A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe / Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations

by Anonymous

Mineral.		Formula.
I.
a.	Analcime	. ... ... ... . Na3Si2 + 3Al Si2 + 6H	Int.
	Apophyllite	. ... . ... . (K,KF)(Si, SiF3) + 6CaSi + 15H	Int.
	Brewsterite	. . ... ... ... . (SrBa)Si + Al Si3 + 5H	Int.
	Chabasite	. . . ... ... ... . (Ca,Na,K)3Si + 3 Al Si2 + 18H	Int.
	Lapis Lazuli	... ... ... ... . . . Si, S, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, H
	Laumonite	. ... ... ... . Ca3Si2 + 3 Al Si2 + 12H	Int.
	Mesotype	. . ... ... ... . (NaCa)Si + Al Si + 3H	Int.
	Natrolite	. ... ... ... . NaSi + Al Si + 2H	Int.
	Prehnite	. ... ... ... . Ca2Si + Al Si + H	Int.
	Scolezite	. ... ... ... . CaSi + Al Si + 3H	Int.
	Thomsonite	. . ... ... ... . (CaNa)3Si + 3 Al Si + 7H	Int.
	Datholite	. ... ... ... . 2Ca3Si + B3 Si2 + 3H	Int.
	Heulandite	. ... ... ... . CaSi + Al Si3 + 5H	Int.
	Stilbite	. ... ... ... . CaSi + Al Si3 + 6H	Int.
b.	Okenite	. ... . Ca3Si4 + 6H	Int.
	Pectolite	. . ... . (CaNa)4Si3 + H	Int.
c.	Saponite	. ... ... ... . 2Mg3Si2 + Al Si + 10 or 6H
II.
a.	Antrimolite	. . ... ... ... . 3(CaK)Si + 5 Al Si + 15H
	Harmatome	. ... ... ... . BaSi + Al S2 + 5H
b.	Brevicite	. ... ... ... . NaSi + Al Si + 2H
	Orthite	. ... ... ... . R3Si + R Si + (H?)	Int.
III.
c.	Pitchstone	... ... ... . . . . Si, Al, Fe, MgNa, KH
	Talc to V.	. ... . Mg6Si5 + 2H
	Chlorite	. . ... ... ... ... . 3(MgFe)3Si + ( Al Fe )2Si + 9H
	Pinite	... ... . . . . Si, Al, Fe, K, Mg, H
IV.
a.	Steatite	. ... . Mg6Si5 + 4H
c.	Gilbertite	... ... . . . Si, Al, Fe, Mg, H	Int.
	Meerschaum	. ... . MgSi + H
	Serpentine	. ... . Mg9Si4 + 6H
V.
a.	Gismondine	. . ... ... ... . (CaK)2Si + 2 Al Si + 9H

TABLE II.

