[154] In a paper read before the Geological Society in 1874, Mr. H. F. Blanford, from the similarity of the fossil plants and reptiles, supposed that India and South Africa had been connected by a continent, "and remained so connected with some short intervals from the Permian up to the end of the Miocene period," and Mr. Woodward expressed his satisfaction with "this further evidence derived from the fossil flora of the Mesozoic series of India in corroboration of the former existence of an old submerged continent—Lemuria."
Those who have read the preceding chapters of the present work will not need to have pointed out to them how utterly inconclusive is the fragmentary evidence derived from such remote periods (even if there were no evidence on the other side) as indicating geographical changes. The notion that a similarity in the productions of widely separated continents at any past epoch is only to be explained by the existence of a direct land-connection, is entirely opposed to all that we know of the wide and varying distribution of all types at different periods, as well as to the great powers of dispersal over moderate widths of ocean possessed by all animals except mammalia. It is no less opposed to what is now known of the general permanency of the great continental and oceanic areas; while in this particular case it is totally inconsistent (as has been shown above) with the actual facts of the distribution of animals.
[155] Geographical Distribution of Animals, Vol. I., pp. 272-292.
[156] The term "Mascarene" is used here in an extended sense, to include all the islands near Madagascar which resemble it in their animal and vegetable productions.
[157] For the birds of the Comoro Islands see Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 295, and 1879, p. 673.
[158] The following is a list of these peculiar birds. (See the Ibis, for 1867, p. 359; and 1879, p. 97.)
| Passeres. Ellisia seychelensis. Copsychus seychellarum. Hypsipetes crassirostris. Tchitrea corvina. Nectarinia dussumieri. Zosterops modesta. " semiflava. Foudia seychellarum. | Psittaci. Coracopsis barklyi. Palæornis wardi. Columbæ. Alectorænas pulcherrimus. Turtur rostratus. Accipitres. Tinnunculus gracilis. |
[159] Specimens are recorded from West Africa in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia, 1857, p. 72, while specimens in the Paris Museum were brought by D'Orbigny from S. America. Dr. Wright's specimens from the Seychelles have, as he informs me, been determined to be the same species by Dr. Peters of Berlin.
[160] "Additional Notes on the Land-shells of the Seychelles Islands." By Geoffrey Nevill, C.M.Z.S. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 61.
[161] In Maillard's Notes sur l'Isle de Réunion, a considerable number of mammalia are given as "wild," such as Lemur mongoz and Centetes setosus, both Madagascar species, with such undoubtedly introduced animals as a wild cat, a hare, and several rats and mice. He also gives two species of frogs, seven lizards, and two snakes. The latter are both Indian species and certainly imported, as are most probably the frogs. Legouat, who resided some years in the island nearly two centuries ago, and who was a closer observer of nature, mentions numerous birds, large bats, land-tortoises, and lizards, but no other reptiles or venomous animals except scorpions. We may be pretty sure, therefore, that the land-mammalia, snakes, and frogs, now found wild, have all been introduced. Of lizards, on the other hand, there are several species, some peculiar to the island, others common to Africa and the other Mascarene Islands. The following list by Prof. Dumeril is given in Maillard's work:—