Aërial Navigation / A Popular Treatise on the Growth of Air Craft and on Aëronautical Meteorology - Albert Francis Zahm

After increasing the surface of his biplane Mr. Curtiss, on February 24th, took up one of his naval pupils, Lieutenant T. G. Ellyson, as a passenger. He made a flight of one and one-half miles, rising to a height of one hundred feet and flying as slowly as twenty-five miles an hour, or as fast as fifty miles an hour, at will. Lieutenant Ellyson was seated on the pontoon below the aëroplane. He could look down in the water and see bottom at a depth of twenty-five feet, and he believes submarines can be easily located by flying over the water. The slow speed at which it is possible to fly will make the biplane especially useful for bomb dropping. As we go to press Mr. Curtiss is about to try his machine fitted with wheels and floats as well.

INDEX

Abbe, Cleveland, [200], [437].
Acosta, [10].
Ader, C. F., [222–226].
Aërial Experiment Association, [264–267], [305].
Aëro Club of America, [243], [244], [322], [323].
of France, [106], [256], [258], [259], [301].
of Great Britain, [287].
Aëro Corporation Limited, [322].
Aërodrome, [111], [194], [240], [292].
Aëronat, [126].
Aëronautic meteorology, [347] et seq.
Aëronautic Society of New York, [284].
Aëronautical Annual, [215], [227], [427].
Aëronautics, [252].
Aërophile, [130], [166], [340].
Aëroplanes, Ader’s, [222–226].
advances in, in 1909, [283], [284].
Aërial Experiment Association’s, [264–267].
Antoinette, [288], [289], [320], [324].
Blériot’s, [267–270], [286], [287], [290–292], [299], [300], [309].
Bréguet’s, [313].
Chanute and Herring’s, [218–221].
Cody’s, [305].
competitive flying of, [283] et seq.
cost of, [342].
Curtiss’, [264–266], [284–286], [294–300], [316], [317], [322], [333].
Delagrange’s flights with, [261–263].
Demoiselle, [324].
Deperdussin’s, [399].
earliest public flight of, [257].
Esnault-Pélterie’s, [304], [314], [337].
Etrich’s, [335], [336].
Fabre’s, [332], [335].
Farman’s, Henri, [259–264], [298], [303], [305], [321].
Farman’s, Maurice, [305], [311].
first tour in, [268–270].
first town-to-town flight in, [264].
Grade’s, [304].
Hanriot’s, [339].
Herring’s compressed air, [221], [222].
impossibility of, [12].
Langley’s, [239–243].
launching of, [202].
Le Bris’, [203–205].
Lilienthal’s, [207–209].
Mattullath’s, [235–239].
Maxim’s, [226–228].
model, [173] et seq.
Montgomery’s, [251–255], [282].
Mouillard’s, [207–209].
Nieuport’s, [339].
nineteenth century, [202] et seq.
Paulhan’s, [324], [325].
Pilcher’s, [216–218].
public flying, [256] et seq.
reliability of, [341].
Santos-Dumont’s, [256–258], [303], [324].
stability of, [232–234].
stable and powerful, [235] et seq.
Tellier’s, [312].
utility of, [341].
Voisin’s, [259], [267], [313].
Wright brothers’, [245–249], [270–282], [309], [324], [326], [329].
Zahm’s system of control of, [229–231].
Aërostal, [22].
Æschylus, [29].
Agobard, [22].
Ailerons, [286].
Air bag, [83].
Air friction, [238], [239].
Airscout, [11], [12].
Allen, Gen. James, [271].
Alps, Chavez’s flight across, [318], [319].
Altitude records, [307–309].
American Engineer and Railway Journal, [229].
American military dirigible, [138].
Antoinette monoplane, [288], [289], [309], [320], [324], [340].
Archdeacon, Ernest, [256].
Archibald, Douglass, [77].
Archytas of Tarentum, [198].
Arlandes, Marquis de, [38–42].
