The last two measurements by an air thermometer.
Expansion of certain Liquids by being Heated from 32° to 212°.
| Substances. | Authority. | Expansion in Decimals. | Expansion in Vulgar Fractions. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury, | Dulong and Petit. | 0·01801800 | 1⁄55·5 |
| Medo.ry, in glass, | do. do. | 0·01543200 | 1⁄65 |
| Water, from its maximum density, | Kirwan. | 0·04332 | 1⁄23 |
| Muriatic acid (sp. gr. 1·137), | Dalton. | 0·0600 | 1⁄17 |
| Nitric acid (sp. gr. 1·40), | do. | 0·1100 | 1⁄9 |
| Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1·85), | do. | 0·0600 | 1⁄17 |
| Alcohol (to its boiling point)? | do. | 0·1100 | 1⁄9 |
| Water, | do. | 0·0460 | 1⁄22 |
| Water, saturated with common salt, | do. | 0·0500 | 1⁄20 |
| Sulphuric ether (to its boiling point)? | do. | 0·0700 | 1⁄14 |
| Fixed oils, | do. | 0·0800 | 1⁄12·5 |
| Oil of turpentine, | do. | 0·0700 | 1⁄14 |
| If the density of water at 39° be called | 1·00000, |
| If the density at 212° it becomes | 0·9548, |
| If the density and its volume has increased to | 1·04734; |
| If the density at 77° it becomes | 0·9973587, |
| If the density and its volume has increased to only | 1·00265, |
| which, though one fourth of the whole range of temperature, is only 1⁄18 of the total expansion. | |
| If the density Water at 60° F. has a specific gravity of | 0·9991953, |
| If the density and has increased in volume from 39° to | 1·00008, |
| which is only about 1⁄58 of the total expansion to 212°, with 1⁄64 of the total range of temperature. | |
All gases expand the same quantity by the same increase of temperature, which from 32° to 212° Fahr. = 180°480 = 3⁄8, or 100 volumes become 137·5. For each degree of Fahr. the expansion is 1⁄480.
When dry air is saturated with moisture, its bulk increases, and its specific gravity diminishes, because aqueous vapour is less dense than air, at like temperatures.
The following Table gives the multipliers to be employed for converting one volume of moist gas at the several temperatures, into a volume of dry gas.
| Temperature. | Multiplier. | |
|---|---|---|
| 53 | ° F. | 0·9870 |
| 54 | 0·9864 | |
| 55 | 0·9858 | |
| 56 | 0·9852 | |
| 57 | 0·9846 | |
| 58 | 0·9839 | |
| 59 | 0·9833 | |
| 60 | 0·9827 | |
| 61 | 0·9820 | |
| 62 | 0·9813 | |
| 63 | 0·9806 | |
| 64 | 0·9799 | |
| 65 | 0·9793 | |
| 66 | 0·9786 | |
| 67 | 0·9779 | |
| 68 | 0·9772 | |
| 69 | 0·9765 | |
| 70 | 0·9758 | |
| 71 | 0·9751 | |
| 72 | 0·9743 | |
| 73 | 0·9735 | |