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Analcime	If transparent becomes white and opaque when heated, but on incipient fusion resumes its transparency and then fuses to a clear glass.
Andalusite	When powdered and treated with cobalt solution on charcoal, assumes a blue color.
Apophyllite	Fuses to a frothy white glass.
Axinite	Imparts a green color to the blowpipe flame, owing to the presence of boracic acid. This reaction is especially distinct, if the mineral be previously mixed with fluorspar and bisulphate of potassa.
Beryl	Sometimes gives a chromium reaction in borax and microcosmic salt.
Chabasite	Fuses to a white enamel.
Chondrodite	Evolves fluorine in the glass tube, both when heated alone and with microcosmic salt. It sometimes also gives off a trace of water.
Chrysoberyl	Is unattacked by carbonate of soda. With nitrate of cobalt on charcoal the finely powdered mineral assumes a blue color.
Datholite	Fuses to a clear glass and colors the flame green.
Diallage	Frequently gives off water in small quantity.
Fuchsite	Gives the chromium reaction with borax and microcosmic salt.
Gadolinite	That from Hitteroe, if heated in a partially covered platinum spoon to low redness, glows suddenly and brilliantly.
Hauyne	Affords the sulphur reaction both on charcoal and when fused with potassa. It contains both sulphur and sulphuric acid.
Hypersthene	As Diallage.
Kyanite	As Andalusite.
Lapis Lazuli	Fuses to a white glass, and when treated with carbonate of soda on charcoal, gives the sulphur reaction on silver.
Laumonite	When strongly heated, exfoliates and curls up.
Lepidolite	Colors the blowpipe flame crimson, from lithia; also gives the fluorine reaction with microcosmic salt.
Leucite	Some varieties, when treated with cobalt solution, assume a blue color.
Meerschaum	In the glass bulb frequently blackens and evolves an empyreumatic odor due to organic matter. When this is burnt off, it again becomes white, and if moistened with nitrate of cobalt solution and heated, assumes a pink color.
Okenite	Behaves as Apophyllite.
Olivine	Some varieties give off fluorine, when fused with microcosmic salt.
Pectolite	Similar to Apophyllite.
Petalite	Imparts a slight crimson color to the flame, like Lepidolite.
Prehnite	As Chabasite.
Pycnite	Assumes a blue color, when treated with nitrate of cobalt. Gives the fluorine reaction with microcosmic salt.
Pyrope	Gives the chromium reaction with borax and microcosmic salt.
Scolecite	Similar to Laumonite, but more marked.
Scapolite	Occasionally contains a small quantity of lithia, and colors the flame red when fused with fluorspar and bisulphate of potassa.
Sodalite	If mixed with one-fifth its volume of oxide of copper, moistened to make the mixture cohere, and a small portion placed upon charcoal and heated with the blue oxidizing flame, the outer flame will be colored intensely blue from chloride of copper.
Spodumene	When not too strongly heated, colors the blowpipe flame red, when more strongly, yellow.
Stilbite	As Chabasite.
Topaz	When heated, remains clear. Otherwise as Pycnite.
Tourmaline	Gives the boracic acid reaction with flourspar and bisulphate of potassa.
Wollastonite	Colors the blowpipe flame faintly red from lime.
Zircon	The colored varieties become white or colorless and transparent, when heated. Is only slightly attacked by carbonate of soda.

URANIUM.

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Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Pitchblende	. ... U U essentially.
Evolves some water and a small quantity ofsulphur, sulphide of arsenic and metallicarsenic.	Evolves SO2 and a white sublimate ofarsenious acid.	Gives off arsenical fumes.	III. Colors the flame blue beyond the assay,owing to the presence of Pb. Sometimes alsogreen towards the point, due to Cu.	The roasted mineral affords the uraniumreaction.	As borax. Also a small residue of silica.	Infusible. Affords the characteristic Pbincrustation, and sometimes yields minuteparticles of Cu.	—
Uranium ochre	... . U H2.
Evolves water and assumes a red color.	—	V. In reducing flame assumes a green color.	—	Gives the uranium reaction.	As in borax.	—	—
Uranite	... . ... .. . (Ca + U2)P + 8H.
Evolves water and becomes yellow and opaque.	—	Fuses with intumescence to a black bead having asemi-crystalline surface.	—	Gives the uranium reaction.	As in borax.	Forms an infusible yellow slag.	Gives the PO5 reaction.
Chalcolite	... . ... .. . (Cu + U2)P + 8H.
As uranite.	—	As uranite.	As uranite.	In the oxidizing flame gives a green bead, whichin the reducing flame becomes of an opaque red,from Cu.	As in borax.	In reducing flame yields a metallic bead of Cu.	As uranite.

IRON.