Ascending trend of wind, [211].
Assman, Professor, [72].
Astra Society, [120], [123], [124].
Atmosphere, composition of, [348–350].
cyclones, tornadoes, waterspouts, [394] et seq.
general circulation of, [376–380].
general properties of, [347] et seq.
permanent and periodic winds, [376] et seq.
temperature and pressure, [363] et seq.
thunderstorms, windgusts, [422] et seq.
Aubrun, Emile, [331].
Audemars, [324].
Automobile Club of France, [321].
Bacon, Roger, [20].
Balance, complete dynamical, [234].
Baldwin, F. W., [264], [266].
Thomas S., [138].
Ballonets, [95].
Ballons sondes, [72].
Balloon, dirigible:
Baumgarten and Wölfert’s, [99].
Belgique, [129].
Blanchard’s, [79], [80].
British and American, [130], [131].
Clément-Bayard I, [123].
Clément-Bayard II, [131], [132], [133].
combined with aëroplane, [123].
Colonel Renard, [124], [126].
development of rigid, [145] et seq.
Dupuy de Lome’s, [19], [92], [93].
early experiments with Zeppelin, [147–150].
early gasoline driven, [10] et seq.
electric, [92–97].
España, [124], [126], [127].
first designs for, [78–86].
general design of Zeppelin, [146], [147].
German aërial fleet, [141], [142].
German nonrigid, [138].
Giffard’s, [90], [91], [98].
Gross type of, [138], [139], [140], [471–473].
Hänlein’s, [98].
Hopkinson’s suggestion for, [84].
Italian, [130].
Jaune, [115], [116].
Jefferson’s suggestion for, [84].
Jullien’s model, [88].
Lebaudy, [116], [117].
Lebaudy’s, [115–120], [134–137].
Liberté, [120].
maneuvers at Cologne, [143], [144].
Meusnier’s designs for, [85], [86].
Miolan and Janinet’s, [81].
Morning Post, [134].
muscular driven, [80], [82], [85], [92].
Parseval type of, [138], [139], [140–143], [473–476].
Patrie, [115], [118], [119].
Porter’s, [86], [87].
practical development of nonrigid, [115] et seq.
practical speed of, [101].
Renard and Krebs’, [93–97].
Republique, [115], [118], [119], [466].
Robert’s, [81], [82], [83].
Russie, [120].
Santos-Dumont’s, [102–114].
Schwartz’s, [99], [100].
steam, [87], [89].
successful military, [456].
two systems of, [101].
types of, [122].
U. S. Military I, [138], [476], [477].
Ville de Nancy, [124], [125].
Ville de Paris, [120–123], [467–471].
voyage of across English channel, [132], [136], [137].
in Zeppelin, [153–156].
Zeppelin IV, explosion, [157], [158].
Zeppelin passenger service, [167–169].
Zeppelin type of, [145–169].
Zodiac type of, [127], [128], [129].
passive:
cabinet for lofty ascents in, [71], [72].
Charles’ passenger, [42], [43].
cruise of, from London to Weilburg, [54].
dragon fire-inflated, [20].
earliest conceptions of, [18], [29].
earliest experiments with, [30], [31], [32].
early history of, [29] et seq.
first coal gas, [54].
first human passengers in, [38].
first hydrogen, [35].
first passengers in, [37].
first scientific ascension in, [44], [45].
Glashier’s observations in, [64–70].
highest ascent of, [69], [70], [71], [72].
instruments and adjuncts to, [76], [77].
largest hot air, [48–50].
largest gas, [70], [71].
longest voyage of, [74].
modern spherical, [75].
Nadar’s Geant, [60], [61].
practical development of, [54] et seq.
principle of, [18].
public inauguration of, [33], [34].
recent improvements in, [76], [77].
ripping panel of, [74], [75].
sounding and pilot, [72].
voyage across the Atlantic in, [74], [75].
across the English channel in, [50], [52].
Paris to Meaux in, [61], [62].
