[32], footnote
Siebert, W. H: work cited, [23], footnote, [49], footnote
Sigel, Franz: [215], footnote
Simon, Ben: [329], footnote
Sioux: uprising, [21], footnote;
warriors, [227], footnote
Slaughter, Thomas C: [208]
Slavery: in Kansas, [22];
encouraged, [22];
among Southern Indians, [22], [292];
influence of churches upon, [37];
white men to prevent abolition among Indians, [42];
opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, [45];
is being interfered with by intruders, [47];
cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, [48];
North to exterminate among Indians, [145];
recognized as legal institution by treaties, [166] and footnote;
offers easy solution of labor problem, [219];
Cowart reports complaints of interference with, [293]
Slaves: [22], [142], [143], [144-145], [165], [166], footnote, [167], footnote, [172], [216], [261]
Smith, Andrew J: charges against, [41], footnote
Smith, Caleb B: [74], footnote, [183], [242], [271], [274], [275]
Smith, E. Kirby: [100], footnote
Smith, John G: [192]
Smith, William R: work cited, [108], footnote, [109], footnote
Snow, George C: [198], footnote, [199], footnote
Southern Baptist Convention: [39], footnote
Southern Baptists: [38], [39]
South Carolina: [20], footnote
Southern Indians: [18], [21], [32], [34], [36]
Southern Methodists: [38], [39], [40]
Southern Superintendency: [30], footnote
Sparrow, Edward: [127]
Spencer Academy: [40], footnote, [75], [76], [78]
Springfield: [214], footnote, [217], [255], [283], [312], [334]
Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, [306]
Stand Watie: [49], footnote, [137], footnote, [153], [156], footnote, [227], [240], [283], [324]
Stanton, Edwin M: [276], [279]
Stanwood, Edward: work cited, [106], footnote
Stark, O. P: [76]
State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, [134], footnote, [152];
Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, [188], footnote
Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, [118], footnote, [119], footnote
Stevens, R. S: [209], footnote
Stevens, Thaddeus: [210], footnote
Stidham, G. W: [194]
Stocks: [61], [76], [203], footnote
Stockton, G. B: [107], footnote, [186], footnote
Strain, J. H: [285], [287]
Sturm, J. J: [199], [201], footnote, [330], [331], [353], [357]
Sumner, Charles: [45], footnote
Sur-cox-ie: [268], footnote
Surveyors: [53]
Tahlequah: [39], footnote, [93], [188], footnote, [217], and footnote, [218], footnote, [226], [234], [237], [293]
Tallise Fixico: [194]
Tatum, Mark T: [50], footnote, [104], footnote, [296]
Taylor, J. W: [193], footnote
Taylor, N. G: [30], footnote
Tennessee: Cherokees from, [20];
John J. Humphreys from, [185]
Tenney, W. J: work cited, [90], footnote
Tents: furnished to refugees, [261]
Territorial expansion: [28], [58]
Territorial form of government: [30], [31], footnote, [33]
Texas: indigenous tribes in, [19], footnote;
Indians expelled from, [19], footnote, [52], [340];
Cherokees in, [20], footnote;
annexed, [28];
troops from, [53];
Indian patronage, [59];
Indian participation in Civil War, [63];
interest in Indian Territory, [67];
interest in securing alliance of Indians, [83], [88], [90];
interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, [175-176];
commissioners from, [183];
attitude of northern countries of, [200], footnote;
desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, [297]
Texas Historical Association Quarterly: work cited, [20], footnote
Texas Superintendency: [56], footnote
Thomason, Hugh F: [202], [335]
Thompson, Jacob: [45], footnote, [46], [54], [56], footnote
Tishomingo: county of, [68], footnote
Tonkawas: [52] and footnote, [189], footnote, [200], [201], footnote, [340], [353]
Toombs, Robert: [129], [131], [134] and footnote, [135], footnote, [152]
Totten, James: [103], [104]
Traders: [22], [27], [59-60], [169] et seq., [193], footnote, [238-239], [319]
Trammel, Dennis: [288], [289]
Treat, S. B: [43], footnote
Treaties: [34], footnote, [37], footnote, [53], [78], [84], footnote, [102], [117], [122], footnote;
made with Indians as with foreign powers, [17];
Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, [33], footnote;
relations to U. S. in, [70], footnote;
obligation to abide by, [71], footnote;
reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, [97], footnote;
resulting from council at Tahlequah, [237] et seq.;
with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, [240], footnote;
with the Neosho Agency Indians, [241];
money due the Creeks under, [289];
Pike reports all ratified, [320];
amendments to, [323];
manuscript copies of, [329-330], footnote;
no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, [331];
terms of the, with the wild Indians, [352];
Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, [354-355]
Troops:
Confederate—in Cherokee country, [136], footnote;
no Arkansas, available, [253], footnote;
Van Dorn’s erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike’s brigade, [280];
Van Dorn’s plans as to disposition of, [283];
Leeper inquires when, may be expected, [310];
Pike’s confidence in white, [320];
lack of, in Leased District, [343], [349];
non-arrival of, [345].
