(2) Various hygroscopic forms of celluloid, known as non-dimming eyepieces.
(3) Various combinations of glass and celluloid, known as non-breakable eyepieces.
Celluloid was used first, due to its freedom from breakage. It is not satisfactory because it is rapidly abraded in use, turns yellow, thus increasing its light absorption, has relatively uneven optical surfaces and becomes brittle after service.
The various forms of non-dimming lenses function by absorbing the water which condenses on their surfaces, either by combining individual drops into a film which does not seriously impair vision, by transmitting it through the surface and giving it off on the exterior or by a combination of these mechanisms. With the exception that they are non-dimming, they are open to all the objections of the celluloid eyepiece and, as a matter of fact, were never tried out in the field.
The so-called non-breakable eyepieces are formed by cementing together a layer of celluloid between two layers of glass.[25] This results in an almost perfect eyepiece. Any ordinary blow falling upon such an eyepiece does no more than crack the glass, which remains attached to the celluloid coating. Except in extreme cases, the celluloid remains unbroken and there is relatively slight danger of a cracked eyepiece of this sort leaking gas.
In the matter of flying fragments, the type of eyepiece consisting of a single layer of celluloid and glass with the celluloid placed next to the eye, has probably a slight advantage over the type in which there is glass on both sides. However, the superior optical surface of the latter type, coupled with its greater freedom from abrasion of the surface led to the adoption of this type known as “triplexin” in the mask produced in the later part of the American manufacturing program. It should be pointed out in connection with this type of eyepiece that it is possible to make it as perfect optically as desired by using the better grades of glass. While the optical properties of these eyepieces undoubtedly suffer somewhat with age, due to the discoloration of the celluloid, it can be safely said that this material, located as it is between the layers of glass and relatively little exposed to atmospheric conditions, will probably be far less affected in this way than is the ordinary celluloid eyepiece.
Fig. 54.—American Box Respirator,
Showing Improved Rubber Noseclip.
The position of the eyepiece is very important; the total and the binocular fields of vision should be kept at a maximum.
Nose clip. The noseclip is probably the most uncomfortable feature of the types of mask used during the War. While a really comfortable nose pad is probably impossible, the comfort of the clip was greatly improved by using pads of soft rubber and springs giving the minimum tension necessary to close the nostrils.