Paris to Nienburg in, [62], [63].
Balsan, [74].
Baltimore aviation meet, [319].
Baltimore Sun, [319].
Barometric pressure, [363] et seq.
distribution of, [370–374].
gradient of, [370].
high and low areas of, [372].
hygrometric features of, [373].
mechanical features of, [373], [374].
modifying conditions of, [371], [373].
surfaces and lines of equal, [370], [371].
Basenach, [138].
Baumgarten, [99].
Belgique, the, [129].
Bell, A. G., [194], [244], [264–267].
Bell, Mrs. A. G., [264].
Belmont Park, [310], [322].
Bennett international contests, [75], [292–301], [325], [326].
Berson, Professor, [70].
Betheny Plain, [292].
Bielovucic, Jean, [313].
Bigelow, Professor, [412], [413].
Biplane, [174], [220].
Birds, armed against airships, [11].
as men carriers, [10], [11], [12].
major limit of, [11], [12].
Bishop, Cortlandt Field, [285].
Black, [29].
Blanchard, [15], [16], [18], [50], [79], [80].
Blériot, Louis, [267–270], [286], [287], [290–292], [299–300], [380–382].
Bréguet, Louis, [313].
Brookins, Walter, [309], [326].
Brown, D. S., [193].
Bubbles, soap and varnish, [30].
Calm belts, [381].
Cammerman, Lieutenant, [314].
Cardan, [10].
Catapult, [240], [338].
Cavallo, [30], [31].
Cavendish, [29].
Cayley, Sir George, [181], [182].
Chanute, Octave, [15], [181], [218–221], [245], [250], [256], [260].
Charles, [35].
Charlière, [42].
Chauvière, [125], [136], [331], [339].
Chavez, George, [318], [319].
Circuit de l’Est, [339], [331].
Clément-Bayard, the, [123], [131–133], [456–459].
Cody, S. F., [305].
Colonel Renard, the, [124], [126].
Compagnie General Transaerienne, [124].
Control, three rudder system of, [229–331].
Coulomb, [17], [18].
Country Life, [321].
Coxwell, [64–70].
Critical temperature and pressure, [351].
Cross-country records, [311–314].
Curtiss, Glenn H., [138], [264–266], [282], [284–286], [294–300], [316], [317], [322], [323], [481] et seq.
Cyclone, frequency of, [403], [404].
motions and pressures in, [395], [400].
motive power of, [395].
nature of, [394].
progression of, [401–403].
stationary, [403].
Daedalus, [3], [4], [5], [6].
Daily Mail, London, [314].
Daimler engine, [99], [150].
Dante, J. B., [13], [14].
Dauberck, Dr. W., [403].
Da Vinci, [8], [9].
De Bacqueville, [13], [14].
Delagrange, Leon, [261–263].
Delcourt, Dupuis, [100].
De Laland, [16], [18].
De Lesseps, Count, [327], [328].
De Lome, Dupuis, [91], [92], [93].
Demoiselle monoplanes, [324].
Déperdussin, [339].
Deutsche de la Meurthe, 120 259.
Dew point, [358].
Dientsbach, Carl, [vii], [164].
Distance records, [311–314].
Doldrums, [381].
Doubleday, Page & Co., [478].
Drift, defined, [186].
Dubonnet, [312].
Du Cros, Arthur, [131].
Dutrieu, Helene, [321].
Dynamic flyers, [174].
Endurance records, [311–314].
Engine, Daimler, [99], [150], [163].
Gnome, [312].
Körting, [139].
Mercedes, [140].
Panhard-Levassor, [136].
Rénault, [311].
Vivinus, [129].
Engineering News, [435].
English Channel flights, [50–53], [56], [137], [289–292].
English military dirigibles, [130–137].
Eole, [223].
Equator of balloon, [76].
Equilibrium, of angels, [7], [8].
Esnault-Pélterie, Robert, [304], [314], [337], [340].
España, the, [124], [126], [127].
