Birds.—Blasius' List of Birds of Europe; Godman, On Birds of Azores, Madeira, and Canaries; Middendorf, for Siberia; Père David and Mr. Swinhoe, for China and Mongolia; Homeyer, for East Siberia; Mr. Blanford, for Persia and the high Himalayas; Mr. Elwes's paper on the Distribution of Asiatic Birds; Canon Tristram, for the Sahara and Palestine; Professor Newton, for Iceland and Greenland; Mr. Dresser, for Scandinavia; and numerous papers and notes in the Ibis; Journal für Ornithologie; Annals and Mag. of Nat. History; and Proceedings of the Zoological Society.
Reptiles and Amphibia.—Schreiber's European Herpetology.
TABLE I.
FAMILIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING THE PALÆARCTIC REGION.
Explanation.
Names in italics show families peculiar to the region.
Names inclosed thus (......) barely enter the region, and are not considered properly to belong to it.
Numbers are not consecutive, but correspond to those in Part IV.
| Order and Family | Sub-regions | Range beyond the Region. | |||
| Europe. | Mediter- ranean. | Siberian. | Japan. | ||
| MAMMALIA. | |||||
| Primates. | |||||
| 3. Cynopithecidæ | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | ||
| Chiroptera. | |||||
| 9. (Pteropidæ) | — | Tropics of E. Hemisphere | |||
| 11. Rhinolophidæ | — | — | — | — | Warmer parts of E. Hemis. |
| 12. Vespertilionidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 13. Noctilionidæ | — | Tropical regions | |||
| Insectivora. | |||||
| 15. Macroscelididæ | — | Ethiopian | |||
| 17. Erinaceidæ | — | — | — | — | Oriental, S. Africa |
| 21. Talpidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic, Oriental |
| 22. Soricidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite, excl. Australia and S. America |
| Carnivora. | |||||
| 23. Felidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 25. Viverridæ | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | |||
| 27. Hyænidæ | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | |||
| 28. Canidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 29. Mustelidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 31. Æluridæ | — | Oriental | |||
| 32. Ursidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic, Oriental, Andes |
| 33. Otariidæ | — | N. and S. temperate zones | |||
| 34. Trichechidæ | — | — | Arctic regions | ||
| 35. Phocidæ | — | — | — | — | N. and S. temperate zones |
| Cetacea. | |||||
| 36 to 41. | Oceanic | ||||
| Sirenia. | |||||
| 42. Manatidæ | — | — | Tropics, from Brazil to N. Australia | ||
| Ungulata. | |||||
| 43. Equidæ | — | — | Ethiopian | ||
| 47. Suidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite, excl. Nearctic reg. and Australia |
| 48. Camelidæ | — | — | Andes | ||
| 50. Cervidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Ethiopian and Australian |
| 52. Bovidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Neotropical and Australian |
Hyracoidæ | |||||
| 54. (Hyracidæ) | — | Ethiopian family | |||
| Rodentia. | |||||
| 55. Muridæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
| 56. Spalacidæ | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | |
| 57. Dipodidæ | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Nearctic | |
| 58. Myoxidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian |
| 60. Castoridæ | — | — | Nearctic | ||
| 61. Sciuridæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 64. Octodontidæ | — | Abyssinia, Neotropical | |||
| 67. Hystricidæ | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | |||
| 69. Lagomyidæ | — | Nearctic | |||
| 70. Leporidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| BIRDS. | |||||
| Passeres. | — | — | — | — | |
| 1. Turdidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 2. Sylviidæ | — | — | Cosmopolite | ||
| 3. Timaliidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian |
| 4. Panuridæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic, Oriental |
| 5. Cinclidæ | — | — | — | — | Oriental |
| 6. Troglodytidæ | — | — | — | — | American, Oriental |
| 8. Certhiidæ | — | — | — | — | Oriental, Nearctic |
| 9. Sittidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic, Oriental, Australian, Madagascar |
| 10. Paridæ | — | — | — | Nearctic, Oriental, Australian [?] | |
| 13. Pycnonotidæ | — | — | Oriental, Ethiopian | ||
| 14. Oriolidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian |
| 17. Muscicapidæ | Eastern Hemisphere | ||||
| 19. Laniidæ | — | — | — | — | Eastern Hemisphere and N. America |
| 20. Corvidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 23. (Nectariniidæ) | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian | |||
| 24. (Dicæidæ) | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian | |||
| 29. Ampelidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic |
| 30. Hirundinidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 33. Fringillidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 35. Sturnidæ | — | — | — | — | Eastern Hemisphere |
| 37. Alaudidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Neotropical |
| 38. Motacillidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 47. (Pittidæ) | — | Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian | |||
| Picariæ. | |||||
| 51. Picidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 52. Yungidæ | — | — | — | — | N. W. India, N. E. Africa, S. Africa |
| 58. Cuculidæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
| 62. Coraciidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian |
| 63. Meropidæ | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian | ||
| 67. Alcedinidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 69. Upupidæ | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | ||
| 73. Caprimulgidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 74. Cypselidæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
Columbæ. | |||||
| 84. Columbidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| Gallinæ. | |||||
| 86. Pteroclidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Indian |
| 87. Tetraonidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental |
| 88. Phasianidæ | — | — | — | Oriental, Ethiopian, Nearctic | |
| 89. Turnicidæ | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian | ||
| Accipitres. | |||||
| 94. Vulturidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 96. Falconidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 97. Pandionidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 98. Strigidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| Grallæ. | |||||
| 99. Rallidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 100. Scolopacidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 104. Glareolidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian |
| 105. Charadriidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 106. Otididæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian |
| 107. Gruidæ | — | — | — | — | Eastern Hemisphere, and N. America |
| 113. Ardeidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 114. Plataleidæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
| 115. Ciconiidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearly Cosmopolite |
| 117. Phænicopteridæ | — | Neotropical, Ethiopian, Indian | |||
| Anseres. | |||||
| 118. Anatidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 119. Laridæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 120. Procellariidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 121. Pelecanidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 123. Colymbidæ | — | — | — | Arctic and N. Temperate | |
| 124. Podicipidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 125. Alcidæ | — | — | — | N. Temperate zone | |
| REPTILIA. | |||||
| Ophidia. | |||||
| 1. Typhlopidæ | — | — | All regions but Nearctic | ||
| 5. Calamariidæ | — | All other regions | |||
| 6. Oligodontidæ | — | Oriental and Neotropical | |||
| 7. Colubridæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
| 8. Homalopsidæ | — | — | — | Oriental, and all other regions | |
| 9. Psammophidæ | — | Ethiopian and Oriental | |||
| 18. Erycidæ | — | Oriental and Ethiopian | |||
| 20. Elapidæ | — | Australian and all other regions | |||
| 24. Crotalidæ | — | — | Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental | ||
| 25. Viperidæ | — | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Oriental |
Lacertilia. | |||||
| 26. Trogonophidæ | — | ||||
| 28. Amphisbænidæ | — | Ethiopian, Neotropical | |||
| 30. Varanidæ | — | Oriental, Ethiopian, Australian | |||
| 33. Lacertidæ | — | — | — | — | All continents but American |
| 34. Zonuridæ | — | America, Africa, N. India | |||
| 41. Gymnopthalmidæ | — | — | — | Ethiopian, Australian, Neotropical | |
| 45. Scincidæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
| 46. Ophiomoridæ | — | ||||
| 47. Sepidæ | — | Ethiopian | |||
| 49. Geckotidæ | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite | |
| 51. Agamidæ | — | — | — | All continents but America | |
| 52. Chamæleonidæ | — | Ethiopian, Oriental | |||
| Chelonia. | |||||
| 57. Testudinidæ | — | — | — | All continents but Australia | |
| 59. Trionychidæ | — | Ethiopian, Oriental, Nearctic | |||
| 60. Cheloniidæ | Marine | ||||
| AMPHIBIA. | |||||
| Urodela. | |||||
| 3. Proteidæ | — | Nearctic | |||
| 5. Menopomidæ | — | Nearctic | |||
| 6. Salamandridæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic to Andes of Bogota |
| Anoura. | |||||
| 10. Bufonidæ | — | — | — | — | All continents but Australia |
| 13. Bombinatoridæ | — | — | Neotropical, New Zealand | ||
| 15. Alytidæ | — | All regions but Oriental | |||
| 17. Hylidæ | — | — | — | All regions but Ethiopian | |
| 18. Polypedatidæ | — | — | All the regions | ||
| 19. Ranidæ | — | — | — | — | Almost Cosmopolite |
| 20. Discoglossidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Nearctic |
| FISHES (FRESH-WATER). | |||||
| Acanthopterygii. | |||||
| 1. Gasterosteidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic |
| 3. Percidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian |
| 12. Scienidæ | — | — | — | All regions but Australian | |
| 26. Comephoridæ | — | ||||
| 37. Atherinidæ | — | — | N. America and Australia | ||
| Physostomi. | |||||
| 59. Siluridæ | — | — | — | — | All warm regions |
| 65. Salmonidæ | — | — | — | — | Nearctic, New Zealand |
| 70. Esocidæ | — | — | Nearctic | ||
| 71. Umbridæ | — | Nearctic | |||
| 73. Cyprinodontidæ | — | All regions but Australia | |||
| 75. Cyprinidæ | — | — | — | — | All regions but Australian and Neotropical |
Ganoidei. | |||||
| 96. Accipenseridæ | — | — | — | Nearctic | |
| 97. Polydontidæ | — | Nearctic | |||
| INSECTS. LEPIDOPTERA (PART). | |||||
| Durini (Butterflies). | |||||
| 1. Danaidæ | — | — | — | All tropical regions | |
| 2. Satyridæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 8. Nymphalidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 9. Libytheidæ | — | — | All continents but Australia | ||
| 10. Nemeobeidæ | — | Absent from Nearctic region and Australia | |||
| 13. Lycænidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 14. Pieridæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 15. Papilionidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 16. Hesperidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| Sphingidea. | |||||
| 17. Zygænidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
| 21. Stygiidæ | — | — | — | — | Neotropical |
| 22. Ægeriidæ | — | — | — | — | Absent only from Australia |
| 23. Sphingidæ | — | — | — | — | Cosmopolite |
Coleoptera.—Of about 80 families into which the Coleoptera are divided, all the more important are cosmopolite, or nearly so. It would therefore unnecessarily occupy space to give tables of the whole for each region.