Festubert (in France, north of Arras). Small gains by the Allies.
May 13American note protests against submarine policy culminating in the sinking of the "Lusitania." Other notes June 9, July 21; German replies, May 28, July 8, Sept. 1.
May 23Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary.
May 25American steamship "Nebraskan" attacked by submarine.
June 3Przemysl retaken by Germans and Austrians.
June 9Monfalcone occupied by Italians.
June 22The Austro-Germans recapture Lemberg, in Galicia.
July 2Naval action between Russians and Germans in the Baltic.
July 9Conquest of German Southwest Africa completed.
July 12-Sept. 18German conquest of Russian Poland; capture of Warsaw (Aug. 5), Kovno (Aug. 17), Brest-Litovsk (Aug. 25), Vilna (Sept. 18).
Aug. 19British liner "Arabic" sunk by submarines (44 victims, two Americans).
Aug. 21Italy declares war on Turkey.
Sept. 1The German ambassador, von Bernstorff, gives assurance that German submarines will sink no more liners without warning.
Sept. 8United States demands recall of Austro-Hungarian ambassador, Dr. Dumba.
Sept. 25-Oct.French offensive in Champagne fails to break through German lines.
Sept. 27Small British progress at Loos, near Lens.
Oct. 4Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria.
Oct. 5Allied forces land at Salonica, at the invitation of the Greek government.
Oct. 5German Government regrets and disavows sinking of "Arabic" and is prepared to pay indemnities.
Oct. 6-Dec. 2Austro-German-Bulgarian conquest of Serbia; fall of Belgrade (Oct. 9), Nish (Nov. 1), Monastir (Dec. 2).
Oct. 13Germans execute the English nurse, Edith Cavell, for aiding Belgians to escape from Belgium.
Oct. 14Bulgaria declares war on Serbia.
Oct. 15-19Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy declare war against Bulgaria.
Nov. 10-Apr.Russian forces advance into Persia as a result of pro-German activities there.
Dec. 1British under Gen. Townshend retreat from near Bagdad to Kut-el-Amara.
Dec. 3United States Government demands recall of Capt. Boy-Ed and Capt. von Papen, attachés of the German embassy.
Dec. 6Germans capture Ipek, in Montenegro.
Dec. 15Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French in command of the British army in France.
Dec. 19British forces withdraw from parts of Gallipoli peninsula.
1916
Jan. 8Evacuation of Gallipoli completed.
Jan. 13Fall of Cetinje, capital of Montenegro.
Feb. 10Germany notifies neutral powers that armed merchant ships will be treated as warships and will be sunk without warning.
Feb. 15Secretary Lansing states that by international law commercial vessels have right to carry arms in self-defense.
Feb. 16Germany sends note acknowledging her liability in the "Lusitania" affair.
Feb. 16Russians take Erzerum, in Turkish Armenia.
Feb. 16Kamerun (Africa) conquered.
Feb. 21-JulyBattle of Verdun (pages [107]-[108]).
Feb. 24President Wilson in letter to Senator Stone refuses to advise American citizens not to travel on armed merchant ships.
Mar. 8Germany declares war on Portugal.
Mar. 24French steamer "Sussex" is torpedoed without warning (page [115]).
Apr. 18Russians capture Trebizond, in Turkey.
Apr. 18United States note declaring that she will sever diplomatic relations unless Germany abandons present methods of submarine warfare.
Apr. 24-May 1Insurrection in Ireland.
Apr. 29Gen. Townshend surrenders at Kut-el-Amara.
May 4Germany's conditional pledge not to sink merchant ships without warning (page [116]).
May 14-June 3Great Austrian attack on the Italians through the Trentino.
May 19Russians join British on the Tigris.
May 24Conscription bill becomes a law in Great Britain.
May 31Naval battle off Jutland, in North Sea.
June 4-30Russian offensive in Galicia and Bukowina.
June 5Lord Kitchener drowned.