Espy, [419], [420].
Etrich, Igo, [335], [336].
Fabre, [332–335].
Farman, Henri, [259–264], [298], [303], [305], [321].
Maurice, [305], [311].
Federation Aëronautique International, [322], [323].
Fequant, Lieutenant, [312].
Ferber, Captain, [256].
Ferrel, W., [356], [376–379], [397], [413], [436].
Fin, [229].
Flesselle, the, [48], [49], [50].
Flexible balloons, [122], [123].
Fluctuating winds, [427–439].
cause of, [436–438].
impact of, [435], [436].
Flying machine, impossibility of, [12], [17].
Flying machine models, [173] et seq.
Abbe’s proposed, [200].
Cayley’s aërial glider, [181], [182].
Da Vinci’s helicopter, [175].
Da Vinci’s parachute, [177], [178].
Forlanini’s helicopter, [200].
Garnerin’s parachute, [179].
Hargrave’s, [190], [191].
Helicopter, [198–201].
Henson’s aëroplane, [182–184].
Henson and Stringfellow’s, [184], [185], [187].
Langley’s, [192–197].
Launoy and Bienvenu’s, [198], [199].
Lenormand’s parachute, [177], [178].
Paper traveling parachutes, [180], [181].
Penaud’s toy, [188].
Phillips’ aëroplane, [191], [192].
Phillips’ helicopter, [199].
Tatin’s aëroplane, [189].
Veranzio’s parachute, [177], [178].
Wenham’s aëroplane, [185], [186].
Zanonia Macrocarpa, [180].
Forbes, A. Holland, [6].
Forlanini, Professor, [200].
Fort Myer flights, [138], [272], [275–281].
Foulois, Lieutenant Benjamin, [278].
France, the, [93–97].
Franklin, Benjamin, [48], [446].
Free air, composition of, [349].
conditions of precipitation in, [351], [352].
critical points of constituents of, [351].
dynamical properties of dry, [353], [356].
friction of, [239].
humidity and density of, [358–361].
kinds of expansion of, [361], [362].
properties of moist, [357], [361].
French Academy, [17], [35].
French dirigibles, [88–129].
Garnerin, Jacques, [179].
Garros, [324].
Gasnier, Réné, [340].
German Airship Society, [166], [167].
German dirigibles, [138–169].
Giffard, Henri, [71], [88], [89], [90], [91].
Glaisher, James, [68–70].
Gliding machines, [203–221], [245–248].
Gnome engine, [312], [331], [340].
Godard, [62], [74], [129].
Gold-beater skin balloons, [30], [88].
Grade, [314].
Grahame-White, Claude, [315], [316], [319], [325], [327], [328].
Gravitational stability, [233].
Green, Charles, [54].
Gross, Major von, [138].
Gross dirigibles, [138], [139], [140].
Guide rope, or drag rope, [56], [76], [111], [114].
Hailstorms and hailstones, [415–419].
Hamilton, C. K., [313].
Hammer, W. J., [vii].
Hangar, [126].
Hänlein, [98], [99].
Hann, [365].
Hanriot, [339].
Hargrave, Lawrence, [190], [191], [250], [260], [339].
Harmon, Clifford B., [321].
Hawley, A. R., [75].
Hazen, Prof. H. A., [435].
Hearne, [131], [228].
Helicopters, [198–201].
Helmholtz, Prof. Ludvig von, [436–438].
Henson, [182–184].
Herring, A. M., [218–222], [245], [271].
Holland, Robert, [54].
Hopkinson, Francis, [84].
Horner, [414].
Hoxsey, Arch, [309], [324].
Huffaker, E. C., [247].
Hull, best forms of, [88], [97], [98], [113].
stiffening of, by internal pressure, [83], [86].
Humidity, absolute, [359].
percentage of, [358].
Humphreys, Dr. W. J., [vii], [349], [370].
Hydro-aëroplanes, [332–334], [481] et seq.
