The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist / An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy

by Annie Heloise Abel

Wooten, Dudley G. Comprehensive history of Texas (Dallas, 1898), 2 vols.

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INDEX

Abbott, J. B: [245], footnote
Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited, [71], footnote, [191], footnote
Abolitionists: Indians’ slaves enticed away, [23];
charges against Calhoun, [30];
Quantrill in league with, [49];
desire Indian lands, [76], [118];
among Cherokees, [132];
Cherokees repudiate idea that they are, [225];
charges against, [291-294]
Adair, W. P: [219], footnote
Address: of John Ross at Cherokee mass-meeting, [220]
Agency system: under Confederacy, [179]
Alabama: Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws from, [20], [193], footnote;
Choctaws in, [20], footnote;
David Hubbard, commissioner from, [108]
Alliance: Indians given political position in return for, [17];
reasons for southern Indians entering into, with Confederacy, [18];
Confederate State Department to effect, [140], footnote;
failure of Pike to effect, with Cherokees, [156];
Choctaw General Council authorizes negotiation of treaty of, [156];
Confederacy paid dearly for its Indian, [177];
nature of Seminole, with Confederacy, [197];
principles of active, inserted by Pike into treaties, [212];
McCulloch to accept Drew’s regiment of Home Guards as soon as treaty of, be consummated, [227];
conditions of, between the Indians and Confederacy, [280];
result of Battle of Pea Ridge on Indian, [284]
Allies: Indian, [17];
hope of finding in Cherokees, [125]
Allotment in severalty: suggested to Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, [58]
American Baptist Missionary Union: [38]
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: work among Cherokees and Choctaws, [39];
records of, [40], footnote;
missionaries among Choctaws remove themselves from patronage, [41], [42], [43], footnote
American Civil War: [See [Civil War]]
American Historical Association: Report, [20], footnote
American Revolution: effect upon Cherokee emigration to Texas, [20], footnote;
work of Committees of Correspondence in connection with, [83]
Amnesty: provided for, [176]
Annuities: negro and Indian half-breeds share Indian, [23], footnote;
Choctaw, distinct from Chickasaw, [34], footnote;
Indian, declared forfeited by Lincoln government, [145];
John Ross considers Indian, safe, [147];
payment of Indian, assumed by Confederacy, [163];
Indian, diverted from regular channels, [170];
to use, of hostile Indians, [274];
Crawford makes requisition for Cherokee, [307]
Antelope Hills: [55], [136], footnote
Apucks-hu-nubbe: district of, [34], footnote
Arbuckle, General: [193], footnote
Arkansas: Choctaws and Cherokees tarry in, [19], footnote;
Indian Territory annexed to, for judicial purposes, [23], footnote;
and Indian patronage, [59];
and Indian participation in Civil War, [63];
interest in Indian Territory, [67];
Knights of Golden Circle active in, [68];
interest in Indian alliance, [83];
affairs reach crisis, [97];
Hubbard, commissioner to, [108];
sends commission to Indian country, [119];
sends Albert Pike as delegate, [132-133]
Arkansas Baptist: [47], footnote
Arkansas Convention: Journal, [119], footnotes, [120], footnotes
Arkansas Historical Association: Publications, [106], footnote
Arkansas Legislature: House Journal, [103], footnote, [110], footnote, [111], footnote
Arkansas River: [67], [76], [97], [135], footnote, [162], [175]
Arms: description of, needed for Indians, [190], footnote;
Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment not furnished with, [211];
scarcity of, [211], footnote;
Cherokees in, at Tahlequah mass-meeting, [217];
Ross able to bear, [137], footnote;
Creeks under, threaten hostilities, [138], footnote;
fear, for Indians will be taken by secessionists, [228], footnote;
Confederate difficulty in securing, [253] and footnote
Armstrong Academy: [40], footnote
Armstrong, William: [193], footnote
Asbury Mission: Indian amity compact concluded at, [69], footnote
Assinneboin: suggested Territory of, [32], footnote
Atchison, David R: letter to, mentioned, [33], footnote
Austin State Gazette: [80], footnote
Averell, William W: [101], footnote
Baker, George E: work cited, [58], footnote
Balentine, H: [79]
Ball-playing: connected with secret organization of “Pins,” [86], footnote
Bancroft, Frederic: work cited, [58], footnote
Barnes, James K: [260], footnote
Barnesville: [245], [246]
Beams’s Negroes: [23], footnote
Beaver Creek: [55]
Beening, S. T: [102], footnote
Benjamin, Judah P: [140], footnote, [200], footnote, [215], footnote, [252], footnote
Benton, Thomas H: plan for a national highway, [28];
request, [33], footnote
Big Chief: merit chief of Great Osages, [238]
Billy Bowlegs: leaves Florida, [20] footnote;
communications from, [198], footnote;
refuses to sign treaty with Confederate States, [198-199];
death of, [198], footnote;
regarded as good commander, [277], footnote
Bird Creek: battle of, [138], footnote, [255-256]
Bishop, A. W: work cited, [67], footnote, [68], footnote, [133], footnote
Black Beaver: [101] and footnote, [303]
Black Dog: see [Shon-tah-sob-ba]
Blackhoof, Eli: [209], footnote
Blain, S. A: [56], footnote, [57], footnote
Blankets: furnished Indian refugees, [261];
to be furnished Indian soldiers in U. S. A., [271], footnote;
Indians need, [310];
Leeper offers to give Kiowas, [318];
Rector urges Leeper not to promise, Kiowas, [332];
Kiowas receive from U. S. government, [343]
Bloomfield Academy: [40], footnote
Bob Deer: [244]
Boggy Depot: [91], [230], footnote
Bonds: [61], [145-146]
Boone, A. G: [210], footnote
Boonsboro [Boonsborough]: [111] and footnote, [125]
Boudinot, E. C: [119], [153], [156], footnote, [219], footnote
Bourland, James: appointed commissioner, [88];
report, [91]
Branch, Harrison B: [182-183], [210], footnote, [228], [232-233], [249], [271], [279], footnote
Brazos Agency: [55]

