| Quadrumana. 1. Macacus cynomolgus. 2. Tarsius spectrum. Carnivora. 3. Viverra tangalunga. 4. Paradoxurus philippinensis. Also in Palawan. 5. Felis bengalensis. In Negros Island. Ungulata. 6. Bubalus mindorensis. Peculiar species. 7. Cervus philippinus. Peculiar species. 8. ,, alfredi. Peculiar species. 9. ,, nigricans. Peculiar species. 10. ,, pseudaxis. Sulu only. Probably introduced. 11. Sus marchesi. Peculiar species. Rodentia. 12. Sciurus philippinensis. Peculiar species. 13. ,, cagos. Peculiar species. 14. ,, concinnus. Peculiar. Mindanao and Basilan. 15. Phlæomys cummingi. Peculiar genus. 16. Mus ephippium. 17. ,, everetti. Peculiar species. Insectivora. 18. Crocidura luzoniensis. Peculiar species. 19. ,, edwardsiana. Peculiar species. 20. Dendrogale sp. 21. Galeopithecus philippinensis. Peculiar species. | Chiroptera. 22. Pteropus leucopterus. 23. ,, edulis. 24. ,, hypomelanus. 25. ,, jubatus. 26. Xantharpyia amplexicaule. 27. Cynopterus marginatus. 28. ,, jagorii. Peculiar species. 29. Carponycteris australis. 30. Rhinolophus luctus. 31. ,, philippinensis. Peculiar species. 32. ,, rufus. Peculiar species. 33. Hipposideros diadema. 34. ,, pygmæus. Peculiar species. 35. ,, larvatus. 36. ,, obscurus. Peculiar species. 37. ,, coronatus. Peculiar species. 38. ,, bicolor. 39. Megaderma spasma. 40. Vesperugo pachypus. 41. ,, tenuis. 42. ,, abramus. 43. Nycticejus kuhlii. 44. Vespertilio macrotarsus. Peculiar species. 45. ,, capaccinii. 46. Harpiocephalus cyclotis. 47. Kerivoula hardwickii. 48. ,, pellucida. Peculiar species. 49. ,, jagorii. Peculiar species. 50. Miniopterus schreibersii. 51. ,, tristis. Peculiar species. 52. Emballonura monticola. 53. Taphyzous melanopogon. 54. Nyctinomus plicatus. |
[146] Extracted from Messrs. Blakiston and Pryer's Catalogue of Birds of Japan (Ibis, 1878, p. 209), with Mr. Seebohm's additions and corrections in his Birds of the Japanese Empire 1890. Accidental stragglers are not reckoned as British birds.
[147] Mr. Swinhoe died in October, 1877, at the early age of forty-two. His writings on natural history are chiefly scattered through the volumes of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society and The Ibis; the whole being summarised in his Catalogue of the Mammals of South China and Formosa (P. Z. S., 1870, p. 615), and his Catalogue of the Birds of China and its Islands (P. Z. S., 1871, p. 337).
[148] Captain Blakiston has shown that the northern island—Yezo—is much more temperate and less peculiar in its zoology than the central and southern islands. This is no doubt dependent chiefly on the considerable change of climate that occurs on passing the Tsu-garu strait.
[149] See Dr. J. E. Gray's "Revision of the Viverridæ," in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 507.
[150] Some of the Bats of Madagascar and East Africa are said to have their nearest allies in Australia. (See Dobson in Nature, Vol. XXX. p. 575.)
[151] This view was, I believe, first advanced by Professor Huxley in his "Anniversary Address to the Geological Society," in 1870. He says:—"In fact the Miocene mammalian fauna of Europe and the Himalayan regions contain, associated together, the types which are at present separately located in the South African and Indian provinces of Arctogæa. Now there is every reason to believe, on other grounds, that both Hindostan south of the Ganges, and Africa south of the Sahara, were separated by a wide sea from Europe and North Asia during the Middle and Upper Eocene epochs. Hence it becomes highly probable that the well-known similarities, and no less remarkable differences, between the present faunæ of India and South Africa have arisen in some such fashion as the following: Some time during the Miocene epoch, the bottom of the nummulitic sea was upheaved and converted into dry land in the direction of a line extending from Abyssinia to the mouth of the Ganges. By this means the Dekkan on the one hand and South Africa on the other, became connected with the Miocene dry land and with one another. The Miocene mammals spread gradually over this intermediate dry land; and if the condition of its eastern and western ends offered as wide contrasts as the valleys of the Ganges and Arabia do now, many forms which made their way into Africa must have been different from those which reached the Dekkan, while others might pass into both these sub-provinces."
This question is fully discussed in my Geographical Distribution of Animals (Vol. I., p. 285), where I expressed views somewhat different from those of Professor Huxley, and made some slight errors which are corrected in the present work. As I did not then refer to Professor Huxley's prior statement of the theory of Miocene immigration into Africa (which I had read but the reference to which I could not recall) I am happy to give his views here.
[152] The total number of Madagascar birds is 238, of which 129 are absolutely peculiar to the island, as are thirty-five of the genera. All the peculiar birds but two are land birds. These are the numbers given in M. Grandidier's great work on Madagascar.
[153] The Ibis, 1877, p. 334.