Anthropological Survey in Alaska

by Aleš Hrdlička

Eskimo Skulls: Group Conditions in Facial and Alveolar Angle[159]

South and Midwest	Facial angle	Alveolar angle
	(20)
Nelson Island	66.3	51.5
	(4)
Southwest Alaska	66.8	54.5
	(4)
Chukchee	66.8	57.0
	(21)
Indian Point	67.0	56.5
	(8)
Togiak	67.0	54.0
	(242)
St. Lawrence Island	67.8	55.3
	(86)
Nunivak Island	67.8	56.5
	(23)
Pastolik	68.3	54.8
	(10)
Hooper Bay	68.3	55.3
	(10)
Little Diomede Island	68.5	57.5
	(9)
Mumtrak	68.8	55.3
	(5)
Pilot Station, Yukon	68.8	52.0
	(10)
St. Michael Island	70.0	56.8
Northwest
	(11)
Sledge Island	69.5	54.9
	(31)
Wales	67.8	56.0
	(17)
Shishmaref	68.3	55.8
	(73)
Point Barrow	69.5	56.0
	(43)
Barrow	69.8	56.8
	(181)
Point Hope	70.5	56.5
North and northeast
	(11)
North Arctic	68.5	54.5
	(24)
Baffin Land	70.0	55.0
	(87)
Greenland	69.8	53.8
	(35)
Old Igloos near Barrow	70.3	55.8
	(7)
Hudson Bay	70.3	56.8
	(12)
Southampton Island	71	55

ESKIMO CRANIA
Southwestern and Western Alaska, Bering Sea Islands, and Asiatic Coast
MALES

	Prince William Sound	Kodiak Island	Unalaska Peninsula	Nushagak Bay and Kanakanak	Togiak	Mumtrak	Nunivak Island	Nelson Island Tanunok Village	Hooper Bay	Lower Yukon and delta	Pilot Station, lower Yukon	Kotlik and Pastolik	St. Michael Island	St. Lawrence Island	Little Diomede Island	Northeastern Asia
																Indian Point (E. Cape)	Puotin (NW. of E. Cape)	Chukchi (in or near Bering Strait)
Vault:	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(153)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Length	18.1	18.6	17.8	17.4	18.30	18.10	18.81	18.73	17.86	18.57	18.90	18.44	18.23	18.40	18.12	18.59	18.95	18.63
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(153)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Breadth	13.8	14.4	14.1	14.4	14.20	14.20	14.09	14.44	14.43	14.13	15.07	13.90	13.84	14.19	14.28	14.32	14.45	14.67
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Height	12.8	14	13.6	13.4	13.25	13.35	13.69	13.60	13.60	13.67	13.77	13.60	13.83	13.68	13.60	13.68	14.30	13.37
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Cranial Module	14.90	15.67	15.17	15.07	15.25	15.22	15.53	15.59	15.30	15.46	15.91	15.31	15.30	15.42	15.33	15.54	15.90	15.56
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(142)	(5)			(3)
Capacity	1,380	1,485		1,440	1,447	1,465	1,504	1,556	1,519	1,490	1,660	1,486	1,461	1,462	1,470			1,490
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(153)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Cranial Index	76.2	77.4	79.2	82.3	77.6	78.5	75	77.2	80.8	76.1	79.7	75.4	75.9	77.1	78.8	77	76.3	78.7
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Mean height Index	80.3	84.8	85.3	84.3	81.6	82.7	83.2	82	84.2	83.6	81.6	84.1	86.2	84	83.9	83	85.6	80.3
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(4)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Height-breadth index	90.7	97.2	96.4	93	93.3	94	97.1	94.2	94.2	96.7	91.4	97.8	99.9	96.4	95.2	95.2	98.9	91.1
Face:		(1)		(1)	(2)	(3)	(24)	(7)	(7)		(3)	(7)	(2)	(24)
Menton-nasion		11.8		12.6	12.90	12.17	12.95	13	12.44		12.40	12.67	12.20	12.70
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(43)	(9)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(9)	(7)	(139)	(5)	(10)	(2)	(2)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.5	7.8		7.6	8	7.60	7.83	8.19	7.69	7.87	7.85	7.78	7.86	7.82	7.58	7.91	8.05	8.10
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(45)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(9)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	13.4	14.8	14.1	14.6	14.07	13.90	14.32	14.44	14.17	14.30	14.97	14.13	13.99	14.20	13.52	14.37	14.65	14.53
		(1)		(1)	(2)	(3)	(24)	(7)	(7)		(2)	(7)	(2)	(24)