Bribery: William McIntosh guilty of, [236];
of chiefs to induce secession, [262], footnote
Brigade: jayhawking character of Lane’s, [233];
Lane’s gives John Mathews his deserts, [239];
Hunter asks permission to muster, of friendly Indians, [250];
Kile, quartermaster in [274];
proportion of white troops in Pike’s, [280]
Brooks, Preston: [45], footnote
Brown, James: [217]
Buchanan, James: administration charged by free-state Kansans with bad faith, [37];
endorses pro-slavery policy, [45], footnote;
distrusted, [47];
“no coercion” policy, [87], footnote;
patronage, given to southern men, [262], footnote;
work cited, [22], footnote, [29], footnote
Buckner, H. S: [92]
Buffalo Hump: [305], [315], [330], [338], [348]
Bureau of Indian Affairs (Confederate): [128], [141], footnote, [190], footnote
Burgevin, Edmund: [105], footnote
Burleigh, Walter A: [227], footnote
Burlington: [259], [260], footnote
Burroughs, B: [120]
Burrow, N. B: [99], [298], [305], [330], [341]
Bushwhackers: drive Caddoes out of Texas, [19], footnote
Butler, George: agent for Cherokees, [45], [47], footnote, [285], [290]
Byington, Cyrus: [79]
Cache Creek: [55]
Caddoes: from Louisiana, [19], footnote;
Pike to meet, [189], footnote;
horses stolen by, [353]
Calhoun, J. M: [90], footnote
Calhoun, John C: report, [27];
motive, [29];
political heresy, [133]
Cameron, Simon: [234], [249], footnote
Campbell, A. B: [260], footnote
Canadian River: [55], [63], [67], [162]
Cane Hill: [296], [327]
Carolinas: Catawbas in, [20], footnote
Carroll, H. K: work cited, [37], footnote
Carruth, E. H: report, [84], footnote, [197], footnote, [198], footnote;
appointed by Lane, [242];
interviews Creek delegates, [245];
tries to arrange for inter-tribal council, [246];
letter, [267]
Cass, Lewis: [193], footnote
Catawbas: admitted to Choctaw citizenship, [20], footnote;
in possession of northeastern part of Choctaw country, [20], footnote;
in South Carolina fight with South, [20], footnote
“Catron letter”: [29], footnote
Chah-la-kee: suggested territory of, [31], footnote
Chah-lah-ki: district of, [178]
Chah-ta: suggested territory of, [31], footnote
Chahta Tamaha: [189], footnote
Chatterton, Charles W: [259], footnote
Checote, Samuel: [193], [194]
Cherokee Declaration of Independence written by Pike, [137], footnote
Cherokee Executive Council, [136], footnote;
John Ross promises to call meeting of, [153];
meeting of, [216], [217];
communicates with McCulloch, [226]
Cherokee Neutral Lands: location, [21], footnote, [64];
size, [21], footnote;
intruded upon, [35], [46], [285], [290];
project for selling, [50], [163];
McCulloch takes position opposite, [225];
Lane’s proposed camp in, [233];
Stand Watie ordered to take up a position in, [252], footnote;
Cowart sets out for, [294]
Cherokee Outlet: [54], footnote, [63], footnote, [64]
Cherokee Proclamation of Neutrality: [153-154]
Cherokee Strip: location, [21], [64];
coveted by Kansans, [21]
Cherokee Treaty: [157] and footnote;
declares allegiance to C. S. A., [159], footnote;
contains guarantee of autonomy, [159], footnote;
contains promise of representation in Congress [159], footnote;
navigable waters, [174];
admission to military academy, [180];
appointment of postmasters, [180];
considered by Provisional Congress, [206];
negotiated, [237];
Ross’s characterization of, [257]
Cherokees: from Tennessee and Georgia, [20];
tarried in Arkansas, [19], footnote;
go to Texas, [20], footnote;
removal to Arkansas suggested by Jefferson, [20], footnote;
in North Carolina fight with South, [20], footnote;
“Eastern” in controversy with “Western,” [20], footnote;
character of constitution, [31], footnote;
visited by Sacs and Foxes, [36], footnote;
work of A.B.C.F.M. among, [39];
schools among, [39], footnote;
religious denominations among, [39-40];
desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, [42];
material progress due to slavery, [46];
search organization among, [48];
with Cooper as volunteers, [54];
antebellum relations with people of Arkansas, [64];
representatives at inter-tribal conference, [71];
visited by commissioners from Texas, [92];
in council with Creeks, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, [94];
Pike’s negotiations with, [134], footnote;
to be indemnified, [163];
made an exception, [168];
at Battle of Wilson’s Creek, [214-215], [214], footnote;
secession of, [217];
resolutions of, [223-225];
secret organization among, [291-293]
Chickasaw: district, [34], footnote, [52]
Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald: [56], footnote
Chickasaw Legislature: act, [68];
resolutions, [122], footnote, [155]
Chickasaw Manual Labor School: [40], footnote
Chickasaws: from Alabama and Mississippi, [20];
character of constitution, [31], footnote;
domestic troubles, [34];
political connection with Choctaws, [34], footnote;
religious denominations among, [40], footnote;
construct government, [51];
as volunteers, [54];
country, [63];
not represented at inter-tribal conference, [71];
convention of Choctaws and, [91];
prevented from attending council at North Fork, [94];
take charge of property abandoned by Federals at Fort Arbuckle, [102];
appeal of Burroughs to, [120-121];
resolutions of Choctaws and, [130];
negotiations of Albert Pike with, [136], footnote, [196-197];
reported as anxious to join Southern Confederacy, [155];
treaty with, considered by Provisional Congress, [204-207];
E. H. Carruth communicates with loyal portion of, [246-247]
Chilton, William P: [127]
Chippewas: from Michigan, [19];
warriors, [227], footnote
Chi-sho-hung-ka: [238], footnote
Chisholm, Jesse: [313], [320]
Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment: [77], [207], [210], [211], [230], footnote, [252], footnote
Choctaw-Chickasaw Treaty: [157], and footnote;
declares allegiance to C. S. A., [159], footnote;
contains promise of representation in Congress, [159], footnote;
suggests ultimate statehood, [160], footnote;
recognizes Choctaw country as distinct from Chickasaw, [161];
transfers lease of Wichita Reserve to Confederate States, [162];
navigable waters, [174];
amnesty, [175]
Choctaw Corn Contract: scandal involves Pike, [57], footnote
Choctaw General Council: act, [20], footnote;
resolution, [72-74];
under authority of Chief Hudson declares Choctaw Nation “free and independent,” [156], [196];
plan treaty of alliance and amity with Confederacy, [156];
communication from Pike, [187], footnote, [196], footnote
Choctaw Light Horse: [24], footnote

Choctaws: tarried in Arkansas, [19], footnote;
Catawbas wish to unite with, [20], footnote;
intimacy with negroes, [20], footnote;
in Mississippi fight with South, [20], footnote;
prepared to assent to territorial bill, [31], footnote;
domestic troubles, [34];
political connection with Chickasaws ended, [34], footnote;
religious denominations among, [39-40];
schools among, [40], footnote;
desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, [42];
ask relief, [57], footnote;
country, [63];
antebellum relations with people of Arkansas and Texas, [64];
not represented at inter-tribal conference, [71];
delegation, [74];
affairs, [75-79];
treaty with Confederate States, [78], [204];
convention of Chickasaws and, [91];
prevented from attending council at North Fork, [94];
resolutions of Chickasaws and, [130];
negotiations of Pike with, [136], footnote, [196-197];
reported as anxious to join Confederacy, [155];
enlist in army, [210];
Carruth in communication with loyal portion, [246-247]
Chuahla: [39], footnote
Chustenahlah: battle of, [258]
Citizenship: U. S. recommended for Indians, [31] and footnote;
Ottawas express preference for U. S., [36], footnote;
Indians to determine own tribal, [169];
Jim Ned’s right of, forfeited within Leased District, [306]
Civil War (American): no adequate history of American, [17];
Indian allies of South in, [20], footnote;
in Choctaw-Chickasaw country threatened, [34] and footnote;
delays Indian removal from Kansas, [37];
corrupt practices of Democratic Party just prior to American, [45], footnote;
Stand Watie on Southern side in, [49], footnote;
responsibility of Texas and Arkansas for participation of Indians in, [63];
early interest of Texas and Arkansas in Indian country, [67];