July 1-Nov. 17Battle of the Somme (page [108]).
July 27Germans execute Captain Fryatt, an Englishman, for having defended his merchant ship by ramming the German submarine that was about to attack it.
Aug. 9Italians capture Gorizia.
Aug. 27Italy declares war on Germany.
Aug. 27-Jan. 15Roumania enters war on the side of the Allies, and most of the country is overrun. (Fall of Bucharest, Dec. 6.)
Oct. 7German submarine appears off American coast and sinks British passenger steamer "Stephano" (Oct. 8).
Nov. 19Monastir retaken by Allies (chiefly Serbians).
Nov. 29United States protests against Belgian deportations.
Dec. 6Lloyd George succeeds Asquith as British prime minister.
Dec. 12German peace offer. Refused (Dec. 30) as "empty and insincere."
Dec. 18President Wilson's peace note. Germany replies evasively (Dec. 26). Entente Allies' reply (Jan. 10) demands "restorations, reparation, indemnities."
1917
Jan. 10The Allied governments state their terms of peace.
Jan. 31Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare in specified zones.
Feb. 3United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
Feb. 24Kut-el-Amara taken by British under Gen. Maude.
Feb. 26President Wilson asks authority to arm merchant ships.
Feb. 28"Zimmermann note" published.
Mar. 11Bagdad captured by British under Gen. Maude.
Mar. 11-15Revolution in Russia, leading to abdication of Czar Nicholas II (Mar. 15). Provisional Government formed by Constitutional Democrats under Prince Lvov.
Mar. 12United States announces that an armed guard will be placed on all American merchant vessels sailing through the war zone.
Mar. 17-19Retirement of Germans to the "Hindenburg line" (page [118]).
Mar. 24Minister Brand Whitlock and American Relief Commission withdrawn from Belgium.
Apr. 2President Wilson asks Congress to declare the existence of a state of war with Germany.
Apr. 6United States declares war on Germany.
Apr. 8Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with the United States.
Apr. 9-May 14British successes in battle of Arras (Vimy Ridge taken Apr. 9).
Apr. 16-May 6French successes in battle of the Aisne between Soissons and Rheims.
Apr. 21Turkey severs relations with United States.
May 4American destroyers begin coöperation with British navy in war zone.
May 15-Sept. 15Great Italian offensive on Isonzo front.
May 15Gen. Pétain succeeds Gen. Nivelle as commander in chief of the French armies.
May 18President Wilson signs selective service act.
June 7British blow up Messines Ridge, south of Ypres, and capture 7,500 German prisoners.
June 10Italian offensive in Trentino.
June 12King Constantine of Greece forced to abdicate.
June 26First American troops reach France.
June 29Greece enters war against Germany and her allies.
July 1Russian army led in person by Kerensky, the Minister of War, begins an offensive in Galicia, ending in disastrous retreat (July 19-Aug. 3).
July 20Kerensky succeeds Prince Lvov as premier of Russia.
July 30Mutiny in German fleet at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel. Second mutiny Sept. 2.
July 31-Nov.Battle of Flanders (Passchendaele Ridge); British successes.
Aug. 15Peace proposals of Pope Benedict published (dated Aug. 1). United States replies Aug. 27; Germany and Austria, Sept. 21.
Aug. 15Canadians capture Hill 70, dominating Lens.
Aug. 19-24New Italian drive on the Isonzo front.
Aug. 20-24French attacks at Verdun recapture high ground lost in 1916.
Sept. 3Riga captured by Germans.
Sept. 8Luxburg dispatches ("Spurlos versenkt") published by United States.
Sept. 15Russia proclaimed a republic.
Oct. 17Russians defeated in a naval engagement in the Gulf of Riga.
Oct. 14-Dec.Great German-Austrian invasion of Italy. Italian line shifted to Piave River.
Oct. 26Brazil declares war on Germany.