Facial Index, total		79.7		86.3	95.6	88.8	90.3	90.5	87.4		82.4	90.1	87.8	88.8
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(43)	(9)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(9)	(7)	(13)	(5)	(10)	(2)	(2)
Facial Index, upper	56	49.3		52.1	56.9	55.5	54.6	56.7	54.1	55	52.2	55	56.4	55.1	56.1	55.7	55	55.7
Basio-facial:	(1)	(1)	(3)		(1)	(3)	(42)	(7)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(131)	(4)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Basion alveolar point	11	10.5	10.43		10	10.43	10.65	10.61	10.25	10.20	10.35	10.40	10.21	10.43	10.25	10.40	10.95	10.50
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(10)	(8)	(143)	(4)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Basion-subnasal point	9.4	9.4	9	8.6	9.37	9.12	9.51	9.28	9.12	9.20	9.07	9.17	9.04	9.26	9.12	9.35	9.80	9.10
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(46)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(4)	(13)	(2)	(3)
Basion-nasion	10.4	10.8	10.2	9.9	10.47	10.32	10.55	10.46	10.29	10.37	10.27	10.41	10.44	10.36	10.18	10.48	10.90	10.20
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(4)	(3)	(41)	(7)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(131)	(4)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Facial angle	65.5	72		67.5	68	69	68	66	68	69	70.5	69	69	67.5	68	67	68	66
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(4)	(3)	(41)	(7)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(131)	(4)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Alveolar angle	48.5	56.5		49	56.5	55	58	53	55.5	59.5	53	56	56.5	56.5	55.5	57	58	57.5
Orbits:	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(42)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Mean height	3.47	3.55	3.62	3.67	3.64	3.45	3.59	3.75	3.66	3.76	3.57	3.67	3.74	3.68	3.45	3.80	3.60	3.66
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(42)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Mean breadth	3.85	4.07	4	3.9	3.95	4.09	4.02	4.08	3.92	3.94	4.07	3.98	4.04	4.03	3.88	4.10	4.25	4.01
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(42)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(145)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Mean index	90.2	87.1	90.7	94.2	92.2	84.3	89.2	92	93.4	95.5	87.7	92.3	93.3	91.2	89.1	92.7	84.7	91.1
Nose:	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Height	4.9	5.1	5.4	5.3	5.57	5.49	5.35	5.59	5.41	5.45	5.37	5.44	5.36	5.42	5.30	5.57	5.47	5.63
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Breadth	2.4	2.45	2.45	2.45	2.35	2.54	2.35	2.41	2.43	2.23	2.57	2.51	2.26	2.45	2.36	2.55	2.50	2.30
	(1)	(1)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(4)	(44)	(9)	(9)	(3)	(3)	(11)	(8)	(148)	(5)	(14)	(2)	(3)
Index	49	48	45.4	46.2	42.2	46.3	43.8	43	44.9	41	47.8	46.2	42.1	45.2	44.6	45.7	45.7	40.8
Upper alveolar arch:	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(44)	(8)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(121)	(5)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Length	5.9	5.6		5.5	5.60	5.40	5.66	5.73	5.46	5.40	5.70	5.57	5.44	5.63	5.38	5.57	5.70	5.95
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(44)	(8)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(121)	(5)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Breadth	6.9	6.8		6.6	6.43	6.63	6.79	6.68	6.65	6.63	7.40	6.70	6.63	6.79	6.46	6.66	6.60	7.15
	(1)	(1)		(1)	(3)	(3)	(44)	(8)	(8)	(3)	(2)	(7)	(7)	(121)	(5)	(8)	(2)	(2)
Index	87	82.4		83.3	87	81.4	83.4	85.8	82.1	81.4	77	83.4	82.1	82.9	83.3	83.6	86.4	83.2
		(1)		(1)	(2)	(4)	(28)	(8)	(8)		(3)	(11)	(2)	(26)			(2)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis		3.3		4	3.8	3.55	4	3.91	3.63		3.63	3.75	3.65	3.62			3.90

ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued
Seward Peninsula to Point Barrow and Eastward to Greenland
MALES

	Golovnin Bay	Cape Nome	Sledge Island	Port Clarence	Wales	Shishmaref	Kotzebue	Point Hope	Barrow and vicinity	Old Igloos, southwest of Barrow	Point Barrow	Northern Arctic	Melville Peninsula	Southampton Island	Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay	Baffin Land, northern Devon, and vicinity	Smith Sound	Greenland
Vault:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(4)	(19)	(13)	(2)	(131)	(37)	(27)	(49)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Length	19.23	18	19.16	18.88	18.75	18.49	18.25	18.40	18.90	19.25	18.74	19.04	19.6	18.91	18.78	18.91	18.96	8.97
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(4)	(19)	(13)	(2)	(131)	(37)	(27)	(49)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Breadth	13.67	13.5	13.72	13.78	13.64	13.65	13.50	13.86	13.73	13.30	13.84	14.08	13.7	14.03	14.10	13.83	14.37	13.61
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Height	14.13	13.6	14.02	13.90	13.92	13.48	13.40	13.90	13.78	14.02	13.78	13.76	13.6	14.01	13.76	13.87	14.06	13.95
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Cranial Module	15.68	15.03	15.63	15.57	15.66	15.19	15.05	15.39	15.46	15.52	15.44	15.63	15.63	15.65	15.55	15.55	15.81	15.51
	(3)	(1)	(5)		(18)	(11)	(2)	(126)			(5)			(9)	(1)		(7)	(42)
Capacity	1,483	1,325	1,498		1,474	1,395	1,398	1,474			1,324			1,563	1,450		1,566	1,518
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(4)	(19)	(13)	(2)	(131)	(37)	(27)	(49)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Cranial Index	71.1	75	71.6	73	72.8	73.8	74	75.3	72.6	69.1	73.9	74	70	74.2	75.1	73.1	75.8	71.8
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Mean height Index	85.9	86.1	85.3	84.8	85.9	84	84.4	86.2	84.6	86.2	84.7	83.1	81.7	85.1	83.7	84.9	84.4	85.7
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(49)
Height-breadth index	103.4	100.7	102.2	99	102	98.8	99.3	100.3	99.6	105.5	99.6	97.7	99.3	99.8	97.6	100.5	97.8	102.5
Face:	(3)	(1)	(4)	(1)	(12)	(6)	(1)	(4)		(16)	(2)	(1)	(1)	(6)	(4)	(6)	(6)	(12)
Menton-nasion	12.67	12.6	12.73	13	12.74	12.30	(11.8)	12.40		12.39	13.10	14	12.8	12.63	12.18	12.27	12.13	12.38
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(118)	(21)	(261)	(37)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(12)	(7)	(46)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.97	8	7.83	7.73	7.81	7.60	(7.3)	7.52	7.89	7.71	7.86	8.02	8	7.67	7.56	7.61	7.64	7.61
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(18)	(10)	(2)	(124)	(26)	(26)	(44)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(47)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	14.37	14.3	14.20	14.17	14.16	14.20	(13.85)	14.31	14.34	14.16	14.26	14.44		14.48	14.06	14.22	14.69	14.05
	(3)	(1)	(4)	(1)	(12)	(6)	(1)	(4)		(16)	(2)	(1)		(6)	(4)	(6)	(6)	(12)
Facial Index, total	88.2	88.1	89.3	89.7	90	87.2	88.1	6.7		86.9	90.7	94.6		87.2	87	85.9	82.4	87.1
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(114)	(20)	(24)	(36)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(12)	(7)	(45)
Facial Index, upper	55.5	55.9	55.2	54.6	55.2	53.6	54.5	52.5	55	54.5	55.1	55.5		53	53.8	53.7	52	54.1
Basio-facial:	(2)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(10)	(1)	(105)	(21)	(20)	(36)	(5)		(8)	(5)	(12)	(7)	(42)
Basion-alveolar point	10.4	10.9	10.62	10.87	10.55	10.60	10.7	10.31	10.39	10.45	10.39	10.46		10.76	10.58	10.41	10.26	10.54
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(18)	(11)	(2)	(123)	(28)	(27)	(45)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(47)
Basion-subnasal point	9.57	9.9	9.58	9.63	9.43	9.44	(9.20)	9.28	9.31	9.33	9.23	9.20		9.52	9.52	9.24	9.39	9.32