Indian—Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of alliance, [207];
plans for distribution of, [207];
Cherokee, under McCulloch, [226-227];
Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, [227], footnotes;
large and increasing number in Indian Territory, [252];
not possible to keep order, [346].
United States—few within Indian country, [52-53];
Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, [53];
from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, [53];
number to be retained in Indian country queried, [72], footnote;
Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, [86], footnote;
ordered to leave, [87] and footnote;
disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, [95];
under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, [96] et seq.;
flee from Indian Territory, [101];
dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, [103], [105];
to counteract influence of secessionists, [216];
method of warfare under Lane, [233];
Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, [241];
sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, [299]
True Democrat: work cited, [47], footnote, [48], footnote, [106], footnote
Tuckabatche Micco: [51], footnote
Tuckabatchee Town: [193], footnote
Tulsey Town: [255]
Turnbull, John P: [189], footnote
Turner, J. W: [260], [272], footnote
Tusaquach: [247]
Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, [179]
Twiggs, D. E: [55], footnote, [87]
Umatilla: suggested territory of, [32], footnote
Underground railroad: [40]
Upper Arkansas Agency: [210], footnote
Upper Creeks: [50], [208], footnote, [191], footnote, [192], [193], footnote, [236], footnote, [244], [319]
Usher, John P: [56], footnote, [228], footnote
Van Buren (Ark.): [64], footnote
Van Dorn, Earl: [55], [138], footnote, [280], [283]
Vann, Joseph: [217], [223]
Verdigris River: [259], [272]
Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: [40], footnote
Walker, David: [116], [298]
Walker, Leroy P: [119], [127], [142], [147], [151], [161], [200], footnote, [207], [215], footnote
Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, [22], footnote
Walker, William: [105], footnote
Wall, David: [23], footnote
Walnut Creek: [259]
War Department: C. S. A., [128], footnote, [139], footnote, [140], footnote, [193], footnote, [257], footnote;
U. S. A., [52], [80], [87], [96], [228], footnote, [234], [241], [250], [264-265], [275]
Washburn, J. W: [84], footnote, [164], footnote, [238], and footnote
Washita: Indians driven from country of, [19], footnote
Wattles, Augustus: [229], footnote
Waul, Thomas N: [127], [205]
Weas: from Illinois, [19]
Weber’s Falls: [86], footnote
Welch, George W: [84], footnote
West Florida: seizure of, [28]
West Point: [215], footnote
Wheelock: Choctaw school, [39], footnote
White, Joseph: [209], footnote
White, S. W: letter of, [33], footnote
White Cloud: [227], footnote
Whitney, Henry C: [208] and footnote
Whittenhall, Daniel S: [350]
Wichita Agency: site for, [54], [56], footnote, [136], footnote;
attack upon, [329], footnote
Wichita Mountains: [51], [55]
Wichita Treaty: [157], footnote, [158], [163], [176]
Wichitas: [52];
colonization of, [55];
subsistence given to, [57], footnote;
Leased District of, [63];
colonized on land claimed as their own, [166];
Pike hopes to meet, [189], footnote;
Pike fears hostility of, [200];
refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, [201]
Wilson, Henry: work cited, [32], footnote
Wilson, William: [23], footnote
Wilson’s Creek: battle of, [225]
Winneconne: [219], footnote
Wisconsin: tribes from, [19]
Wolcott, Edward: [273], footnote
Worcester, Reverend S. A: [23], footnote;
opposed to slavery, [41]
Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, [19];
William Walker, head chief of, [22], footnote;
initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, [34];
interested in Kansas election troubles, [34], footnote;
Methodism, [38]
Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, [227], footnote
Young, William C: [100]
Yulee, David L: [238], footnote
Footnotes:
[1] Confessedly much to its discredit, the United States government has never had, for any appreciable length of time, a well-developed and well-defined Indian policy, one that has made the welfare of the aborigines its sole concern. Legislation for the subject race has almost invariably been dictated by the needs of the hour, by the selfish and exorbitant demands of pioneers, and by the greed and caprice of politicians.
