These matters are involved with a number of factors—the stature, the breadth of the vault, and the development and direct influence of the temporal muscles, besides hereditary conditions. Their proper study will necessitate even more—in fact, much more—material than is now at our disposal.
The following table gives the distribution of the upper cranial facial index in the various groups. Of the two indices that of the whole face, including the lower jaw, is the less valuable; first, because the jaw is often absent; second, because it is influenced by the height of the lower jaw, which does not correlate perfectly with the upper; and third, on account of the wear of the teeth, which in such people as the Eskimo is very common and diminishes more or less the total height of the face. Its averages in the three main groupings have already been given. Its figures are not very exceptional.
| Southwestern and Midwestern | |
|---|---|
| (6) | |
| Pilot Station, Lower Yukon | 53.6 |
| (5) | |
| Cape Nome and Port Clarence | 54.0 |
| (10) | |
| Hooper Bay | 54.4 |
| (9) | |
| Mumtrak | 54.5 |
| (93) | |
| Nunivak Island | 54.6 |
| (262) | |
| St. Lawrence Island | 54.9 |
| (8) | |
| Togiak and vicinity | 55.0 |
| (24) | |
| Indian Point (Siberia) | 55.1 |
| (23) | |
| Nelson Island | 55.2 |
| (4) | |
| Southwestern Alaska | 55.4 |
| (10) | |
| St. Michael Island | 55.5 |
| (25) | |
| Pastolik | 55.7 |
| (4) | |
| Chukchee | 55.8 |
| (11) | |
| Little Diomede Island | 56.0 |
| Northwestern | |
| (190) | |
| Point Hope | 52.8 |
| (2) | |
| Kotzebue | 53.7 |
| (17) | |
| Shishmaref | 54.1 |
| (42) | |
| Igloos north of Barrow | 54.1 |
| (41) | |
| Barrow | 54.8 |
| (75) | |
| Point Barrow | 55.2 |
| (31) | |
| Wales | 55.4 |
| Northern and northeastern | |
| (9) | |
| Smith South | 51.7 |
| (14) | |
| Southampton Island | 52.3 |
| (23) | |
| Baffin Land and vicinity | 53.8 |
| (90) | |
| Greenland | 54.1 |
| (7) | |
| Hudson Bay and vicinity | 54.3 |
| (11) | |
| Northern Arctic | 56.6 |
The upper facial index of the Eskimo skull is high, though there is considerable group variation. The reason is the height of the upper face, for which the accompanying considerable expansion of the zygomatic arches does not fully compensate. In the white groups this index ranges from approximately 50 to 54; it averages 52.9 in 15 Algonquian and 53.1 in 12 Siouan tribes. The means in the large Eskimo groupings are from a little below 54 to a little over 55. Its regional differences have already been mentioned. Sex differences in the index are very small. There are a number of points of significant agreement, the foremost of which is once more that in the case of Barrow and Point Barrow, and especially that of the Old Igloos near Barrow and Greenland.
THE NOSE
Equally as engaging as the whole face of the Eskimo skull is the cranial nose. Our data throw much light on this feature also.
Where the dimensions of the whole face are altered by some cause the nose can not remain unaffected. This is especially true of its height, which correlates directly and closely with that of the face proper; the correlation of the breadth of the nose with that of the face is weaker and more irregular, but not absent where not counteracted by other factors. Accordingly with the high Eskimo upper face there is found also a high nose, both being the highest known to anthropometry. But the nasal breadth, instead of responding to the considerable facial breadth, has become smaller, until in some of the Eskimo groups it is the smallest of all known human groups. There is plainly another potent factor in action here. This factor could conceivably be connected simply with the above-average growth of the facial bones; but if this were so then individuals with smaller development of these bones ought to have broader noses, and vice versa. This point can readily be tested. Taking the largest and best cranial series, that of St. Lawrence Island, and selecting the skulls with the smallest and the largest faces, the facts come out as follows:
| Smallest development of face | Largest development of face | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Face height (upper) | Face breadth | Breadth of nasal aperture | Face height | Face breadth | Breadth of nasal aperture | |
| 10 males | 7.52 | 13.64 | 2.37 | 8.46 | 14.79 | 2.49 |
| 10 females | 6.81 | 12.56 | 2.37 | 7.54 | 14.02 | 2.40 |
| Percentage relation of breadth of nose to mean diameter of face: | ||||||
| Male | 22.4 | 21.4 | ||||
| Female | 24.5 | 22.2 | ||||