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(12)	(2)	(128)	(35)	(27)	(47)	(5)		(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Basion-nasion	10.87	10.8	10.88	10.77	10.64	10.50	(10.45)	10.49	10.61	10.70	10.54	10.68		10.83	10.60	10.51	10.70	10.60
	(2)	(1)	(5)	(8)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(105)			(36)	(5)		(9)	(5)		(7)	(42)
Facial angle	69.5	67.5	70	68	68.5	68.5	68.5	70			69	69		69	69.5		71.4	70
	(2)	(1)	(5)	(8)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(105)			(36)	(5)		(9)	(5)		(7)	(42)
Alveolar angle	60.5	59	57	53.5	57	56	54	57			56	55		53	59		57.7	56
Orbits:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(118)	(28)	(25)	(43)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(15)	(7)	(47)
Mean height	3.66	3.42	3.64	3.62	3.67	3.60	3.48	3.63	3.60	3.62	3.61	3.82	3.9	3.67	3.58	3.56	3.54	3.64
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(118)	(28)	(25)	(43)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(15)	(7)	(47)
Mean breadth	4.20	4.05	4.03	4.03	4.09	3.98	4.05	4.03	4.04	3.97	4.02	4.22	4.3	4.06	3.97	3.98	4.11	3.99
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(118)	(28)	(25)	(43)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(15)	(7)	(47)
Mean index	87.1	84.6	90.3	89.9	89.8	90.4	85.9	90.1	89.2	91.3	89.9	90.5	90.7	90.3	90	88.8	86.7	91.4
Nose:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(126)	(29)	(27)	(46)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Height	5.57	5.7	5.59	5.37	5.39	5.35 (4.95)	5.36	5.52	5.45	5.48	5.44	5.4	5.43	5.14	5.32	5.73	5.24
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(126)	(29)	(27)	(46)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Breadth	2.35	2.55	2.35	2.35	2.41	2.39	2.22	2.39	2.39	2.37	2.31	2.32	2.45	2.30	2.23	2.31	2.27	2.27
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(19)	(11)	(2)	(126)	(29)	(27)	(46)	(5)	(1)	(9)	(5)	(16)	(7)	(48)
Index	42.2	44.7	42	43.8	44.8	44.6	44.9	44.6	43.4	43.6	42.2	42.6	45	42.3	45.3	43.4	39.7	43.3
Upper alveolar arch:	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(9)	(1)	(99)	(15)	(23)	(33)	(4)		(9)	(5)	(11)	(7)	(44)
Length	6.13	6.1	5.70	5.90	5.69	5.74	5.5	5.55	5.59	5.57	5.63	5.80		5.84	5.78	5.63	5.50	5.63
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(9)	(1)	(99)	(15)	(23)	(33)	(4)		(9)	(5)	(11)	(7)	(44)
Breadth	7	6.9	6.83	6.80	6.76	6.79	5.8	6.54	6.45	6.68	6.47	6.70		6.94	6.72	6.72	6.74	6.63
	(3)	(1)	(5)	(3)	(17)	(9)	(1)	(99)	(15)	(23)	(33)	(4)		(9)	(5)	(11)	(7)	(44)
Index	87.6	88.4	83.5	86.8	84.2	84.6	94.8	84.9	86.6	83.4	86.9	86.6		84.2	86	83.8	81.6	85
	(3)	(1)	(4)	(1)	(16)	(7)	(1)	(4)	(2)	(22)	(2)	(1)		(6)	(4)	(7)	(6)	(16)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis	4	3.85	3.61	4.2	3.91	3.78	3.8	3.82	3.95	3.72	3.9	4.2		3.67	3.56	3.83	3.52	3.76

ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued
Western, Northern, and Eastern Eskimo
FEMALES

	Unalaska Peninsula	Togiak	Mumtrak	Nunivak Island	Nelson Island	Hooper Bay	Yukon Delta (Kashunok) and lower Yukon	Pilot Station, lower Yukon	Kotlik and Pastolik	St. Michael Island	St. Lawrence Island	Little Diomede Island	Northeastern Asia
													Indian Point	Chukchee
Vault:	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(17)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(140)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Length	17.90	17.17	17.27	17.89	17.42	17.42	18.7	17.8	17.72	17.72	17.69	18.04	17.64	18.25
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(17)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(140)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Breadth	13.70	14.17	13.92	13.65	13.71	13.70	13.95	14	13.62	13.38	13.60	13.71	13.74	14.30