see also [Enlistment of Indians]
Civilization Fund: [37]
Clark, George W: [211], footnote, [240], footnote
Clover, Seth: [209], footnote
Cobb, Howell: [45], footnote
Cockrell, S. R: [119]
Coe, Chas. H: work cited, [20], footnote
Coffin, William G: [80] and footnotes, [184], [245], [247], [259], [274]
Colbert, D: [41], footnote
Colbert, Holmes: [261], footnote
Colbert, Winchester: [197], [201], footnote
Colbert Institute: [40], footnote
Coleman, Isaac: [186], footnote, [259], footnote
Collamore, George W: [261], footnote
Colley, S. G: [350]
Collin (Texas): exodus of non-secessionists from, [95]
Colorado: indigenous tribe, in, [19], footnote;
attempts to secure Indian coöperation, [83]
Comanche Treaty: [157], footnote, [158];
amnesty, [176]
Comanches: [51], [52], [55], [189], footnote, [200] and footnote, [201], [206], [313], [320], [323], [324], [331], [337], [347], [351]
Commission: from Texas to Indian nations, [88] et seq.;
from Arkansas, [108], footnote
Concharta: [255]
Confederate Contract: for supplying Indians of Leased District, [301-303], [347], [352]
Confederate Military History: work cited, [103], footnote
Congressional Globe: work cited, [58], footnote
Connelley, W. E: work cited, [34], footnote, [49], footnote
Connor, John: [544]
Cooley, D. N: [56], footnote, [134], footnote, [226]
Cooper, Douglas H: citizen of Mississippi, [41];
fears abolitionization of Indian country, [41];
sends note to Superintendent Dean, [42];
sanguine as to slavery conditions among Indians, [45];
survey of Leased District, [53];
Choctaw Corn Contract, [57], footnote;
becomes colonel in Confederate army, [76];
regiment of Choctaws to be under command of, [77], [207];
absent from post, [82] and footnote;
apparently disapproves of Texan interference, [96];
receives suggestions from Rector, [106-107], footnote, [187];
instructions to, [147], footnote;
defection of, [186-187];
asked to continue as agent, [190], footnote;
wishes to be agent and colonel, [197], footnote, [212], footnote;
report concerning Indian enlistment, [211];
in battle with Opoethleyohola, [254] et seq., [312];
complains of not having more white troops, [280]
Cooper, Samuel: [53], footnote, [147]
Corn Contract: see [Choctaw Corn Contract]
Council: Cherokee, in session at Tahlequah, [50], footnote;
Choctaw at Doaksville, [77];
composition of Doaksville, [77];
at Fort Smith, [226-227], [241];
at Tahlequah, [237] et seq., [240];
Coffin holds, with representatives of non-secession element of various tribes, [267];
Agent Johnson holds, with Delaware chiefs, [272], footnote;
Indian refugees hold, at Fort Roe, [278], footnote;
Creek, demands payment of money, [289];
Cowart reports rumor of Cherokee, [294];
Cherokee, to meet, [296];
of each tribe to consider amendments to treaties, [323];
Leeper holds with Indians of Leased District, [346];
Comanches propose, to effect everlasting peace with Southern people, [347];
see also [Inter-tribal Conference]
Covode, John: [276]
Covode Committee: [45], footnote
Cowart, Robert J: [46], [82] and footnote, [89], footnote, [114] and footnote, [184], [290], [295], [298]
Cowetah: [69], footnote
Cox, John T: [261], footnote
Crawford, John: [183], footnote, [184-185], and footnotes, [190], footnote, [215], footnote, [216], [218], [219], footnote, [220], [223], [325]
Creek Country: Seminoles accommodated within, [50];
proposal for giving southern Comanches home within, [51] and footnote;
proposal to allot lands in severalty, [58]
Creek Light Horse: [218], footnote
Creek National Council: rejects proposal for allotment of lands in severalty, [58], footnote;
approves draft of treaty with C. S. A., [194]
Creek Treaty: [157] and footnote;
Dole ignorant of existence, [157], footnote;
declares allegiance to C. S. A., [159], footnote;
contains guarantee of autonomy, [159], footnote;
contains promise of representation in Congress, [159], footnote;
model on subject of recognizing slavery, [166-167];
extradition, [173];
negotiation of, [192-195];
considered by Provincial Congress, [206];
clauses providing for active alliance, [212]
Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, [19-20];
assist in Seminole removal, [20], footnote;
mixture with negroes, [20], footnote, [23], footnote;
status of free negro among, [23], footnote;
Presbyterians among, [40];
desirable to have slaveholders settle among, [42];
repent giving home to Seminoles, [51];
location, [67];
representatives at inter-tribal council, [71];
visited by commissioners from Texas, [92];
in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, [94]
Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, [47];
charged against Reserve Indians, [52]
Crutchfield, Major P. T: [111]
Culbertson, Alexander: [210], footnote

Cumberland Presbyterians: [40], footnote
Curtis, Gen. S. R: [138], footnote
Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, [22]
Cutler, Abram: [229], footnote
Cutler, George A: [184], footnote, [249], footnote, [259], footnote, [266]
Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, [22];
writes to Worcester, [23], footnote;
nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, [128];
appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, [130];
message, [202];
Marshall writes to, [207]
Davis, John B: [23], footnote
Davis, John D: [199], footnote
Davis, William P: [199], footnote
Dawson, J. L: [193], footnote
Dean, Charles W: [42];
work cited, [35], footnote, [60], footnote
Debray, X. B: [102], footnote
Decotah: suggested territory of, [31], footnote
Deep Fork of Canadian: [254]
Delawares: from Indiana, [19];
tarry in Missouri, [19], footnote;
free state men among, [35];
anxious to avoid white man’s interference, [36], footnote;
Baptist school on reservation, [38];
as refugees, [56], footnote;
Leeper to communicate with, [181], footnote;
Pike hopes to meet, [189], footnote;
wealth, [208], footnote;
treaty with, [231], footnote;
employed as scouts, [232];
appeal to, [268];
response of, [268];
and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, [329], footnote
Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, [31], footnote;
Pike sent as, [132-133];
to be allowed in Confederate Congress, [159], [161], [177], [203], [204], [324];
Creek on way to Washington, [245];
Gamble to Confederate Congress, [312]
Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of neutrality, [74] and footnote, [75];
from non-secession element in various tribes, [265-266] and footnote, [267] and footnote;
from Leased District visits Kiowas, [353]
Denton: exodus from, [95]
Denver, J. W: [270]
Derrysaw, Jacob: [69], footnote, [194], [218], footnote
Dickey, M. C: [209], footnote
Dickinson, J. C: [50], footnote, [296]
Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, [17];
and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, [20], footnote
District of Columbia: status of slavery in, [22]
Disunion: Pike’s poem on, [133] and footnote
Doaksville: [39], footnote;
Choctaw constitution, [51];
Council at, [77]
Dole, William P: [56], footnote, [74], footnote, [75], [80], [231] and footnote, [233], [241-242], [250], [266], [271], [273], [274]
Dorn, Andrew J: [30], footnote;
takes charge of Neosho Agency, [35], footnote, [51];
absent from post, [82];
citizen of Arkansas, [82], footnote;
tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, [241];
letter of, [295];
Rector complains of conduct of, [328]
Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, [29]
Drew, John: [137], footnote, [214], footnote, [217], [226], [253], footnote, [255]
Drew, Thomas: work cited, [30], footnote;
issues permits to peddle in Indian country, [60]
Drouth: [57], [146], [208]
Du Val, Ben T: [104], footnote
Dwight: Cherokee school at, [39], footnote
Echo Harjo: [58], footnote, [80], footnote, [192], [193], [243]
Edwards, John: [78]

