FACING
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[Plate I]
Glaisher and Coxwell.
Parseval Kite Balloon.

66

[Plate II]
Haenlein’s Gas-driven Dirigible.
Wölfert’s Benzine-driven Dirigible.
Santos-Dumont’s Dirigible, No. 16.

98

[Plate III]
The Lebaudy.
La Patrie.
Lebaudy’s Morning Post.

116

[Plate IV]
La Ville de Paris.
Colonel Renard.

124

[Plate V]
Zodiac III.
Zodiac IV.

128

[Plate VI]
La Belgique.
Italian Military Dirigible No. I bis.

130

[Plate VII]
Clément-Bayard I.
Clément-Bayard II.

132

[Plate VIII]
U. S. Signal Corps Dirigible I.
Gross II.

138

[Plate IX]
Parseval I.
Parseval II.

140

[Plate X]
Gross III.
Zeppelin Airship Structure.

146

[Plate XI]
Zeppelin Dirigible Resting on the Water.
Zeppelin Dirigible over Zürich.

160

[Plate XII]
Henson’s Aëroplane.
Ader’s Aëroplane.

182

[Plate XIII]
Stringfellow’s Aëroplane (Front).
Stringfellow’s Aëroplane (Side).

186

[Plate XIV]
Phillips’s Tethered Aëroplane.
Phillips’s Aëroplane.

192

[Plate XV]
Langley’s Steam Model.
Langley’s Gasoline Model.
Langley’s Two Surface Gasoline Model.

194

[Plate XVI]
Lilienthal’s Monoplane Glider.
Lilienthal’s Biplane Glider.
Pilcher’s Monoplane Glider.

212

[Plate XVII]
Chanute’s Five-Deck Glider.
Herring in Chanute Biplane.
Herring’s Compressed-air Biplane.

218

[Plate XVIII]
Maxim’s Aëroplane.
Langley’s Large Aëroplane.

226

[Plate XIX]
First Wright Glider.
Second Wright Glider.

246

[Plate XX]
First Wright Aëroplane (Rear).
First Wright Aëroplane (Side).

248

[Plate XXI]
Montgomery’s Aëroplane.

252

[Plate XXII]
Santos-Dumont’s Biplane.
Santos-Dumont’s Demoiselle.

258

[Plate XXIII]
Farman Biplane, 1908.
Farman Biplane, 1909.
Harmon in Farman Biplane.

260

[Plate XXIV]
The Red Wing.
Curtiss Biplane.
Curtiss Biplane with Pontoons.

264

[Plate XXV]
Blériot Flying Over Toury-Artenay Circuit.
Blériot Monoplane No. VIII.
Blériot Monoplane No. IX.

268

[Plate XXVI]
Wright Biplane of 1908.
Standard Wright Biplane of 1910.
Wright Racing Biplane of 1910.

272

[Plate XXVII]
Blériot XI with Moisant Aviator on Mexican Border.
Blériot XII.

286

[Plate XXVIII]
Antoinette Monoplane of 1909.
Antoinette Monoplane of 1910.

288

[Plate XXIX]
Esnault-Pélterie Monoplane, Early Pattern.
Esnault-Pélterie Monoplane of 1910.

302

[Plate XXX]
Grade Monoplane.
Cody Biplane.

304

[Plate XXXI]
Fabre Hydro-aëroplane.
Paulhan Hydro-aëroplane.
Moisant Metal Monoplane.

332

[Plate XXXII]
Curtiss Starting from the Water.
Curtiss Biplane for Land and Water.
Curtiss Triplane Risen from the Water.

482

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

FIG. PAGE
1.—[Da Vinci’s designs for human flying-gear]9
2.—[A possible air-scout]12
3.—[Blanchard’s flying-machine]17
4.—[Lana’s proposed vacuum balloon]24
5.—[Montgolfier’s experimental balloon]34
6.—[Charles’ first hydrogen balloon]36
7.—[Montgolfier’s passenger balloon]39
8.—[Charles’ passenger balloon]43
9.—[La Flesselle]50
10.—[The Great Balloon of Nassau]55
11.—[Car of Nadar’s balloon]61
12.—[Diagram of a modern spherical balloon with ripping panel]75
13.—[Blanchard’s dirigible balloon, 1784]80
14.—[Robert Brothers’ dirigible, 1784]82
15.—[General Meusnier’s proposed dirigible, 1784]85
16.—[Rufus Porter’s dirigible, 1820]87
17.—[Jullien’s model dirigible, 1850]88
18.—[Giffard’s steam dirigible, 1852]89
19.—[Dupuy de Lome’s dirigible, 1872]92
20.—[Renard’s dirigible, La France, 1884]94
21.—[La Ville de Paris]121
22.—[Le Petit Journal, Zodiac type]128
23.—[Clément-Bayard II, 1910]133
24.—[Morning Post dirigible, 1910]135
25.—[Route of British military dirigibles from France to England, 1900]137
26.—[Da Vinci’s helicopter]175
27.—[Da Vinci’s parachute]176
28.—[Veranzio’s parachute]178
29.—[Lenormand’s parachute, 1784]179
30.—[Paper traveling parachute]181
31.—[Wenham’s aëroplane, 1866]185
32.—[Penaud’s aëroplane toy, 1871]187
33.—[Tatin’s aëroplane model, 1879]188
34.—[Hargrave’s model screw monoplane, 1891]190
35.—[Hargrave’s kite]191
36.—[Launoy and Bienvenu’s helicopter, 1784]198
37.—[Forlanini’s helicopter, 1878]200
38.—[Le Bris’ aëroplane, 1855]204
39.—[Mouillard’s aëroplane]208
40.—[Blériot’s Toury-Artenay aëroplane circuit, 1908]269
41.—[Map of the “Circuit de l’Est”]330
42.—[Diagram of Curtiss hydro-aëroplane]333
43.—[The Etrich monoplane of 1910]336
44.—[Summer and winter average vertical temperature gradients]369
45.—[General circulation of the atmosphere]378
46.—[Normal Wind direction and velocity for January and February (Köppen)]381
47.—[Normal Wind direction and velocity for July and August (Köppen)]383
48.—[Trade and counter-trade winds]384
49.—[Velocity diagram in horizontal section of a cyclone]398
50.—[Funnel-like cloud sometimes observed in a tornado]409
51.—[Vertical section of the St. Louis, Mo., tornado of May 27, 1896]411
52.—[Horizontal section of St. Louis tornado of May 27, 1896]412
53.—[Vertical section of short tornado]414
54.—[Vertical section of a tall tornado]415
55.—[Vertical section of a hail tornado]417
56.—[Universal anemograph]428
57.—[Records of wind variation in horizontal and vertical direction]429
58.—[Records of Wind speed obtained by Langley]433

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION