Chemical warfare

by Amos A. Fries; Clarence J. West

• Absorbents, Requirements of, [237]
• Testing, [259]
• Absorptive activity, [237]
• Absorptive capacity, [238]
• Aeroplane, Smoke screen, [309]
• American Tissot mask, [224]
• Ammonia canister, [230]
• Ammonium chloride smoke, [327]
• Animals, Susceptibility to mustard gas, [173]
• Anthracite coal, Activation of, [249]
• A. R. S. mask, [203]
• Arsenic derivatives, [180]
• Arsenic trichloride, Manufacture, [180]
• Arsenic trifluoride, Manufacture, [180]
• Arsine, proposed use of, [180]
• Artillery, Gas, use of, by, [396]
• Aviation, Gas, use of, by, [380], [399]
• Baby Incendiary bomb, [340]
• Barrages, Gas, use of, in, [376]
• Benzyl bromide, [16], [141]
• Benzyl chloride, [16]
• Berger mixture, [290]
• Black signal smokes, [331]
• Black veiling respirator, [195]
• Blue cross. See Diphenylchloroarsine
• Blue pencil, German, [346]
• Bombs, incendiary, [337]
• Box respirator, American, [209]
• English, [198]
• Break point of canisters, [262]
• Bromoacetone, [16], [138]
• German manufacture, [140]
• Bromobenzyl cyanide, [16], [142]
• Bromomethylethyl ketone, German manufacture, [140]
• Bullets, incendiary, [344]
• Camouflage gases, [23], [416]
• Canister, life of, Gas concentration and, [132]
• Temperature, effect of, [132]
• Testing, [260]
• Carbon dioxide, Manufacture, [129]
• Carbonite, [250]
• Carbon monoxide, [190]
• Canister, [191]
• Manufacture, [128]
• Cavalry, Gas, use of, by, [378]
• Cement, Soda-lime, function in, [257]
• Charcoal, [239]
• Active, [242]
• German, [251]
• Inactive, [242]
• Manufacture, [242]
• Raw material, [239]
• Substitutes, [249]
• Tests of, [253]
• Theory of action, [241]
• Chemical Service Section, Organization, [34]
• Chemical Warfare, Future of, [435]
• Gases used in, [24]
• Historical, [1]
• Officers, duties of, [369]
• Strategy, relation to, [363]
• Chemical Warfare Service, Administrative division, [36]
• A. E. F., organization, [72]
• Development division, [61]
• Edgewood arsenal, [53]
• Gas defense division, [48]
• Liaison officers, [70]
• Medical division, [68]
• Organization, [35]
• Proving division, [63]
• Research division, [38]
• Training division, [65]
• Chemical Warfare troops, [92]
• Chenard bomb, [340]
• Chlorine, [116]
• Manufacture, [117]
• Properties, [123]
• Chloroacetone, [16]
• Chloroacetophenone, [16]
• Chloromethyl chloroformate, [21]
• Chloropicrin, [21]
• Manufacture, [145]
• Physiological test, [146]
• Properties, [146]
• Protection, [147]
• Tactical use, [148]
• Chlorovinyldichloroarsine, [188]
• Chlorosulfonic acid, Smoke material, use as, [286]
• Cloud gas, [10], [116], [390]
• Coalite, [250]
• Cocoanut shell charcoal, [239]
• Cohune nut charcoal, [240]
• Complexene, [201]
• Horse masks, use in, [278]
• Cottrell Precipitation Tube, [299]
• Darts, incendiary, [343]
• Density of smoke clouds, [295]
• Development Division, C. W. S., [61]
• Dichloroethyl sulfide, [22], [80], [105]
• Detection, [166]
• Historical, [151]
• Manufacture, [152], [161]
• Mixtures, melting point of, [164]
• Properties, [163]
• Tactical use, [175], [417]
• Toxicity, [168]
• Vesicant action, [171]
• β, β′-Dichlorodivinylchloroarsine, [189]
• Dihydroxyethyl sulfide, [160]
• Diphenylchloroarsine, [22], [182]
• Manufacture, [183]
• Diphenylcyanoarsine, [185]
• Diphosgene. See Trichloromethyl chloroformate
• Dog mask, [280]
• Doughnut filter, [324]
• Dressler tunnel kiln, [248]
• D-Shell, [134]
• Dugout blankets, [283]
• Dyes for signal smokes, [333]
• Edgewood arsenal, C. W. S., [53]
• Efficiency test, Absorbents, [259]
• Canisters, [262]
• Ethyldichloroarsine, [185]
• Ethylene, Manufacture of, [155], [158]
• Ethylene chlorhydrin, [158]
• Ethyl iodoacetate, [16], [141]
• Explosive dispersion, [314]
• “First gas attack,” [10]
• First gas regiment, [93]
• Flammenwerfer, [349]