Hydrogen balloon, invention of, [29–31], [35].
first ascent of, [36].
Hydrogen bubbles, [29].
Icarus, [3], [4], [5].
Ice, launching from, [265].
Indian seed parachute, [180].
Inherent stability, [229].
Insolation, effect on density of air, [364].
quantity of, received, [364–366].
Isobaric lines and surfaces, [371].
Isothermal lines, surfaces, [366], [367].
Isothermal layer, [370].
Italian Aviation Society, [318].
Italian military dirigibles, [130].
Jaune, the, [115], [116].
Jefferson, Thomas, [84].
Jeffries, [50].
Johnstone, Ralph, [309], [324], [329].
Jullien, [88].
Julliot, Henri, [115], [134], [136].
June Bug, the, [266], [267].
Kai Kaoos, [8], [9], [10].
Kapferer, H., [120], [294].
Keel surface, [120].
Kinet, Daniel, [312].
Kinetic stability, [233].
Kite balloon, [77].
Körting, [139].
Krebs, Captain, [93–97].
Kress, Wilhelm, [214].
La Belgique, [129].
La España, [124], [126], [127].
La Flesselle, [48], [49], [50].
La France, [93–97].
Lahm, Lieutenant Frank P., [272], [277].
La Liberté, [120].
Lambert, Count de, [273], [302].
Lana, [23], [24].
La Nature, [312].
Land-and-sea breezes, [392].
Landelle, G. de la, [203].
Langley, S. P., [187], [192–197], [211], [231], [232], [239–245], [251], [427], [433], [434], [439].
La Patrie, [115], [118], [119], [459–465].
La République, [115], [118], [119].
La Russie, [120].
Latent heat of condensation, [364].
Lateral balance of aëroplane, [229–231].
Latham, Hubert, [283], [288–290], [291], [319], [320], [324].
Launching an aëroplane, [202], [230], [256], [258], [259], [265].
Launching methods, [202], [240], [258], [259], [265].
Launoy and Bienvenu, [198], [199].
Laurens, [314].
La Ville de Paris, [120–123].
Lebaudy, the, [116], [117].
Le Blanc, Alfred, [273], [290], [310], [313], [326], [331].
Le Clément-Bayard, [123], [131–133], [456–459].
Le Colonel Renard, [124], [126].
Lefebvre, [293].
Leganeaux, U. G., [311], [319].
Lenormand, Sebastien, [177], [178].
Levino, A. S., [vii].
Lift, defined, [186].
Lilienthal, Otto, [210–216], [250].
London Daily Mail, [289].
Loomis, [402], [414].
Lord Rayleigh, [6], [427].
McCurdy, J. A. D., [264].
MacMechen, [164].
Madison, James, [84].
Malecot, [123].
Maloney, D., [251–255].
Manley, Charles M., [242], [245], [251], [285].
Marconnet, Captain, [312].
Marey, Professor, [427].
Marvin, Prof. C. F., [435].
Mason, Monck, [55].
Mattullath, Hugo, [231], [235–239].
Maxim, Sir Hiram S., [226–228], [245].
Mendoza, [19].
Mercedes, [140].
Meteorological Journal, [435].
Meusnier, General, [85], [86].
Michelin prize, [273], [303], [311], [314], [321].
Milton, [7].
Moisant, John, [31], [328].
Monaco, Prince of, [111].
Monge, Marey, [100].
Monoplane, [174].
Monsoons, [385–391].
Montgolfier, [29], [37], [50].
Montgolfière, [42].
Montgomery, Prof. J. J., [251–255], [282], [339].
Moore, Willis L., [349], [405], [422].
Morane, [310].
Morning Post, [131], [134–137].
Motors, [340].
Antoinette, [254], [258].
Clément-Bayard, [458].
Daimler, [99], [150], [163].
Electrical, [92], [95].
Gnome, [312].
Körting, [139].
Mercedes, [140].
Panhard-Levassor, [136].
Rénault, [311].
steam, [228], [234].