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Height	13.10	12.86	12.85	13.15	12.78	12.62	13	13.20	13.04	13.07	13.21	13.50	13.25	13.60
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Cranial Module	14.90	14.73	14.68	14.90	14.64	14.68	(15.22)	15	14.81	14.72	14.87	15.09	14.88	15.38
	(2)	(6)	(4)	(66)	(14)	(4)		(3)	(18)	(6)	(120)	(6)		(2)
Capacity	1,352	1,375	1,376	1,353	1,334	1,246		1,442	1,359	1,293	1,335	1,359		1,512
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(17)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(140)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Cranial Index	76.5	82.7	80.6	76.3	78.7	78.6	74.6	78.7	76.8	75.5	77.4	76	77.9	78.4
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Mean height Index	82.9	82	82.4	83.4	82.1	81.1	(79.2)	83	83.2	84	84.2	85	84.5	83.6
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(70)	(16)	(4)	(2)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Height-breadth index	95.6	90.7	92.3	96.4	93.2	92.2	(92.8)	94.3	95.8	97.6	96.5	98.4	96.4	95.1
Face:		(2)	(4)	(27)	(10)	(2)		(2)	(15)	(3)	(23)			(1)
Menton-nasion		12.1	11.3	11.62	11.62	11.80		11.90	11.82	11.5	11.49			11.40
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(52)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(120)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.80	7.30	7.05	7.27	7.18	7.30		7.40	7.49	7.13	7.29	7.38	7.41	7.40
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(63)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(16)	(5)	(128)	(7)	(14)	(2)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	13.40	13.12	13.1	13.27	13.37	13.37	13.9	13.47	13.26	13.12	13.31	13.09	13.34	13.25
		(2)	(4)	(26)	(10)	(2)		(2)	(15)	(3)	(23)			(1)
Facial Index, total		93.1	84.8	88.2	87	88.4		89.1	89	88.2	86.9			85.7
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(51)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(120)	(6)	(12)	(2)
Facial Index, upper	58.2	55.6	53.6	54.8	53.6	54.7		55	56.5	54.7	54.8	56	55	55.9
Basio-facial:	(2)	(4)	(6)	(45)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(111)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Basion-alveolar point	10.05	9.78	9.53	10.17	10.06	9.60		10.17	10.09	9.77	10.04	9.73	10.14	10.10
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(60)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(119)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Basion-subnasal point	8.80	8.55	8.50	8.97	8.76	8.55	8.9	8.80	8.86	8.80	8.88	8.78	8.95	9.05
	(2)	(7)	(6)	(69)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(6)	(128)	(7)	(16)	(2)
Basion-nasion	9.80	9.56	9.52	10.02	9.73	9.70	10.2	9.97	9.98	9.98	9.93	9.91	9.97	10
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(45)	(13)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(111)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Facial angle	65.5	66	68.5	67.5	66.5	68.5		67	67.5	71	68	69	67	67.5
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(45)	(13)	(2)		(3)	(16)	(3)	(111)	(6)	(13)	(2)
Alveolar angle	54.5	51.5	55.5	55	50	55		51	53.5	57	54	59.5	54	56.5
Orbits:	(2)	(3)	(6)	(59)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(121)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Mean height	3.65	3.59	3.53	3.51	3.50	3.56	3.5	3.54	3.62	3.61	3.60	3.60	3.59	3.41
	(2)	(3)	(6)	(59)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(121)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Mean breadth	3.92	3.85	3.81	3.86	3.81	3.89	3.8	3.89	3.86	3.78	3.91	4.01	3.90	3.79
	(2)	(3)	(6)	(59)	(15)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(121)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Mean index	93	93.5	92.6	91	91.8	91.7	92.1	91	94.1	95.5	92.1	89.7	91.9	90.1