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Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Iron pyrites	FeS2.
Gives a considerable yellow sublimate ofsulphur, and sometimes sulphide of arsenic. AlsoHS.	Sulphurous acid and sometimes arsenious acid areevolved.	Gives off some sulphur, which burns with a blueflame. Residue fuses to a magnetic bead.	—	The roasted mineral gives a strong ironreaction.	As in borax.	Fuses to a black mass, which spreads out oncharcoal and gives the sulphur reaction onsilver.	—
Magnetic pyrites	, ,,, Fe5Fe.
—	Evolves sulphurous acid.	Fuses to a magnetic bead black on the surface,and with a yellow shining fracture.	—	As iron pyrites.	As in borax.	As iron pyrites.	—
Mispickel	FeAs + FeS2.
A red sublimate of AsS2 is first formed andthen a black sublimate of metallic arsenic.	Sulphurous and arsenious acids are evolved, thelatter forming a white sublimate.	Gives off much arsenic forming a whiteincrustation and fuses to a magnetic globule.	—	As iron pyrites.	As in borax.	As iron pyrites.	—
Magnetic iron ore	Fe3O4
—	—	—	In the blue flame, fuses on edges and remainsmagnetic.	Gives the iron reaction.	As in borax.	—	—
Specular iron Red haematite	Fe2O3
—	—	—	V. In the blue flame is converted intoFe2O4, and then behaves as the preceding.	As magnetic iron ore.	As in borax.	—	—
Göthite	... . Fe H.
Evolves water.	—	—	As specular iron.	As specular iron.	As in borax.	—	—
Franklinite	. . . ... ... (FeZnMn)(Fe Mn).
—	—	Forms a white incrustation on the charcoal,which moistened with cobalt solution assumes agreen color.	V. In the blue flame fuses on edges and andbecomes magnetic.	Gives the iron and manganese reaction.	As in borax.	Affords a considerable white incrustation ofZnO.	Gives a strong manganese reaction with nitre andcarbonate of soda.
Ilmenite	... ... Ti and Fe.
—	—	—	V. In reducing flame fuses on edges and becomesmagnetic.	Gives the iron reaction.	In oxidizing flame exhibits the iron reaction.In reducing flame assumes a deep brownish redcolor.	—	—
Chromic iron	. ... FeCr.
—	—	—	As the preceding.	Dissolves slowly and gives the chromiumreaction.	As in borax.	On platinum foil with nitre and carbonate ofsoda affords a yellow mass of chromate ofpotassa.	—
Lievrite	. . ... ... ... 3(FeCa)3Si + 2Fe Si.
Occasionally gives off some water and turnsblack.	—	Fuses to a black globule, which in the reducingflame becomes magnetic.	I. In reducing flame is magnetic.	Gives the iron reaction.	Gives the iron and silica reactions.	Fuses to a black opaque bead.	Generally gives the manganese reaction withnitre and carbonate of soda.
Chloropal	... ... . Fe Si2 + 3H.
Decrepitates more or less, gives off much waterand turns black.	—	—	V. Loses color and turns black.	Gives the iron reaction.	Gives the iron and silica reaction.	Fuses to a transparent green glass.	—
Green earth	... . ... . . . Si, Fe, Al, Na, K, H, etc.
Gives off water and becomes darker in color.	—	—	V. In reducing flame fuses on edges and colorsthe outer flame yellow . (Na) or violet . (K).	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	Forms a slaggy mass.	—
Siderite	. .. FeC.
Occasionally decrepitates. Gives off CO2 andturns black and magnetic.	—	As in glass bulb.	Behaves similarly to the magnetic oxide.	Gives the iron and manganese reaction.	As in borax.	Behaves as an oxide. With nitre and carbonate ofsoda on platinum generally gives the manganesereaction.	In acid dissolves with effervescense.
Copperas	. ... . Fe S + 7H.
Gives off water, and, when strongly heated,SO2 and SO3, which reddens litmus paper.	Evolves water and SO2, which may berecognized by its odor.	Loses water and SO2, and is converted into ... Fe.	Gives off H and SO2, and then behaves as themagnetic oxide.	The roasted mineral affords an iron reaction.	As in borax.	Forms sulphide of sodium and oxide of iron. Theformer is absorbed into the charcoal, and if cutout and laid upon silver and moistened gives theS reaction.	If dissolved in water, and a strip ofsilver-foil be introduced into the solution, themetal remains untarnished.
Vivianite	... . .. . Fe3P + 8H.
Gives off water.	—	Froths up and then fuses to a grey metallicbead.	As on charcoal. Singes flame green ..... (P).	Gives the iron reaction.	As in borax.	In reducing flame becomes magnetic and fuses toa black saggy mass.	—
Iriphyline	... . . . .. (FeMnLi)3P.
Gives off water, having an alkaline reaction,and assumes a metallic lustre resemblinggraphite.	—	Fuses readily to a black magnetic bead with ametallic lustre.	I. On platinum wire colors the flame crimson . (Li) and green ..... (P), towards the point fuses to ablack magnetic bead.	Gives the iron and manganese reactions.	Gives the iron reaction which overpowers that ofthe manganese.	Forms an infusible porous mass, which underthe reducing flame becomes magnetic.	Gives the manganese reaction with nitre andcarbonate of soda on platinum foil.
Scorodite	... ... .. . FeAs + 4H.
Evolves water.	Gives off water and AsO3.	Emits arsenical fume and in the reducing flamefuses to a magnetic mass having a metalliclustre.	I. As on charcoal. Colors the outer flameblue.	The roasted mineral gives an iron reaction.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal.	Gives the arsenic reactions.
Cube ore	... ... . .. ... .. . Fe3As +Fe3 As2 + 18H.
Evolves much water.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	As in borax.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.