Elder, Peter P: [81], footnote
Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, [138], footnote
Ellis, Jo: [244]
Emigration: of Indians voluntary, [19], footnote
Emissaries: [83], [88], [89], footnote, [113] et seq., [114], footnote, [115], footnote, [132], [142], [148], footnote, [183], [208], [210], footnote, [218], footnote, [219], footnote, [242]
Emory, William H: [96-102], [98], footnotes
Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, [132];
McCulloch instructed to secure, [144], [147];
no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, [148];
Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, [149];
Hyams urges, [155];
Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, [156];
Federal attitude towards, [227] et seq.,
compulsory, illegal, [228], footnote;
Lane resolves upon, [229-230] and footnotes;
Frémont favors, [231-232];
Delaware chiefs oppose, [232];
Lane persists in urging, [248];
urged by Hunter, [250];
to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, [270-271] and footnotes, [272], footnote;
U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, [275], [279] and footnotes;
Coffin’s views on, [277], footnote;
muster roll showing, [344];
among Comanches abandoned, [350]
Euchees: [52]
Factions: among Cherokees, [49-50], [151] et seq., [215], [223], [240];
among Creeks, [192-194], [254];
among Seminoles, [198-199];
among Comanches, [306]
Fairfield: Cherokee school at, [39], footnote
Fall Leaf: [231], footnote, [232] and footnotes, [233], footnote
Farnsworth, H. W: [229], footnote, [272]
Fayetteville: [67], footnote, [184], [310], [326]
Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, [67], footnote
Finch, John: [30], footnote
Finley, C. A: [270]
Fishback, William Meade: [104], footnote
Fleming, Walter L: work cited, [108], footnote
Floyd, John B: [53], [296]
Folsom, George: [23], footnote
Folsom, Israel: [74]
Folsom, Joseph P: [77]
Folsom, Peter: [74], [76], [196]
Folsom, Sampson: [41], footnote, [76], [196]
Food: Indian refugees need, [260];
to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, [268], footnote;
Creek refugees destitute of, [273], footnote, [278], footnote;
supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, [285-289];
Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, [301-303];
for Comanches, [313];
to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to treaties, [323];
receipt for, furnished, [345]
Fort Arbuckle: [54], [87], footnote, [97], [135], footnote, [201], footnote, [297], [303], [345], [357]
Fort Belknap: [88], footnote
Fort Caleb: [295]
Fort Cobb: [82], footnote, [84], footnote, [96], [97], [98] and footnote, [189], footnote, [296], [332], [356]
Fort Coffee Academy: [40], footnote
Fort Davis: [349]
Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, [53];
Major Emory and, [104];
distance from Fort Smith, [108];
Pike returns to, [137], footnote;
Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, [193], footnote;
Cooper draws off in direction of, [256];
money at, [325]
Fort Leavenworth: [88], footnote, [103], [208], footnote, [251], [259], [266], [267], [270]
Fort Lincoln: [229], footnote, [230], [243]
Fort McCulloch: [139], footnote, [284]
Fort Randall: [227], footnote

Fort Roe: [259] and footnote, [275], footnote, [277], footnote
Fort Scott: [249], footnote, [266]
Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, [64];
evacuated, [76];
W. G. Coffin fails to reach, [81], footnote;
Emory reaches, [97];
Emory tarries at, [99];
hot-bed of sectionalism, [103];
distance from Fort Gibson, [108];
J. J. Gaines reaches, [113];
Pike proceeds to, [138], footnote;
McCulloch at, [150];
talk of confiscating Rector’s property at, [182], footnote;
distance from Scullyville, [211];
fire at, [298]
Fort Smith Council: [192], footnote, [226-227], [241]
Fort Smith Papers: cited, [41], footnote, [43], footnote, [50], footnote, [104], footnote, [197], footnote, [198], footnote, [285-328]
Fort Smith Times: cited, [47], footnote
Fort Sumter: [118]
Fort Towson: [40], footnote
Fort Washita: [77], [91], [96], [189], footnote, [297],

[303]
Fort Wise: [210], footnote
Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, [28]
Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas election, [22], footnote
Frazier, Jackson: [41], footnote
Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, [23], footnote;
among Choctaws, [24], footnote;
Leased District rendezvous for, [56-57]
Free-soilers: [45], [46], [113]
Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, [30]
Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, [35]
Frémont, John C: [214], footnote, [215], footnote, [231], [232], [233], footnote, [248], [312]
Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, [17];
character of men of, [114];
Indians exploited for sake of men of, [170];
trouble on, to be expected, [183], footnote
Frozen Rock: [53]
Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, [22], [166], [178]
Gaines, J. J: [113], [115], footnote, [116]
Gamble, James: [41], footnote, [54], footnote, [197], [312]
Garland, Samuel: [74], [76]
Garrett, William H: [58], footnote, [82], and footnote, [183], [184] [192], [194], [212], footnote, [324]
Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, [20], [193], footnote;
D. E. Twiggs from, [87]
Grayton: exodus from, [95]
Green, J. J: [105], footnote
Greenwood, A. B: [36], footnote, [45], footnote, [46], [48], [113], [192], [209], footnote, [291], [292], [294]
“Grier letter”: [29], footnote
Griffith, Samuel: [119], [182], footnote, [183-184]
Grimes, Marshal: [56], footnote, [57], footnote, [98], footnote, [336], [337]
Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, [48]
Half-breeds: status of, [23], footnote;
generally slaveholders, [46];
influence sought in holding Indian country for South, [67];
planter class in Indian Territory, [67], [75];
white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, [77];
missionaries fear, [78];
hated by “loyal” Cherokees, [139], footnote;
attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, [216]
Halleck, Henry W: [215], footnote, [275]
Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, [88];
report, [91]
Harris, C. A: [193], footnote
Harris, Cyrus: [41], footnote, [69], footnote, [80], footnote;
visited by commissioners from Texas, [91]
Harris, Thomas A: [130]

Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, [88];
report, [91];
referred to by Governor Clark, [131], footnote
Helena (Ark.): [104]
Hemphill, John: [100], footnote
Hester, G. B: [230], footnote
Hicks, Charles: [237], footnote
Hindman, Thomas C: [48], footnote, [105], footnote, [357]
Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: [79]
Hotchkin, Ebenezer: [42], [76]
Houston, Sam: [31], footnote, [90], [93]
Howard, O. O: work cited, [220], footnote
Hubbard, David: [108];
letter to Governor Moore, [109-110];
nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, [128];
Pike hopes for coöperation, [141];
receives instructions from Walker, [142-143];
ill-health, [143], footnote;
writes to John Ross, [144-145];
reply of John Ross to, [146-147];
instructed not to offer statehood, [161];
advice to Crawford, [308];
advises economy, [315]
Hudson, George: [77], [80], footnote;
declares Choctaw Nation “free and independent,” [156];
dealings with Pike, [196];
proclamation, [196], [210]
Humboldt: [243], footnote, [247]
Humphreys, John J: [185], [218], footnote
Hunter, David: [248], [249], and footnote, [250], [251], [260], [266], [270], [275], [276], [312]
Hyams, S. M: [155]
Illinois: tribes from, [19]
Indian adoption: [169]
Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas, [230];
to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, [233];
Cooper reaches, [254]
Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, [19];
tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, [19] and footnote;
population, [20-21];
cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, [20];
reservation system established, [21];
listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, [22];
Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, [22];
presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, [23], footnote;
constantly beset by difficulties, [24], [27];
likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, [35];
intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, [35], footnote;
rivalry among churches, [37];
intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, [46];
practically no U. S. troops within, [52-53];
northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, [62], footnote;
slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, [67];
strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, [108];
military necessity of securing, [131];
Pike describes sojourn in, [134] et seq., footnote;
McCulloch to give military protection to, [148];
McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, [149];
establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with great tribes, [177];
postal system to be maintained throughout, [180];
U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, [270]
Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, [132];
no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, [148];
individual Cherokees as, [149-151];
disposition to keep Indians as, [212];
Ross’s plan defeated by McCulloch, [226-227];
authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, [226];
Drew’s regiment tendered to McCulloch, [227];
Drew’s regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, [240]
Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, [24], footnote;
Greenwood’s exposition of, [290];
Leeper asks for copy, [315];
Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District, [346]
Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, [28];
in trans-Missouri region, [29];
rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii
Indian Removal: policy, [19], footnote;
law for, [19], footnote;
indemnification for, [164-166]
Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, [31];
suggested by Texas newspapers, [31], footnote;
Confederacy promises to Choctaws, [78];
no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, [143];
promised in treaties made by Confederacy, [160] and footnote, [161];
Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, [203];
Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, [204]
Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, [19], footnote;
annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, [23], footnote;
in danger of being abolitionized,[41-42];
only home for Indians from Kansas, [36];
drouth in, [58];
political status of tribes in, [62], footnote;
position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, [63];
topographical description of, [63];
early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, [67];
halfbreeds of, a planter class, [67], [75];
Knights of Golden Circle active in, [68];
Indians to be driven out of, [76];
cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, [81], footnote;
agents within, all southern men, [82];
Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, [241];
strategical importance of, [242];
included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, [280]
Indian trade: licenses for, [59-60];
regulations respecting, [169-171]
Indiana: tribes from, [19];
W. G. Coffin from, [80]
Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, [18];
participation in American Civil War inevitable, [18];
as emigrants, [19];
number of colonized, [20-21];
proportion of southern to northern, [21];
slaves enticed away by abolitionists, [23];
seized as fugitives by southern men, [23];
interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, [29];
territorial form of government for, [30], footnote, [31], footnote;
treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri Compromise, [34];
plan for colonizing Texas, [52], [55];
Knights of Golden Circle active among, [68];
condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, [94];
Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, [100], footnote;
enlistment, [132], [147-149], [155], [181], footnote, [207], [210], [211-212], [227], footnote, [248], [250], [252], footnote, [270], [275], [279];
treaties with Confederate States, [157-158], [202-206];
judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, [172-174];
military support secured early by Confederacy, [207];
use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, [227] et seq.;
not subject to conscription, [228], footnote;
reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, [228], footnote;
conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, [230];
totally abandoned by U. S. government, [262], footnote;
see also under names of individual nations and tribes
Interior Department: [53], [80], [218], footnote, [242], [265], [273]
Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, [22];
see also [Intruders]
Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the Chickasaws, [68], footnote;
assembling of, at Creek Agency, [70];
attendance, [71];
action, [71-72];
action not officially reported to U. S. government, [82];
Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, [192];
Indians solicit, [209], footnote;
Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, [243], [246];
Coffin desires, at Humboldt, [247];
plans for, at Leroy, [248];
Hunter instructed to hold, [250];
difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, [250], footnote;
John T. Cox gives account of, [262], footnote
Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers, [135], footnote, [152];
of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln proposed, [243], [246];
of Coffin with Carruth, [243], footnote;
of Carruth with Creek delegation, [245]
Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, [20], footnote;
Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, [86], footnote
Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, [46];
interfere with slavery, [47];
Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of, [169];
Agent Butler’s reports, [285];
Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, [290-291];
Cowart reports progress in removal of, [295], [296], [297];
Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, [296];
see also [Interlopers]
Iowas: [189], footnote
Irish, O. H: [227], footnote
Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, [39], footnote
Jackson, Andrew: [19];
inducements offered to Indians, [58];
procedure of, [72];
opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, [133]
Jayhawking: of Lane’s brigade, [233], [234], [277]
Jennison, C. R: [275], footnote
Jesup, Thomas S: [164], footnote, [165]
Jim Ned: [306], [330], [341]
Jim Pockmark: [306], [338]
John Chupco: [198], footnote, [199]
John Jumper: and Seminole removal, [20], footnote;
favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, [40], footnote;
approached by Albert Pike, [85], footnote, [197], footnote, [198], footnote;
signs complaint against General Jesup, [164], footnote;
signs treaty with Confederate States, [198];
signature attached to Comanche treaties, [200], footnote;
doing duty faithfully, [319];
letter to, [337]
Johnson, Charles, B: [56], footnote, [98], footnote, [105], footnote, [190], footnote, [199], [287], [289], [301], [314], [323], [332], [352]
Johnson, F: [231], footnote, [232], [248], and footnote, [329], footnote
Johnson, James B: [105], footnote
Johnson, Richard H: [47], footnote, [105], footnote
Johnson, Robert W: [31], footnote, [47], footnote, [105], footnote, [127];
correspondence with Albert Pike, [131], [132];
motion, [204];
Crawford serves by request, [308];
elected senator, [334]
Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, [22], footnote, [39]
Johnson, W. Warren: [303]
Johnson: exodus from, [95]
Jones, Evan: [47], [93], [135], footnote, [217], [218], footnote, [236], [240], footnote, [292], [293]
Jones, H. P: [199], [348], [350]
Jones, John: [309]
Jones, John B: [47], [269], footnote, [296]
Jones, R. M: [75], [77], [79], [197], [344-345]
Journeycake, Charles: [231], footnote, [268], footnote
Jumper, John: see [John Jumper]
Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: [238], footnote
Kannady, J. R: [125]
Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, [19];
suffering of, [209], footnote
Kansas: Indian tribes in, [19];
agitation for the opening up of, [28];
compared with Choctaw country, [31], footnote;
suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, [33-34];
citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, [46];
drouth in, [58];
political status of tribes in, [62], footnote;
and Cherokee Outlet, [64];
Elder, citizen of, [186];
Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, [207];
Indians wish to fight, [227], footnote
Kansas Historical Society: Collections, [19], footnote, [34], footnote
Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, [29], [35];
settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, [36];
Seward’s speech on, [58-59]
Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, [35];
free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, [37]
Kappler, C. J: work cited, [20], footnote, [34], footnote, [49], footnote, [50], footnote, [52], footnote
Kaskaskias: from Illinois, [19]
Keitt, Lawrence M: [127], [129]
Kennedy, John C: [211], footnote
Kickapoos: from Indiana, [19];
tarry in Missouri, [19], footnote;
denominationalism among, [37], footnote;
refugees, [56], footnote;
Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, [181], footnote;
Pike hopes to meet, [189], footnote
Kile, William: [261], footnote, [274]
Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: [40], and footnote, [43], footnote, [76]

Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: [79]
Kiowas: [52];
Texans reported tampering with, [210], footnote;
messengers from, [309];
talk for, [320];
treaty with, to be effected, [323], [331];
delegation of, [324];
Big-head, chief of, [342];
Lone Wolf, chief of, [350];
E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, [350];
annual festival of, [351];
treaty with, [354]
Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature, [68], footnote;
evidence of activity among Indians, [68];
halfbreeds belong to, [86], footnote
Koonsha Female Seminary: [40], footnote
Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, [18];
pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, [18], [28];
of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, [21];
of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, [28];
of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, [35];
allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, [58];
violation of treaties to cost Indians their, [86], footnote;
property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, [161] et seq.;
Indians to have right to dispose of by will, [172];
Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, [216]
Lane, James H: [125], [229], [231], footnote, [233], [242], [251] and footnote, [265], [270], [276], [278]
Lane, W. P: [357]
Laughinghouse, G. W: [120]
Leased District: [52] and footnote, [54], [56], [57], footnote, [63], [67], [96], [179], [199], [297], [340], [349]
Lee, Robert E: [88], footnote, [98], footnote, [99]
Lee, S. Orlando: letter, [75-79], [197], footnote
Leeper, Matthew: [57] and footnote, [82] and footnote, [96], [98] and footnote, [99], [180], footnote, [199], footnote, [303], [304-307], [311], [315-319];
removal of, asked for by Rector, [323];
death of, [329], footnote;
charges against, [333]
Leeper Papers: cited, [57], footnote, [99], footnote, [102], footnote, [181], footnote, [186], footnote, [199], footnote, [200], footnote, [201], footnote, [329-357]