[2] There were, of course, other indigenous tribes to the westward, in the direction of Colorado and Texas, and to the northward, in southern Nebraska; but only the latter were more than remotely affected, as far as local habitation was concerned, by the coming of the eastern emigrants and the consequent introduction of the reservation system.
[3] Kansas Historical Society Collections, vol. viii, 72-109.
[4] In scarcely a single case here cited was the old home of the tribe limited by the boundaries of a single state nor is it to be understood that the state here mentioned was necessarily the original habitat of the tribe. It was only the territorial headquarters of the tribe at the time of removal or at the time when the policy of removal was first insisted upon as a sine qua non. Some of the Indians emigrated independently of treaty arrangements with the United States government and some did not immediately direct their steps towards Kansas or Oklahoma; but made, through choice or through necessity, an intervening point a stopping-place. The Kickapoos, the Shawnees, and the Delawares tarried in Missouri, the Choctaws and the Cherokees, many of them, in Arkansas but that was before 1830, the date of the removal law. After 1830, there was no possible resting-place for weary Indians this side of the Ozark Mountains.
[5] Some of the more insignificant southern Indians eventually found their way also to Oklahoma. In 1860 there were a few Louisiana Caddoes in the northwestern part of the Chickasaw country, most likely the same that, in 1866, were reported to have been driven out of Texas in 1839 by bushwhackers and then out of the Washita country at the opening of the Civil War. They continued throughout the war loyal to the United States. In 1853 the Choctaw General Council passed an act admitting to the rights of citizenship several Catawba Indians; and from that circumstance, the Office of Indian Affairs surmised that the Choctaws would be willing to incorporate Catawbas yet in the Carolinas. In 1857 there were about seventy Catawbas in South Carolina on a tiny reservation. They expressed an ardent wish to go among the Choctaws. In 1860 the Catawbas were in possession of the northeastern part of the Choctaw country.
[6] For the detailed history of events leading up to Indian removals, particularly the southern, see American Historical Association, Report, 1906, 241-450.
[7] Not all of the southern Indians had emigrated in the thirties and forties. A considerable number of Cherokees removed themselves from the country east of the Mississippi to Texas. This was immediately subsequent to and induced by the American Revolution [Texas Historical Association, Quarterly, July, 1897, 38-46 and October, 1903, 95-165]. Many Cherokees, likewise, took the suggestion of President Jefferson and moved to the Arkansas country prior to 1820. Moreover, there were “Eastern Cherokees” in controversy with the “Western Cherokees” for many years after the Civil War. Their endless quarrels over property proved the occasion of much litigation. In the late fifties active measures were taken by the Office of Indian Affairs to complete the removal of the Seminoles and to accomplish by intrigue and diplomacy what the long and expensive Second Seminole War had utterly failed to do. Elias Rector of Arkansas superintended the matter and the Seminole chief, John Jumper, gave valuable assistance, as did also the Creeks, who generously granted to the Seminoles a home within the Creek country west [Creek Treaty, 1856, Kappler’s Indian Laws and Treaties, vol. ii, 757]. Billy Bowlegs was the last Seminole chief of prominence to leave Florida [Coe’s Red Patriots, 198]. In 1853 there were still some four hundred Choctaws reported as living in Alabama and there must have been even more than that in Mississippi. In 1854 steps were taken, but unsuccessfully, for their removal. In 1859 Representative John J. McRae presented a petition from citizens of various Mississippi counties asking that the Choctaws be removed altogether from the state because of their intimacy and intercourse with the negroes. The Office of Indian Affairs refused to act. Perchance, it considered the moment inopportune or the means at hand insufficient. It may even have considered the charge against the Choctaws a mere pretext and quite unfounded since it was commonly reported that the Choctaws had a decided aversion to that particular kind of race mixture. In that respect they differed very considerably from the Creeks who to-day are said to present a very curious spectacle of an almost complete mixture. Choctaws from Mississippi and Cherokees from North Carolina and Catawbas from South Carolina fought with the South in the Civil War.