• Flaming gun, [347], [401]
• Food, protection of, against mustard gas, [422]
• French artillery mask, [202]
• Gas, Defense against, [405]
• Effectiveness of, [375], [385]
• Humanity of, [13], [370], [387]
• Offensive use of, [385]
• Permanency of, [378]
• Requirements of, [116], [395]
• Gas alarms, [422]
• Gas cloud, height and spread, [394]
• Smoke in, [311], [403]
• Gas cylinder, Mobile, [17]
• Gas defense division, C. W. S., [48]
• Gases, Detection of, [415]
• Peace uses of, [427]
• Pharmacology, [353]
• Gas and Flame Regiment, [34]
• Gas mask, Development, [195]
• Physiological features, [232]
• Testing, [259]
• See also names of various masks
• Gas shell, Markings, [28], [404]
• Value, [18], [396]
• Gassing chamber, [354]
• Gas training, [413]
• In France, [81]
• Value in peace, [373], [383]
• Gas warfare, Fundamentals, [388]
• Humanity, [13], [370], [387]
• German mask, [205]
• Greasene, [201]
• Green Cross shell, [148]
• Green T-Stoff, [142]
• Hand grenade, incendiary, [345]
• Hanlon field, [111]
• Hardness, Absorbents, test of, [259]
• Hague conference, Poison gases, action on, [6]
• Homomartonite, [16], [138]
• Hopcalite, Carbon monoxide absorbent, [193]
• Horse boots, [280]
• Horse mask, [277]
• Humanity, Gas warfare, [13], [370], [387]
• Hypo helmet, [196]
• Incendiary materials, [336]
• Tactical use of, [402]
• Infantry, Gas, use of, by, [377], [400]
• Intelligence section, [113]
• Inter-allied gas conference, [79]
• Irritants, Efficiency of, [389]
• Testing, [359]
• Ivory nut charcoal, [241]
• Kieselguhr, Soda-lime, function in, [257]
• Kupramite, [230]
• Lachrymators, [15], [137]
• Comparative value, [143]
• Protection, [143]
• Testing, [356]
• Lachrymatory shell, Tactical value, [15]
• Lamp-black, Charcoal from, [250]
• Lantern test, Mustard gas, [166]
• Leak detecting apparatus, [266]
• Leakage, Canister, testing of, [261]
• Levinstein reactor, [158]
• Lewisite, [23], [187]
• Liaison officers, [70]
• Lime, Soda-lime, function in, [257]
• Livens’ projector, [18], [391]
• Livens’ smoke drum, [304]
• M-2 Mask, [201]
• Man test, [262]
• Martonite, [16], [138]
• Mask, Development, [405]
• Disinfection, [269]
• Field tests, [270]
• Issuance, [423]
• See also Gas mask
• See also Names of masks
• Mechanical dispersion, [313]
• Medical division, C. W. S., [68]
• Medical section, A. E. F., [114]
• Methyldichloroarsine, [181]
• Moisture, Absorbents, tests of, [259]
• Mustard gas. See Dichloroethyl sulfide.
• Navy, Canister, [230]
• Gas, use of, by, [381]
• Smoke funnel, [305]
• Nelson cell, [117]
• “Nineteen nineteen” canister, [325]
• “Nineteen nineteen” Model American Mask, [225]
• Odors, Testing of, [358]
• Oleum, Smoke material, use as, [286]
• Overall suit, [273]
• Palite. See Chloromethyl chloroformate
• Penetration apparatus, Toxic smoke, measurement of, [315]
• P-Helmet, [197]
• PH Helmet, [197]
• Phosgene, [14], [126]
• Manufacture, [127]
• Properties, [130]
• Protection, [131]
• Shell filling, [132]
• Tactical use, [134]
• Phosphorus, Smoke material, [286], [382]
• Stokes’ mortar, use in, [393]
• See also Smoke
• Physiological action, Phosgene, [135]
• Mustard gas, [168]
• Toxic Smokes, [316]
• Pressure drop apparatus, [266]
• Protective clothing, [272]
• Protective gloves, [274]
• Protective ointments, [275]
• Proving division, C. W. S., [63]
• Pumice stone, Phosgene shell, use in, [130], [135]
• Research division, C. W. S., [38]
• Resistance, Canister, test of, [261]
• Decreased, [410]
• Respirator, See Gas mask, Mask
• Sag paste, [277]
• Screening smokes, [285]
• See also Smoke
• Screening power, Smoke cloud, [285]
• Selenious acid, Mustard gas detector, [166]
• Shell, Gas, Filling of, [132]
• Value, [18], [396]
• Incendiary, [344]
• Markings, [28], [404]
• Pumice stone and phosgene in, [130], [135]
• Smoke, [303]