Lee’s Creek: Cherokee school at, [39], footnote
Lefontaine, Louis: [208], footnote
Leroy: [248], [266]
Lincoln, Abraham: [68], [76], [80], [86], footnote, [93], [95], [118], [122], footnote, [182], [185], [234] and footnote, [250], [265], footnote, [266], [274], [276], [278]
Little Captain: [277], footnote
Little Rock: [103], [108], [190], footnote
London, John T: [104], footnote
Long John: [198], footnote
Love, Overton: [23], footnote
Lower Creeks: [50], [80], footnote, [192], [244]
Lowrie, Walter: [75]
“Loyal Creeks”: [192], footnote, [193], [194], footnote, [195], [199], [243-246], [250], [254], [259];
sufferings, [260];
measures for relief of, [260] et seq., [272];
annuities of “hostiles” to be applied to relief of, [274]
Luce, John B: [125], [282], footnote
McCarron, Thomas: [311]
McClellan, George B: [265], footnote, [275], [276]
McCulloch, Ben: [85], footnote, [120], [135], footnote, [141], [143-144];
letter of Hubbard to, [144-145];
attempt to secure Cherokee help, [149-153];
communication with John Ross, [149];
reply of John Ross to, [150];
correspondence with Secretary Walker, [151], and footnote;
reports Choctaws and Chickasaws as anxious to join Confederacy, [155];
accompanies Albert Pike, [189], footnote;
gives authority for calling out six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, [198], footnote;
objects to appointment of Garrett as colonel of Creek regiment, [212], footnote;
acts under direct orders from Richmond, [225];
promises to protect Cherokee borders, [227];
orders Stand Watie to take up position in Cherokee Neutral Lands, [252], footnote;
goes to Richmond, [257], footnote
McCulloch, Henry E: [99], footnote, [207]
McCulloch, Thomas C: [210], footnote
McDaniel, James: [262], footnote, [268], and footnote
Machinations: secessionist sympathy of Indians not due to, of agents and others, [219], footnote
McIntosh, Chilly: [92], [140], footnote, [193], and footnote, [200], footnote
McIntosh, D. N: [92]
McIntosh, James: [256] et seq.
McIntosh, Rolly: [193], footnote
McIntosh, William: [191], footnote, [193], footnote;
attempts to bribe John Ross, [236], footnote
McRae, John J: presents petition for removal of Choctaws, [20], footnote
McWillie, M. H: [207], footnote
Mails: insecurity, [116];
none in Indian country, [190], footnote;
irregularity, [230], [252], footnote;
must be provided for in Leased District, [309];
Rector has no authority to establish, [332]
Malfeasance: Rev. Thomas Johnson suspected of, [39], [41];
few Indian Office officials free from, [56], footnote;
Washburn implicated in, [85], footnote;
Indian agents guilty of, [262], footnote
Manassas Junction: battle of, [216]
Mandan: suggested territory of, [32], footnote
Manypenny, George W: [30], footnote;
Indian treaties made by, [33], footnote, [35];
promises to look into expediency of Comanche removal, [51], footnote;
suggests giving Indians control of trade, [170]
Marcy, William L: [165], footnote
Marshall, F. J: [207]
Marysville: [207]
Mass-meeting: of Cherokees at Tahlequah, [217] et seq., [226], [234]
Mathews, John: [235], footnote, [239]
Mayers, Abram G: [56], footnote, [197], footnote, [230], footnote, [287], [288], [289], [312]
Mayes, Joel: [214], footnote

Medicines: Texans seize, [305], [308];
Leeper’s requisition can not be honored, [330-331]
Memphis (Tenn.): [97], [104], [134], footnote
Methodist Episcopal Church South: [37], footnote, [38], [40], footnote
Methodists: [38]
Mexican War: effect upon Indian interests, [28];
service of Pike in, [132]
Miamies: from Indiana, [19];
charges against Agent Clover, [209], footnote
Michigan: tribes from, [19]
Mikko Hutke: [194], [244]
Military Board of Arkansas: [190]
Minnesota: territory of Decotah to be carved out of, [31], footnote
Mission: of Pike, [134] et seq.;
of Hubbard, [143] et seq.;
of Carruth, [242], [246-247]
Missionaries: encourage slavery within Indian country, [22];
among Indians, [39] et seq.;
suspected of attempting to abolitionize Indian country, [41];
charged with inciting to murder, [47];
search organization among Cherokees due to, [48]
Missionary Herald: cited, [40], footnote, [41], footnote
Missions: [39] et seq., [143]
Mississippi: Choctaws and Chickasaws from, [20];
Choctaws in, fight on side of South, [20], footnote;
Cooper, citizen of, [41]
Mississippi River: [17], [63]
Missouri: Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares tarry in, [19], footnote;
interests herself in Indian alliance, [83]
Missouri Compromise: line approximately boundary between northern and southern Indian immigrants, [21];
encroachment upon northern rights under, [22];
as affected by Kansas-Nebraska bill, [30]
Mitchell, Charles B: [97], [98], [334]
Montgomery: [76], [87], footnote, [94], [109], [192], [196], [297]
Moore, Andrew B: [108]
Moore, Frank: work cited, [45], footnote, [125], footnote, [227], footnote
Moore, Thomas O: [155], [192], footnote
Moo-sho-le-tubbee: district of, [34], footnote
Moravians: [38]
Morton, Jackson: [127]
Motey Kennard: [58], footnote, [80], footnote, [92], [94], [119], [191], and footnote, [193], [199], [200], footnote, [218], footnote, [243], [337]
Mound City: [230], footnote
Munsees: from Ohio, [19];
Moravians among, [38]
Murphy, J: [119]
Mus-co-kee: territory of suggested, [31], footnote
Navajoe: suggested territory of, [32], footnote
Ne-a-math-la: [193], footnote
Nebraska: indigenous tribes in, [19], footnote;
agitation for opening up of, [28];
drouth in, [57]
Ne-con-he-con: [268], footnote
Negroes: Choctaws charged with mixing with, [20], footnote;
Creeks almost completely mixed with, [22], footnote;
Creeks possess no aversion to race mixture, [23], footnote;
no rights that white men are bound to respect, [29];
Quantrill plans to rescue, [48];
Indians agree to return fugitive, [166], footnote;
six hundred, seized by Kansans, [334]
Neighbors, Robert S: [56], footnote
Neosho: suggested territory of, [31], footnote
Neosho River: [208], [277], footnote
Neosho River Agency: [30], footnote;
invaded, [35], footnote;
Elder put in charge of, [186];
Indians of, at Fort Smith Council, [241]
Neutrality: McCulloch agrees to respect Cherokee, [136], footnote;
of Indians scarcely possible, [145];
Chief Ross gives reasons for preserving, [147], [150];
Chief Ross objects to violation of, [150];
majority of Cherokees favor, [153];
Chief Ross’s Proclamation of, [153-154];
discussion in Cherokee meeting at Tahlequah, [220] et seq.;
McCulloch orders Stand Watie’s men not to interfere with Cherokee, [227]
New Hope Academy: [40], footnote
New Orleans Picayune: [32], footnote
Newspapers: [47], [75], [80], footnote
New York Indians: from Wisconsin, [19];
reservation invaded, [35];
members of Neosha River Agency, [51];
Refugees camp upon lands of, [260]
North Carolina: Cherokees fight on side of South, [20], footnote
North Fork Village: [92], [94], [95], [157], [188], [192]
North Fork of Canadian: [67], [136], footnote, [189], footnote, [254]
Northern Baptists: [38], [39]
Northern Indians: colonized within limits of great American desert, [18];
relative position of, [21];
Pike hoped to exert influence over, [208];
reported organized into spy companies by Federals, [306]
Oak Hills, or Wilson’s Creek: battle of, [215], [216], [225], [257], footnote
Ochiltree, William B: [129]
Office of Indian Affairs: plans for removal of Catawbas from Carolinas, [20], footnote;
takes measures for removal of Seminoles from Florida, [20], footnote;
refuses to remove Choctaws from Mississippi, [20], footnote;
unable to execute plan for removal of Texas Indians before 1859, [52];
reply of Creeks to proposals, [58];
patronage of, [59];
out of communication with Indian Territory, [81], footnote;
complaint filed at, [96];
in possession of documents incriminating D. H. Cooper, [186];
discontinues Indian allowances, [192];
supports War Department, [271]
Ogden, John B: [89], footnote, [108], footnote, [115], footnote
Ohio: people of, desire information about Manypenny treaties, [33], footnote
Okanagan: suggested territory of, [32], footnote
Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo [Sands]: [194], [244], and footnote
Old Choctaw Agency: [211], footnote
Oldham, W. S: [100], footnote
Old Scottish Gentleman: [107] and footnote
Old Settlers Party: [49]
Omaha Mission School: youths from, enlist in army, [227], footnote
Omahas: [227], footnote
Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: [138], footnote, [193] and footnote, [194], [195], footnote, [198], footnote, [236], footnote, [243], [253], footnote, [254] et seq., [268], [278]
Oregon: occupied, [28]
Osage Manual Labor School: [38], footnote
Osage Mission: [182], footnote
Osage River Agency: [208], footnote
Osage Treaty: [157] and footnote;
lands, in Kansas guaranteed by, [162];
model on subject of rendition of slaves, [167];
navigable waters, [175];
negotiated, [237]
Osages: indigenous to Kansas, [19];
Great and Little, [20], footnote;
reservation invaded, [35], [295];
determined to resist removal, [36];
Roman Catholicism among, 38 members of Neosho River Agency, [51];
negotiations with Pike, [137], footnote;
described as “lazy,” [208], footnote;
letter to, from John Ross, [235], [236], footnote;
bands of, [237]
Otis, Elmer: [210], footnote
Otoes: [209], footnote
Ottawas: from Michigan, [19];
regard removal as useless, [36], footnote;
Baptists among, [38]
Ozark Mountains: [19], footnote