Nose:	(2)	(5)	(6)	(63)	(14)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(127)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Height	5.32	5.06	5.03	4.99	5.06	4.95	5.5	5	5.19	4.95	5.13	5.15	5.16	5.20
	(2)	(5)	(6)	(63)	(14)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(127)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Breadth	2.58	2.32	2.23	2.32	2.34	2.35	2.45	2.33	2.31	2.17	2.39	2.28	2.45	2.65
	(2)	(5)	(6)	(63)	(14)	(4)	(1)	(3)	(18)	(5)	(127)	(6)	(15)	(2)
Index	47.5	45.8	44.2	46.4	46.3	47.5	44.5	46.7	44.5	43.8	46.6	44.4	47.4	50.5
Upper alveolar arch:	(2)	(4)	(6)	(46)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(15)	(3)	(109)	(4)	(12)	(2)
Length	5.55	5.18	5.03	5.39	5.39	5.25		5.40	5.45	5.40	5.37	5.30	5.44	5.45
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(46)	(14)	(2)		(3)	(15)	(3)	(109)	(4)	(12)	(2)
Breadth	6.55	6.40	6.13	6.31	6.32	6.45		6.60	6.38	6.23	6.46	6.52	6.40	6.90
	(2)	(4)	(6)	(46)	(14)	(4)		(3)	(15)	(3)	(109)	(4)	(12)	(2)
Index	84.7	80.9	82.1	84.4	85.3	81.4		81.8	85.4	86.6	83.0	81.2	85	79
		(2)	(3)	(32)	(11)	(4)		(2)	(17)	(4)	(25)			(1)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis		3.50	3.30	3.48	3.40	3.40		3.67	3.56	3.39	3.18			3.2

ESKIMO CRANIA—Continued
Western, Northern, and Eastern Eskimo—Continued
FEMALES

	Seward Peninsula			Port Clarence	Wales	Shishmaref	Kotzebue Sound and Kobuk River	Point Hope	Barrow and vicinity	Old Igloos north of Barrow	Point Barrow	Northern Arctic	Southampton Island	Hudson Bay and vicinity	Baffin Land, North Devon and vicinity	Smith Sound	Greenland
	Golovnin Bay	Cape Nome	Sledge Island
Vault:	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(10)	(1)	(92)	(36)	(25)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Length	17.92	17.70	18.13	17.63	18.05	17.73	17.2	17.5 7	17.77	18.11	17.91	18.21	18.17	17.55	18.33	18	18.04
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(10)	(1)	(92)	(36)	(25)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Breadth	13.22	13.25	13.50	13.50	13.35	13.29	13.4	13.43	13.23	12.72	13.32	13.36	13.70	13.60	13.44	13.80	12.98
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Height	13.20	13	13.22	12.90	13.21	13.16	13.4	13.20	12.97	13.21	13.03	12.99	13.69	12.55	13.34	13.65	13.12
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Cranial Module	14.78	14.65	14.95	14.68	14.87	14.72	14.67	14.72	14.66	14.72	14.75	14.85	15.18	14.57	15.04	15.15	14.72
	(4)	(2)	(8)	(1)	(15)	(6)		(89)			(3)		(6)			(1)	(43)
Capacity	1,345	1,290	1,374	1,285	1,359	1,239		1,316			1,235		1,443			1,510	1,324
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(10)	(1)	(92)	(36)	(25)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Cranial Index	73.8	74.8	74.5	76.6	73.9	75	77.9	76.4	74.5	70.2	74.4	73.4	75.4	77.5	73.3	76.7	72
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Mean height Index	84.8	83.9	83.6	82.9	84	84.9	87.6	85.2	82.9	86.4	83.4	82.3	85.9	80.6	84	85.8	84.6
	(4)	(2)	(9)	(3)	(15)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(6)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Height-breadth index	99.8	98.1	97.9	95.5	99	98.9	100	98.2	98.1	104.6	97.8	97.2	99.9	92.3	99.3	98.9	101
Face:	(3)		(3)		(11)	(1)	(1)	(2)		(15)		(1)	(3)		(5)	(2)	(5)
Menton-nasion	12.03		11.93		11.85	12	11.9	12.05		11.21		12.7	11.7		11.60	11.20	11.52
	(3)	(1)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(9)	(1)	(78)	(22)	(18)	(40)	(7)	(5)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Nasion-upper alveolar point	7.40	7.3	7.30	6.7	7.39	7.20	7.1	7.06	7.18	7.01	7.22	7.43	7.14	6.95	7.10	6.80	7.05
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(1)	(8)	(1)	(84)	(23)	(24)	(46)	(7)	(5)	(2)	(14)	(2)	(50)
