To quote again from Arnold[1153]: 24 species were found on turf around Munich, 13 of which were Cladoniae, but only four species could be considered as exclusively peat-lichens. These were:

The last is a very rare lichen in Central Europe and is generally found on sandy soil. Arnold considered that near Munich, for various reasons, there was a very poor representation of turf-lichens.

f. On mosses. Very many lichens grow along with or over mosses, either on the ground, on rocks or on the bark of trees, doubtless owing to the moisture accumulated and retained by these plants. Besides Cladoniae the commonest “moss” species in the British Isles are Bilimbia sabulosa, Bacidia muscorum, Rinodina Conradi, Lecidea sanguineoatra, Pannaria brunnea, Psoroma hypnorum and Lecanora tartarea, with species of Collema and Leptogium and Diploschistes bryophilus.

Wheldon and Wilson[1154] have listed the lichens that they found in Perthshire on subalpine heath lands, on the ground, or on banks amongst mosses:

As already described Lecanora tartarea[1155] spreads freely over the mosses of the tundra. Aigret[1156] in a study of Cladoniae notes that Cl. pyxidata, var. neglecta chooses little cushions of acrocarpous mosses, which are particularly well adapted to retain water. Cl. digitata, Cl. flabelliformis and some others grow on the mosses which cover old logs or the bases of trees.

g. On fungi. Some of the fungi, such as Polyporei, are long lived, and of hard texture. On species of Lenzites in Lorraine, Kieffer[1157] has recorded 15 different forms, but they are such as naturally grow on wood and can scarcely rank as a separate association.

3. SAXICOLOUS