• Ships, Screening Smoke, [299], [305]
• Shrapnel, Gas in connection with, [379]
• Signal smokes, [330]
• Tactics, [333]
• Silicon tetrachloride, Smoke material, use as, [290]
• Smoke, Intensity, measurement of, [296]
• Tactical value, [310], [402]
• Use in offense, [401]
• See also, Screening, Signal and Toxic Smokes
• Smoke box, [299]
• Smoke candle, [301], [372]
• Toxic, [318]
• Smoke cloud, Properties, [116], [285], [395]
• Smoke drum, [304]
• Smoke filters, [322]
• Felt, [324]
• Paper, [323]
• Testing, [327]
• Theory, [326]
• Smoke funnel, [305]
• Smoke grenade, [302]
• Smoke knapsack, [306]
• Smoke particles, Measurement of, [292]
• Size of, [291]
• Smoke screen, Purpose of, [309]
• Smoke shell, [303], [307]
• Smoke signals, [333]
• Sneezing gas. See Diphenylchloroarsine
• Soda-lime, Composition, [256]
• Requirements, [255]
• Sodium hydroxide, Soda-lime, function in, [257]
• Sodium permanganate, Soda-lime, function in, [257]
• “Solid oil”, [336]
• Spray nozzles, [357]
• Staff troops, C. W. S., [92]
• Standard Box respirator, [198]
• Stokes’ mortar, [20], [392]
• Sulfur chloride, Manufacture, [157]
• Sulfuric acid smoke, [328]
• Sulfur trioxide, Smoke material, use as, [289]
• Superpalite. See Trichloromethyl chloroformate
• Tactical use, Chloropicrin, [148]
• Dichloroethyl sulfide, [175], [417]
• Gases in offense, [385]
• Incendiary materials, [402]
• Lachrymatory shell, [15]
• Phosgene, [134]
• Screening smokes, [310], [402]
• Signal smokes, [333]
• Tactics, Chemical Warfare and, [363]
• Tanks, Smoke screen for, [309]
• Thermal dispersion, [313]
• Thermit, Uses, [393]
• Tin tetrachloride, Smoke material, use as, [289]
• Tissot mask, [202]
• Titanium tetrachloride, Smoke material, use as, [290]
• Tobacco smoke, [328]
• Total obscuring power of smoke, [295]
• Touch method, Irritants, testing of, [362]
• Toxicity, Gases, testing of, for, [353]
• Toxic smoke, [313]
• Candle, B. M., [319]
• Candle, Dispersoid, [320]
• Penetration, [314]
• Quantitative relationship, [316]
• Training division, C. W. S., [65]
• Trench mortar, [20], [392]
• Trichloromethyl chloroformate, [20]
• Trichloronitromethane. See Chloropicrin
• β, β′, β″-Trichlorotrivinylarsine, [189]
• T-Stoff, [141]
• Tyndall meter, [299]
• Ultramicroscope, Smoke particles, measurements of, [292]
• Vapor tests, Irritants, testing of, [359]
• Versatility of absorbents, [238]
• Vincennite, [15], [180]
• Vision chart, [271]
• “Vomiting gas.” See Chloropicrin
• War gas. See Gases
• War, humanity of, [6]
• Wave attack, Disadvantages, [16]
• Xylyl bromide, [16], [141]
• Yellow cross. See Dichloroethyl sulfide
• Yellow smoke, [331]
• Yperite. See Dichloroethyl sulfide

Footnotes:

[1] This chapter originally appeared in Science, Vol. 49, pp. 412-417 (1919).

[2] Popular Science Review, 3, 176 (1864).

[3] Trans. Royal Scottish Soc. Arts, 4, Appendix O, 198 (1854).

[4] In the mixtures the percentages indicate proportions by weight.

[5] Succeeded Dr. John Johnson who went to the National esearch Council.

[6] At first Lt. Col. J. F. Norris was in charge of all chemical research. About December, 1917, it was divided into Offense and Defense, and Lt. Col. Lamb was placed in charge of Defense. When Col. Norris went to England as Liaison Officer, Dr. Jones took his place.

[7] At first Lt. Col. J. F. Norris was in charge of all chemical research. About December, 1917, it was divided into Offense and Defense, and Lt. Col. Lamb was placed in charge of Defense. When Col. Norris went to England as Liaison Officer, Dr. Jones took his place.

[8] At first Lt. Col. J. F. Norris was in charge of all chemical research. About December, 1917, it was divided into Offense and Defense, and Lt. Col. Lamb was placed in charge of Defense. When Col. Norris went to England as Liaison Officer, Dr. Jones took his place.