Diameter-bizygomatic maximum	13.2 5	13.15	13.26	13.1	13.29	13.21	13.4	13.32	13.16	13.08	13.06	12.96	13.82	12.65	13.27	13.20	13.03
	(3)		(3)		(1)	(1)	(1)	(2)		(15)			(3)		(5)	(2)	(5)
Facial Index, total	90.9		90.9		89.6	91.6	88.5	88.3		86.8			84.8		86.6	84.9	85.7
	(3)	(1)	(7)	(1)	(1)	(8)	(1)	(77)	(21)	(18)	(39)	(6)	(5)	(2)	(11)	(2)	(45)
Facial Index, upper	55.8	55.7	55.1	51.1	55.6	54.7	53	53.1	54.7	53.8	55.3	57.8	51.7	54.9	53.9	51.5	54.1
Basio-facial:	(3)	(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(8)	(1)	(76)	(22)	(15)	(37)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Basion-alveolar point	10.27	10.3	10.25	9.8	10.24	10.38	9.2	9.72	9.85	10.13	9.77	10.03	10.02	9.4	10.13	9.35	10.09
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(8)	(1)	(83)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(10)	(4)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Basion-subnasal point	9	8.85	9.16	8.8	9.04	9.25	7.9	8.72	8.86	9.12	8.73	8.85	9.02	8.35	9.05	8.35	8.94
	(4)	(2)	(8)	(3)	(16)	(9)	(1)	(89)	(34)	(24)	(52)	(10)	(5)	(2)	(17)	(2)	(52)
Basion-nasion	10.10	10.05	10.29	9.93	10.01	10.16	9.5	9.89	10.01	10.18	9.94	10.07	10.34	9.75	10.11	9.65	10.13
		(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(8)		(75)			(37)	(6)		(2)			(45)
Facial angle		67	69	66	67	68		70			69	68		71.5			70
		(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(8)		(75)			(37)	(6)		(2)			(45)
Alveolar angle		54	53	41.5	55	55.5		56.5			55	54		54.5			54
Orbits:	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(83)	(25)	(18)	(42)	(10)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(47)
Mean height	3.57	3.52	3.58	3.55	3.52	3.43	3.30	3.54	3.61	3.47	3.55	3.50	3.64	(3.60)	3.53	3.51	3.55
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(83)	(25)	(18)	(42)	(10)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(47)
Mean breadth	3.86	3.92	3.98	3.95	3.94	3.90	3.82	3.90	3.88	4.01	3.90	3.83	4.05	(3.80)	3.88	3.96	3.85
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(2)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(83)	(25)	(18)	(42)	(10)	(4)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(47)
Mean index	92.5	89.8	90	89.4	89.3	88.1	86.3	90.8	93	91	90.7	91.4	86.6	(94.7)	91.3	88.6	92.4
Nose:	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(10)		(86)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(9)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Height	5.20	5.02	5.10	4.9	5.08	4.93	4.9	5.04	5.19	5.02	5.11	4.83	5.06	4.90	4.98	5.30	4.99
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(86)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(9)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Breadth	2.32	2.50	2.26	2.3	2.32	2.33	2.6	2.28	2.32	2.23	2.29	2.14	2.21	2.15	2.20	2.32	2.20
	(4)	(2)	(7)	(1)	(16)	(10)	(1)	(86)	(27)	(21)	(46)	(9)	(5)	(2)	(13)	(2)	(50)
Index	44.6	49.8	44.3	46.9	45.7	47.3	53.1	45.3	44.7	44.4	44.9	44.4	43.7	43.9	44.3	43.9	44
Upper alveolar arch:	(3)	(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(6)		(73)	(23)	(16)	(33)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Length	5.77	5.5	5.61	5.3	5.61	5.67	5.5	5.21	5.22	5.34	5.25	5.38	5.50	4.85	5.44	5.20	5.35
	(3)	(1)	(6)	(1)	(15)	(6)	(1)	(73)	(23)	(16)	(33)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Breadth	6.73	6.4	6.46	6.6	6.57	6.67	6.4	6.19	6.13	6.29	6.01	6.22	6.60	5.85	6.22	6.20	6.16
	(3)	(1)	(6)	(11)	(15)	(6)	(1)	(73)	(23)	(16)	(33)	(6)	(4)	(2)	(12)	(2)	(45)
Index	85.7	85.9	86.8	80.3	85.3	85	85.9	84.3	85.1	84.9	87.4	86.5	83.3	82.9	87.6	83.9	86.8
	(3)	(1)	(4)		(14)	(1)	(1)	(3)	(3)	(17)		(1)	(2)	(2)	(5)	(2)	(13)
Lower jaw: Height at symphysis	3.73	3.7	3.60		3.56	3.8	3.9	3.38	3.27	3.38		3.7	3.20	3.15	3.46	3.42	3.40