Vivinus, [129].
Mouillard, L. P., [206–209].
Mountain-and-valley winds, [293].
Munn & Co., [481].
Muscular flight, [3–7].
Nadar’s balloon, the Geant, [60].
Nassau, Great Balloon of, [55].
Nature, [217], [427].
Nieuport, [339].
Northcliffe, Lord, [305].
Olieslaegers, Jan, [311].
Orthopters, [174].
Ovid, [3].
Panhard-Levassor, [136].
Parachutes, [176–81].
Parseval dirigibles, [138], [140–143].
Parseval, Major von, [77], [138].
Passive fliers, [174].
Patrie, the, [115], [118], [119], [459–465].
Paulhan, Louis, [284], [293–296], [305], [311], [315], [316], [317], [324], [325].
Peltier, H., [456].
Pénaud, A., [188].
Pendular stability, [233].
Philadelphia Ledger, the, [313].
Phillips, Horatio, [191], [192], [199].
Picardie military maneuvers, [131].
Pilcher, [216–218], [246].
Polignac, Marquis de, [301].
Porter, Rufus, [86], [87].
Post, Augustus, [6], [75].
Power expended in flight, [6], [7].
Power flyers, [174].
Pressure, critical, [351].
atmospheric, [370–374].
Preussen, the, [70].
Projectile stability, [232].
Propeller, Chauvière, [125], [136].
Puy de Dome, [314].
Pylons, [292].
Rayleigh, Lord, [6], [427].
Records, aëroplane,
altitude, [307–309].
cross-country, [311–314].
distance, [311].
duration, [311–314].
load, [311–314].
speed, [310–311].
Red Wing, [265], [266].
Relative humidity, [358].
Renard, Captain, [93–97], [210].
République, the, [115], [118], [119].
Reye, Dr., [414].
Rheims aviation contests, [292–301].
Riedinger, August, [140].
Rigid balloons, [122].
Robert, [42], [45], [81], [82], [83].
Roc, [11].
Rolls, Hon. C. S., [321].
Romain, [52].
Rotch, A. Lawrence, [380–382].
Rougier, [302].
Rozier, Pilâtre de, [38], [52].
Rudders, aëroplane, [245], [246].
three-torque, [229–231], [247], [248].
Ruskin, John, [7].
Russie, the, [120].
Ryan, Allan A., [327].
Thomas F., [327].
Sabathier, [131], [132].
Saddle bird, [8].
Saint-Marcq, Com. Le Clément, [438].
Sandt, Emile, [153].
Santos-Dumont, Alberto, [102–114], [303], [324], [356–359].
Saturation, [358].
Scaliger, [10].
Schottus, [19].
Schwartz, [99], [100].
Scientific American, [86], [153], [443], [481].
Screw, da Vinci’s, [176].
metal, [340].
radial-arm, [129], [242], [340].
wooden, [339].
Selfridge, Lieutenant T., [264], [265].
Signal Corps Dirigible No. 1, [138], [476], [477].
Signal Corps, U. S., [vi], [271], [272], [276–281].
Signal Service, U. S., [417–419].
Sigsfeld, Captain von, [77].
Silver Dart, [305].
Skin-friction, [238], [239].
Soaring, early attempts at, [13].
winds helpful to, [303], [393], [403], [431], [425–459].
Society for the Study of Motor Air Ships, [138].
Sommer, Roger, [284], [293].
Sopwith, Thomas, [314].
Speed records, [310], [311].
Spratt, G. A., [247].
Squier, Major George Owen, [279], [459].
St. Louis tornado, [412], [413].
Stabilizing planes, [86].
Stability and steadiness, artificial, [229–231].
automatic, [218], [220], [229].
three-axial, [229], [234].
Statoscope, [76].
Statue of Liberty Prize, [325].
Stringfellow, [184], [185], [187].
Surcouf, [115].
Süring, Dr., [70].
Tabuteau, Maurice, [311].
Tasso, [3].