Nov. 2Germans retreat from the Chemin des Dames, in France.
Nov. 3First clash of American with German soldiers.
Nov. 7Overthrow of Kerensky and Provisional Government of Russia by the Bolsheviki.
Nov. 13Clémenceau succeeds Ribot as French premier.
Nov. 20-Dec. 13Battle of Cambrai (page [119]).
Nov. 29First plenary session of the Interallied Conference in Paris. Sixteen nations represented. Col. E.M. House, chairman of American delegation.
Dec. 3Conquest of German East Africa completed.
Dec. 6U.S. destroyer "Jacob Jones" sunk by submarine, with loss of over 60 American men.
Dec. 6Explosion on munitions vessel wrecks Halifax.
Dec. 7[United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.
Dec. 10Jerusalem captured by British.
Dec. 23Peace negotiations opened at Brest-Litovsk between Bolshevik government and Central Powers.
Dec. 28President Wilson takes over the control of railroads.
1918
Jan. 4British hospital ship "Rewa" torpedoed and sunk in English Channel.
Jan. 8President Wilson sets forth peace program of the United States.
Jan. 18Russian Constituent Assembly meets in Petrograd.
Jan. 19The Bolsheviki dissolve the Russian Assembly.
Jan. 28Revolution begins in Finland; fighting between "White Guards" and "Red Guards."
Jan. 28-29Big German air raid on London.
Jan. 30German air raid on Paris.
Feb. 3American troops officially announced to be on the Lorraine front near Toul.
Feb. 5British transport "Tuscania" with 2,179 American troops on board torpedoed and sunk; 211 American soldiers lost.
Feb. 9Ukrainia makes peace with Germany.
Feb. 10The Bolsheviki order demobilization of the Russian army.
Feb. 14Bolo Pasha condemned for treason against France; executed April 16.
Feb. 17Cossack General Kaledines commits suicide. Collapse of Cossack revolt against the Bolsheviki.
Feb. 18-Mar. 3Russo-German armistice declared at an end by Germany; war resumed. Germans occupy Dvinsk, Minsk, and other cities.
Feb. 21German troops land in Finland.
Feb. 23Turkish troops drive back the Russians in the northeast (Trebizond taken Feb. 26, Erzerum March 14).
Mar. 2German and Ukrainian troops defeat the Bolsheviki near Kief in Ukrainia.
Mar. 3Bolsheviki sign peace treaty with Germany at Brest-Litovsk. Ratified by Soviet Congress at Moscow March 15.
Mar. 7Finland and Germany sign a treaty of peace.
Mar. 10Announcement that American troops are occupying trenches at four different points on French front.
Mar. 11First wholly American raid, made in sector north of Toul, meets with success.
Mar. 11Great German air raid on Paris, by more than fift planes.
Mar. 13German troops occupy Odessa on Black Sea.
Mar. 21-Apr. 1First German drive of the year, on 50-mile front, extending to Montdidier (page [143]).
Apr. 9-18Second German drive, on a 3O-mile front between Ypres and Arras.
May 6Roumania signs peace treaty with the Central Powers.
May 7Nicaragua declares war on Germany and her allies.
May 9-10British naval force attempts to block Ostend harbor.
May 14Caucasus proclaims itself an independent state; but the Turks overrun the southern part, and take Baku Sept. 19.
May 21British transport "Moldavia" is sunk with loss of 53 American soldiers.
May 24Major General March appointed Chief of Staff with the rank of General.
May 24Costa Rica declares war on the Central Powers.
May 25-JuneGerman submarines appear off American coast and sink 19 coastwise vessels, including Porto Rico liner "Carolina" with loss of 16 lives.
May 27-June 1Third German drive, capturing the Chemin des Dames and reaching the Marne River east of Chateau-Thierry. American Marines aid French at Chateau-Thierry.
May 28American forces near Montdidier capture Tillage of Cantigny and hold it against numerous counter-attacks.
