Still another character that reflects the strength of the lower jaw is the breadth of the rami. The most practicable measurement of this is the breadth minimum at the constriction of the ascending branches. A great breadth of the rami is very striking, as is well known, in the Heidelberg jaw, and the Eskimo have long been known for a marked tendency in the same direction. The measurements of the lower jaws of the western Eskimo show as follows:
| Male | Female | Female versus male (M=100) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Right | Left | Right | Left | |||
| (243) | (240) | (237) | (228) | |||
| Western Eskimo | centimeters | 3.99 | 4.03 | 3.68 | 3.70 | 92 |
| (20) | (20) | (13) | (13) | |||
| Florida Indians | do | 3.82 | 3.85 | 3.39 | 3.34 | 87.7 |
| (21) | (19) | (19) | (16) | |||
| Louisiana Indians | do | 3.72 | 3.72 | 3.29 | 3.27 | 88.2 |
| (62) | (60) | (58) | (61) | |||
| Arkansas Indians | do | 3.47 | 3.47 | 3.24 | 3.23 | 93.2 |
| (42) | (40) | (30) | (29) | |||
| Kentucky Indians | do | 3.44 | 3.44 | 3.18 | 3.21 | 92.9 |
| (50) | (50) | (20) | (20) | |||
| United States whites (miscellaneous) | centimeters | 3.17 | 3.14 | 2.89 | 2.82 | 90.5 |
The Eskimo jaws, and particularly that of the female (relatively to other females), have the broadest rami. Otherwise the series range themselves in the same order as under the measurement of the stoutness of the body.
Other Dimensions
Four other measurements were taken on the jaws, namely the length of the body (on each side); the height of the two rami; the bigonial diameter; and the body-ramus angle. The results of the first three may conveniently be grouped into one table.
| MALE | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length of body, each side[165] | Length of body as a whole[166] | Height of ramus[167] | Diameter bigonial[168] | |||
| Right | Left | Right | Left | |||
| (236) | (236) | (100) | (132) | (131) | (201) | |
| Western Eskimo | 10.28 | 10.28 | 8.03 | 6.45 | 6.38 | 11.42 |
| (24) | (18) | (22) | ||||
| Florida Indian | 8.45 | 6.72 | 10.75 | |||
| (19) | (15) | (17) | ||||
| Louisiana Indian | 8.44 | 7 | 10.67 | |||
| (62) | (52) | (57) | ||||
| Arkansas Indian | 7.88 | 6.52 | 10.49 | |||
| (42) | (37) | (38) | ||||
| Kentucky Indian | 7.45 | 6.48 | 10.48 | |||
| (50) | (50) | (50) | ||||
| U. S. whites (miscellaneous) | 7.57 | 6.53 | 10.11 | |||
| FEMALE | ||||||
| (230) | (228) | (100) | (134) | (128) | (199) | |
| Western Eskimo | 9.61 | 9.60 | 7.47 | 5.61 | 5.57 | 10.57 |
| (19) | (18) | (17) | ||||
| Florida Indian | 7.72 | 6.02 | 9.70 | |||
| (16) | (15) | (15) | ||||
| Louisiana Indian | 7.38 | 5.77 | 9.90 | |||
| (57) | (52) | (56) | ||||
| Arkansas Indian | 7.46 | 5.85 | 9.58 | |||
| (30) | (25) | (30) | ||||
| Kentucky Indian | 7.12 | 5.64 | 9.45 | |||
| (20) | (20) | (20) | ||||
| U. S. whites (miscellaneous) | 7.02 | 5.87 | 9.12 | |||
| Length each side | Length as a whole | Height of rami | Diameter bigonial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Eskimo | 93.4 | 93.0 | 87.3 | 92.6 |
| Florida Indian | 91.4 | 89.6 | 90.2 | |
| Louisiana Indian | 87.4 | 82.4 | 92.8 | |
| Arkansas Indian | 94.6 | 89.7 | 91.3 | |
| Kentucky Indian | 95.6 | 87.0 | 90.2 | |
| U. S. whites (miscellaneous) | 92.7 | 89.9 | 90.2 |
The Eskimo lower jaw, which, as seen before, is characterized by a high and stout body and the broadest rami, shows further that these rami are remarkably low, and that the bigonial spread is extraordinarily broad. The length of the body, on the other hand, is not very exceptional, being perceptibly exceeded in some of the Indians.