Tatin, Victor, [189].
Tellier monoplane, [312].
Temperature, critical, [351].
distribution of, [366–370].
gradient, [367].
vertical gradient, [367–369].
Temperature of the air, [363] et seq.
Teisserenc de Bort, [380–382].
The New York Times, [313].
Three-rudder principle, [229–232].
Thunderstorms, genesis and propagation of, [423], [424].
nature of, [422] et seq.
Tidswell, Ella, [216].
Tissandier, Gaston, [273], [283], [293].
Tornadoes, bursting of, [419–420] et seq.
destructive power of, 409, [410].
dry, [420], [421].
dynamics of, [406–409].
genesis of, [405–406].
hail and snow, [415–419].
misty, [411] et seq.
nature of, [404].
sections of, [409–417].
Tractional balance, [254].
Trade-winds and antitrade, [380–383].
Transatlantic voyages, [74], [75], [381], [383].
Triplanes, [175].
Types of flyers, [174].
balloons, [122].
United States Signal Corps, [vi], [271], [272], [276–281].
United States War Department, [138], [196], [271], [272], [275–281].
United States Weather Bureau, [vi].
Vacuum balloon, [18], [24], [25], [443–445].
Van der Born, [312].
Varnish bubbles, [30].
Vaulx, Count de la, [74], [127], [129].
Veranzio, Fauste, [177].
Ville de Nancy, the, [124], [125].
Ville de Paris, the, [120–123].
Vivinus, [129].
Voisin, [259], [267], [313].
Von Bezold, [424].
Waterspouts, analysis of St. Louis, [412], [413].
nature of, [411] et seq.
Weiller prize, [314].
Wellman, Walter, [25], [75], [383].
Wenham, [185], [186], [245].
Weyman, [314], [331].
White Wing, the, [266].
Wilkins, [10].
Winans, Ross, [320].
Wind gusts, distribution of, [425], [426].
energy of, [435], [436].
instrumental study of, [427–459].
nature of, [425] et seq.
soaring value of, [426], [427], [439].
sustaining force of, [426].
Winds, ascending trend of, [211].
cause of periodic, [383].
cyclonic, [394] et seq.
diurnal, [392–393].
dry whirl, [420], [421].
fluctuations of, [427–439].
general cause of, [363], [364].
kinds of permanent, [380].
kinds of periodic, [383].
monsoon, [385], [391].
nonperiodic, [394] et seq.
nonvortical, [422] et seq.
permanent and periodic, [376] et seq.
prevailing westerlies, [380], [382], [383].
trade-winds and antitrade, [380], [381].
useful for voyages, [381], [383].
in soaring, [303], [393], [403], [421], [425–439].
Wise, John, [73], [74], [383], [415], [416].
Wölfert, [99].
World, the New York, [313], [316].
Wright brothers, [245–251], [270–282], [309], [324], [326], [329], [338], [478].
Wynmalen, Henri, [321].
Zahm, [30], [97], [113], [221], [229–231], [239], [245], [334], [427–432], [443].
Zanonia Macrocarpa, [180].
Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von, [102].
Zeppelin Airship Construction Co., [158], [161].
Zeppelin dirigibles, [145], [169].
Zodiac balloons, [127], [128], [129].

FOOTNOTES:

[1] With apologies to the California professor who will ride on wings worked by muscular force alone.

[2] Mr. A. Holland Forbes and Mr. Augustus Post, in the international balloon race of 1908, used a balloon having too long a neck, thus causing such pressure at its top as to burst the bag. A dreadful plunge ensued, landing them on a house, but without injury, as the netting and collapsed bag dampened their speed of fall. It is reported that they crashed through the skylight, and that the lady of the house regretted not being there to receive them.

[3] Mechanical Principles of Flight.

[4] The reader may like to know that the basis of so much confidence was that ancient Euclidean theorem connecting the surfaces and volumes of similar figures with certain powers of their homologous linear dimensions.