Pacific Railroad Surveys: cited, [54], footnote
Pa-hiu-ska: [238], footnote
Panola: county of, [68], footnote
Pape, Henry: [182], footnote
Park Hill: Cherokee school at, [39], footnote;
residence of John Ross, [135], footnote, [188], footnote;
John Ross at, [150];
W. S. Robertson retires to, [218], footnote;
Pike invited to, [234];
treaties negotiated at, [237]
Parker, Eli S: [228], footnote
Parker, Thomas Valentine: work cited, [49], footnote
Parks, Robert W: [355]
Pas-co-fa: [198] and footnote, [319]
Pawnees: purchase from, [33], footnote;
offer to enlist in U. S. army declined, [227], footnote
Pea Ridge: battle of, [138], footnote, [284]
Pearce, N. Bart: [120],

[131]
Pegg, Major: [256], [257]
Peoria, Baptiste: [235], footnote
Peorias: from Illinois, [19]
Petition: of Representative John J. McRae, [20], footnote
Phelps, J. S: [81], footnote; [211], footnote, [240], footnote
Phillips, U. B: work cited, [134], footnote, [191], footnote
Piankeshaws: from Illinois, [19]
Pickens: county of, [68], footnote
Pierce, Franklin: [41], footnote, [56], footnote
Pike, Albert: dislike of Van Dorn, [55], footnote;
concerned with Choctaw Corn Contract, [57], footnote;
and Choctaw commissioners, [78];
writes to Seminole chief, [84], footnote;
telegram, [105], footnote;
poem in honor of Elias Rector, [106];
correspondence with Robert Toombs, [129], [131], [134] and footnote, [152] and footnote;
appointed by President Davis special commissioner to Indians west of Arkansas, [130];
correspondence with R. W. Johnson, [131], [132];
writings, [132], footnote, [133] and footnote;
unjust to John Ross, [134], footnote;
commissioner from Arkansas, [190-191];
views on use of Indians as soldiers, [149];
continues intercourse with Ridge Party, [156] and footnote;
moderate in promises to strong tribes, [163];
assumes financial obligations in name of Confederacy, [163-164];
opens communication with Indian field service, [180-181];
offers post to Leeper, [180], footnote;
negotiates with Creeks, [192-195];
negotiates with Choctaws and Chickasaws, [196-197];
negotiates with Seminoles, [197-199];
negotiates with western Indians, [200-202], [200], footnote;
report submitted by President Davis to Provisional Congress, [202];
invited to be present at consideration of Indian treaties, [205];
desires to raise an Indian battalion from Kansas, [208];
informed of Cherokee willingness to treat, [234];
assigned to command of Indian Territory, [253-254], [322];
Van Dorn’s plans for, [280], [283];
retires to Fort McCulloch, [284];
continues Charles B. Johnson as contractor, [301-303];
receives Leeper’s apology, [356]
Pike, W. L: [194]
Pine Ridge: [43], footnote
Pins: [86], footnote, [135], footnote, [137], footnote, [138], footnote, [216]
Pioneers: [18], footnote
Pitchlynn, P. P: [74], [77]
Pitchlynn, W. B: [197]
Policy: of U. S. government with respect to Indians, [18];
of Confederate States government, [147]
Politicians: as influencing Indian policy of government, [18], footnote;
motives of, [21];
demands of, for Indians, [31];
reason for urging secession among Indians, [98], footnote;
unjust charges against Ross, [150]
Polk, James K: work cited, [49], footnote, [166], footnote
Pomeroy, Samuel C: [231], footnote