May 31U.S. transport "President Lincoln" sunk by U-boat while on her way to the United States; 23 lives lost.
June 9-16Fourth German drive, on 20-mile front east of Montdidier, make only small gains.
June 10Italian naval forces sink one Austrian dreadnaught and damage another in the Adriatic.
June 11American Marines take Belleau Wood, with 800 prisoners.
June 14Turkish troops occupy Tabriz, Persia.
June 15General March announces that there are 800,000 American troops in France.
June 15-July 6Austrian offensive against Italy fails with heavy losses.
June 21Official statement that American forces hold 39 miles of French front in six sectors.
June 27British hospital ship "Llandovery Castle" is torpedoed off Irish coast with loss of 234 lives. Only 24 survived.
July 10Italians and French take Berat in Albania.
July 13Czecho-Slovak troops occupy Irkutsk in Siberia.
July 15-18Anglo-American forces occupy strategic positions on the Murman Coast in northwestern Russia.
July 15-18Fifth German drive extends three miles south of the Marne, but east of Rheims makes no gain.
July 16Ex-Czar Nicholas executed by Bolshevik authorities.
July 18-Aug. 4Second battle of the Marne, beginning with Foch's counter-offensive between Soissons and Chateau-Thierry. French and Americans drive the Germans back from the Marne nearly to the Aisne.
July 22Honduras declares war on Germany.
July 27American troops arrive on the Italian front.
July 31President Wilson takes over telegraph and telephone systems.
Aug. 2Allies occupy Archangel, in northern Russia.
Aug. 8-Sept.Allies attack successfully near Montdidier, and continue the drive until the Germans are back at the Hindenburg line, giving up practically all the ground they had gained this year.
Aug. 15American troops land in eastern Siberia.
Sept. 3The United States recognizes the Czecho-Slovak government.
Sept. 12-13Americans take the St. Mihiel salient near Metz.
Sept. 15Allied army under Gen. D'Esperey begins campaign against Bulgarians.
Sept. 16President Wilson receives an Austrian proposal for a peace conference, and refuses it.
Sept. 22Great victory of British and Arabs over Turks in Palestine.
Sept. 26Americans begin a drive in the Meuse valley.
Sept. 30Bulgaria withdraws from the war.
Oct. 1St. Quentin (on the Hindenburg line) taken by the French.
Oct. 1Damascus captured by the British.
Oct. 3King Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicates.
Oct. 3Lens taken by the British.
Oct. 4Germany asks President Wilson for an armistice and peace negotiations (page [150]); other notes Oct. 12, 20, etc.; similar notes from Austria-Hungary Oct. 7, and from Turkey Oct. 12. Wilson's replies Oct. 8, 14, 18, 23.
Oct. 7Beirut taken by a French fleet.
Oct. 8Cambrai taken by the British.
Oct. 13Laon taken by the French.
Oct. 17Ostend taken by the Belgians.
Oct. 17Lille taken by the British.
Oct. 24-Nov. 4Allied forces (chiefly Italians) under Gen. Diaz win a great victory on the Italian front.
Oct. 26Aleppo taken by the British.
Oct. 31Turkey surrenders.
Nov. 1Serbian troops enter Belgrade after regaining nearly all of Serbia.
Nov. 3Trieste and Trent occupied by Italian forces.
Nov. 4Surrender of Austria-Hungary.
Nov. 5President Wilson notifies Germany that General Foch has been authorized by the United States and the Allies to communicate the terms of an armistice.
Nov. 6Mutiny of German sailors at Kiel; followed by mutinies, revolts, and revolutions at other German cities.
Nov. 7Americans take Sedan.
Nov. 9British take Maubeuge.
Nov. 9Announcement that the German emperor William II "has decided to renounce the throne"; he flees to Holland Nov. 10 and signs a formal abdication Nov. 28
Nov. 11Armistice signed; Germany surrenders.

INDEX