Pontotoc: county of, [68], footnote
Pope, John: [105], footnote
Population: of Indian country, [20-21];
of southern superintendency, [211], footnote;
of Creek Nation as estimated by Agent Garrett in report to Hubbard, [252-253], footnote
Postal system: to be maintained by Confederate States throughout Indian country, [180]
Potawatomies: from Indiana, [19];
Roman Catholicism among, [38];
Southern Baptists among, [38]
Poteau River: [108]
Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions: [37], footnote, [40], footnote, [41], [79]
Presbyterians (Old School): [38], footnote, [39], [40], footnote, [41]
Price, Sterling: [138], footnote, [225], [257], footnote, [280], [283], [312], [326], [334]
Prince, J. E: [98], footnote, [231], footnote
Proclamation: of Ross pledging Cherokee neutrality, [153-154];
of Hudson announcing Choctaw independence, [196], [210]
Pro-slavery men: intrenched among Shawnees south of Kansas River, [35];
settled upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, [35], footnote
Protectorate: over Indian tribes suggested, [130], [142], [158], [190]
Provisional Congress of Confederate States: act of, May 21, 1861, [130], [158] and footnote;
considers treaties with Indian tribes, [202-206]
Pulliam, Richard P: [183], footnote, [184], [294], [295], [297], [311], [324]
Pushmataha: George Folsom, chief of district of, [23], footnote;
District of, [34], footnote
Quakers: [39]
Quantrill, Wm. Clarke: [48], [214], footnote
Quapaw Treaty: [157] and footnote
Quapaws: [51], [64], [67];
in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and Sacs, [94];
negotiations with Pike, [136], footnote, [235], footnote, [237]
Quesenbury, William: [183], footnote, [184], [190], footnote, [194], [303], [323]
Ray, P. Orman: work cited, [22], footnote, [34], footnote, [38], footnote
Reagan, J. H: [230], footnote
Rector, Elias: superintends removal of Seminoles, [20], footnote, [182], footnote;
demands for Indians, [31], footnote;
Cooper writes to, [42];
urges that Frozen Rock be converted into military post, [53];
enters into sort of private contract with Johnson and Grimes, [56] and footnote;
Grimes and, [57], footnote, [285-289];
relieved, [80], footnote;
seconds efforts of cousin, [106];
suggestion to Cooper, [106-107], footnote, [187];
gives letter of introduction to Gaines, [113];
gives information concerning Choctaws and Chickasaws, [120];
attempt of U. S. government to find successor to, [182];
uncertainty as to when entering Confederate service, [182], footnote;
interview with Pike, [190], footnote;
in company of Pike, [197], [198], footnote;
writes to Leeper, [199], footnote;
expense account of, [304];
complaint against Pike, [328]
Rector, Henry M: [102], [112]
Red Fork of Canadian: [67], [255]
Red River: [55], [63], [77], [91], [95], [100] and footnote, [108], [139], footnote, [175], [347], [349]
Refugees: Opoethleyohola, leader of, [195];
Coffin prepares to meet, [259];
take up station between Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, [259];
approximate number of, [260] and footnote;
sufferings of, [260-261] and footnotes, [265], footnote, [272];
absolute destitution of, [273], footnote;
Dole furnishes supplies to, [274];
joint resolution for relief of, [274];
annuities of hostile Indians to be diverted to relief of, [274] and footnote
Regiment: Colonel Cooper’s filled with Texans, [78];
Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek, [210-211];
Creek, to elect its own officers, [213];
Drew’s, organized, [226-227];
work and character of Drew’s, [240] and footnote;
of Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, of Creeks, and of Cherokee Mounted Rifles, [252], footnote, [262], footnote;
Drew’s deserts Cooper, [256];
only one white, in whole Indian Department, [280];
Leeper asks for at least one, to keep order on Reserve, [349]
Reid, Alexander: [76], [78]
Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, [19] and footnote;
slavery advanced as objection to Indian, [21-22];
makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, [22];
difficulties within Indian country incident to, [27];
Calhoun’s plan for, [27];
U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, [27-28];
settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, [36];
certain tribes contemplating, [36], footnote;
of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, [37];
Missionary Herald useful for history of, [40], footnote;
reasons for, [48];
project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, [49];
of Texas Indians, [52];
Wichitas ask for immediate, [56];
guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, [160-161];
indemnification for, [164-166];
Choctaw claims under treaty of, [196]
Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, [21];
Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, [58]
Reserve Indians: see Indians of Leased District, Wichitas, Tonkawas, Euchees, etc.
Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, [72-74], [75];
of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, [122-124] and footnote;
offered by Chilton of Alabama, [127];
offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes, [129];
of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South, [130] and footnote;
passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, [218], footnote, [223-225];
joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, [274]
Rhodes, J. F: work cited, [45], footnote, [129], footnote, [146], footnote
Richardson, James D: work cited, [129], footnote, [158], footnote, [202], footnote
Ridge, John: [47], footnote
Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, [49];
connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, [151];
minority party, [153];
Pike’s intercourse with, continues, [156];
attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, [215];
collision with Ross faction, [240]
Robertson, W. S: [101], footnote, [192], footnote, [218], footnote
Robinson, Charles: [228], [234]
Rock-a-to-wa: [231], footnote
Rogers, H. L: [332], [333], [336], [337]
Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, [218], footnote
Roman Catholics: [38], footnote
Ross, John: correspondence, [69], footnote, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, [71];
instructions of, [71], footnote;
influence, [72];
character, [72], footnote;
letter of Dole to, [80], footnote;
no one firmer friend to Union than, [86], footnote;
correspondence with John B. Ogden, [89], footnote, [115], footnote;
called upon by commissioners from Texas, [93];
letter from Governor Rector, [112];
letter to Rector, [117];
letter from citizens of Boonsboro, [111], footnote, [124];
J. R. Kannady communicates with, [125];
issues proclamation of neutrality, [125], [153-154];
Albert Pike unjust to, [134], footnote;
letter of Hubbard to, [144-145];
reply to Hubbard, [146-147];
correspondence with Ben McCulloch, [149-151];
sincerity possibly doubted, [168];
declared shrewd, [189], footnote;
Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, [215];
attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, [217];
address, [220], [223];
suspected of not acting in good faith, [226];
notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, [234];
communicates with Creeks and Osages, [235];
called upon to rally Cherokees, [256]
Ross, Lewis: [138], footnote
Ross, Mrs. John: [220], footnote
Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, [71], footnote
Ross, William P: [71], [89], footnote, [116], footnote, [137], footnote, [139], footnote, [217], [223]
Ross, W. W: [210], footnote
Ross Party: opposed to removal, [49];
majority party, [153]
Round Mountain: [255]
Route: of Opoethleyohola’s retreat, [261-262] and footnote
Rust, Albert: [105], footnote
Rutherford, A. H: [30], footnote, [190], footnote
Rutherford, Samuel M: [86], footnote, [183], [199] and footnote, [319]
Sackett, Major: [98], footnote
Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, [36], footnote
San Antonio: [52], footnote
Sands: see [Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo]
Schoenmaker, John: [182], footnote
Scott, S. S: [198], footnote, [201], footnote, [314], [321]
Scott, Winfield: [88], footnote, [97], [249]
Scottish Songs: work cited, [108], footnote
Screw Fly: work cited, [56], footnote
Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, [51];
Creek regiment forming at, [211]
Sebastian, William K: [106], footnote, [287]
Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, [77];
Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, [79];
Indian country threatened by advocates for, [80];
Indian agents active for, [82-83] and footnote;
mercenary motives in urging, [98], footnote;
sentiment in Arkansas, [103] et seq.;
Pike offers arguments for, [133];
secret organization of “Pins,” [135], footnote;
Stand Watie’s party afraid to raise flag of, [140], footnote;
large element within Cherokee Nation favors, [153];
Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of, [184];
Indian opponents absent from Pike’s meeting at North Fork Village, [192];
Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, [197];
traces of influence of, [208];
August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, [217]
Second Seminole War: [20], footnote, [23], footnote, [164], footnote, [164-166]
Secret Society: purpose of organization, [32], footnote;
in Missouri, [35], footnote;
among full-blooded Cherokees, [48];
“the Pins,” [86], footnote, [135], footnote, [216];
among Cherokees for abolition purposes, [291], [293];
Greenwood orders its dissolution, [292];
Cowart’s views upon schemes of, [294]
Sells, Elijah: [186], footnote
Seminole Treaty: [157] and footnote;
declares allegiance to C. S. A., [159], footnote;
contains guarantee of autonomy, [159], footnote;
contains promise of representation in Congress, [159], footnote;
negotiated, [197-199], [197], footnote;
considered by Provisional Congress, [206]
Seminoles: from Florida, [20];
removal in late fifties, [20], footnote;
status of free negro among, [40];
Presbyterians among, [40];
manifest only slight interest in education, [40], footnote;
given home in Creek country, [50];
destitute, [57], footnote;
representatives at inter-tribal conference, [71];
letter to chief of, [80], footnote;
condition reported by Carruth, [84], footnote;
in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, [94];
negotiations of Pike with, [136], footnote;
complaint against General Jesup, [164], footnote;
Rector’s transactions with, [182], footnote
Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: [157] and footnote
Senecas: [51], [64], [67];
negotiations of Pike with, [136], footnote;
from Cattaraugus Reservation, [227], footnote
Senecas and Shawnees: [51], [64], [67];
negotiations of Pike with, [136], footnote, [237]
Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, [36]
Seward, William H: reference to “higher law” speech, [42], footnote;
Chicago speech, [58], [75];
Senate speech, [58]
Shawnee Manual Labor School, [38]
Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, [22], footnote
Shawnees: from Ohio, [19];
tarry in Missouri, [19], footnote;
pro-slavery men among, [35];
reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, [36], footnote;
Baptist school on reservation of, [38];
Southern Methodists among, [38];
as refugees, [57], footnote;
trouble over tribal elections, [209], footnote;
attack Wichita Agency, [329], footnote
Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: [235], footnote, [238], footnote
Short Bird: [319]
Shoshone: suggested territory of,