A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe / Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations

by Anonymous

MANGANESE.

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Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Manganblende	MnS.
—	Gives off SO2 and becomes greyish green onsurface.	Is slowly roasted and converted into oxide.	V.	The roasted mineral gives a strong manganesereaction.	In the unroasted state, dissolves with muchebullition and detonation due to elimination ofsulphide of phosphorus. The bead then exhibitsthe characteristic violet color of manganese.	Forms a slaggy mass, which laid on silver andmoistened, gives the sulphur reaction.	—
Pyrolusite	.. Mn.
Frequently gives off a small quantity of waterand, when strongly heated, oxygen.	—	—	V.	Gives the manganese reaction.	As in borax.	Forms a slaggy mass.	—
Manganite	... . Mn H.
Gives off much water.	—	—	V. Exfoliates slightly.	As the preceding.	As in borax.	As the preceding.	—
Psilomelane	. . . . .. . (Ba,Ca,Mg,K)Mn + H.
Gives off water and, whenstrongly heated, oxygen.	—	—	V.>br />Colors flame faintly green(Ba) and redtowards the point (Ca).	As pyrolusite.	As in borax.	As pyrolusite.	—
Wad	.. . . ... ... . . ... ... Mn, Mn, H, also Fe, Al, Ba, Cu, Pb, Si, etc.
Gives off water.	—	—	V. Colors flame variously according to itscomposition.	Gives the manganese reaction, more or lessmodified by the presence of other oxides.	As in borax.	As pyrolusite.	Various according to composition. When stronglyheated and then moistened has an alkalinereaction on red litmus paper.
Rhodonite	. ... Mn3Si2.
Gives off more or less water.	—	Under a strong flame fuses to a brown opaquebead.	II. As on charcoal.	In the oxidizing flame gives the manganesereaction. In reducing flame the iron reaction.	As in borax, but leaves an insoluble siliceousskeleton.	With a small quantity of the alkali fuses to ablack bead. With a larger quantity forms a slag.	—
Diallogite	. .. MnC.
Frequently decrepitates and gives off more orless water.	—	If strongly heated and moistened has an alkalinereaction on litmus paper due to the presence of . Ca.	V. Frequently colors the flame slightly red.	Gives the manganese and iron reactions.	As in borax.	Forms an infusible slag.	In warm acid dissolves with much effervescence.
Triplite	... .. . .. (MnFe)4P.
Generally gives off more or lesswater.	—	—	I. Colors the outer blowpipe flame green ..... (P).	Gives the manganese and iron reactions.	As in borax.	Forms an infusible mass.	—

NICKEL AND COBALT.

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Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Millerite	NiS.
—	Evolves SO2.	Fuses with much ebullition to a magnetic bead.	—	The roasted mineral gives a nickel reaction,slightly modified by small quantities of ironand copper.	As in borax.	Fuses to a slaggy mass, which on silver givesthe sulphur reaction.	—
Coppernickel	Ni2As.
Gives off a little AsO3.	Gives off much AsO3 and some SO2 and fallsto powder.	Fuses to a magnetic bead, with theevolution of arsenic, which colors the flameblue.	—	The arsenical bead obtained by fusing themineral on charcoal, if fused upon the samesupport with borax successively added andremoved, gives firstly an iron reaction, thencobalt if present, and lastly nickel.	If the residual bead which has been treated withborax be further treated with microcosmic salt,the nickel reaction will be obtained andsometimes a slight copper reaction.	—	Affords a sublimate of metallic arsenic whentreated with cyanide of potassium.
Smaltine	CoAs.
When strongly heated generally evolves metallicarsenic.	Gives a crystalline sublimate of AsO3. Alsosome SO2.	Gives off fumes of arsenic, and fuses to a darkgrey magnetic bead, very brittle, colors flameblue.	—	As the preceding, but the cobalt being in largeexcess requires some time for its perfectoxidation, before the nickel reaction isexhibited.	Gives the cobalt reaction, and after the cobalthas been, removed that of nickel.	—	As the preceding.
Glance cobalt	CoS2 + CoAs.
—	As the preceding, but gives off more SO2.	Gives off S and As, and fuses to a magneticbead. Colors flame blue.	—	Gives a cobalt and slight iron reaction whentreated as the preceding minerals.	As in borax.	Gives a sulphur reaction of silver.	As the preceding.
Nickel glance	NiS2 + NiAs.
Decrepitates and gives an orange coloredsublimate of AsS2.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	—	As copper nickel.	Gives the nickel reaction occasionally somewhatobscured by cobalt.	As the preceding.	As copper nickel.
Ulmannite	NiS2 + Ni(AsSb)2.
Gives a slight white sublimate of SbO3 andmore or less AsS3.	Gives off thick fumes of SbO3 and SbO5with AsO3 and SO2.	As glance cobalt, but accompanied by dense fumesof SbO3.	—	As copper nickel.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	As copper nickel generally, but arsenic is notalways present.
Cobalt pyrites	, , , ,,, ,,, ,,, (CoNiFe)(Co Ni Fe).
When strongly heated gives off sulphur andbecomes brown.	Gives off much SO2 and a small quantity ofAsO3.	In the reducing flame small fragments fuse withthe evolution of sulphur to a magnetic beadhaving a bronze colored fracture.	—	In the oxidizing flame on charcoal gives aviolet colored glass. In the reducing flame thenickel is reduced and may collected in a goldbead. When the nickel is removed, the glassexhibits a slight iron reaction while warm.	As in borax, but the reduction of the nickel ismore difficult than in the latter flux.	As glance cobalt.	As copper nickel, but the amount of arsenic isusually very small.
Emerald nickel	. .. . Ni3C + 6H.
Gives off much water and turns black.	—	—	—	Dissolves with much effervescence and gives thenickel reaction.	As in borax.	Forms a slaggy mass.	In warm dilute HCl dissolves with mucheffervescence.
Cobalt Bloom	. ... . Co3As + 8H.
Gives off water.	—	Evolves arsenical fumes and in the reducingflame fuses to a dark grey bead of arsenide ofcobalt.	In the point of the blue flame fuses and colorsthe outer flame blue (As).	Gives the cobalt reaction.	As in borax.	—	Gives off arsenic with cyanide of potassium inglass tube.
Earthy cobalt	. . . . . Mn,Co,Cu,Fe,H, etc.
Gives off water.	—	Emits a slight smell of arsenic, but does notfuse.	Colors the flame blue.	In oxidizing flame gives the cobalt reactionwhich obscures those of . Mn, . Cu, etc. In reducingflame occasionally gives the . Cu reaction.	As in borax. If a saturated bead be treated oncharcoal with tin in the reducing flame for afew seconds, the . Cu reaction is sometimesobtained.	Forms an infusible mass.	With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinumfoil, gives a strong manganese reaction.

ZINC.

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Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Zincblende	ZnS.
Decrepitates strongly.	Evolves SO and becomes white or yellow ifcontaining iron.	V. In the reducing flame incrusts the charcoalwith ZnO; also with CdO, if that metal bepresent.	—	The roasted mineral gives a zinc reaction, andsometimes a slight iron reaction.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal. Moreover colors the flameblue. The fused alkali gives a S reaction onsilver.	—
Red oxide of zinc	. Zn.
—	—	In the reducing flame forms a thin incrustationof oxide of zinc on the charcoal.	V.	Generally gives a manganese and slight ironreaction in addition to that of zinc.	As in borax.	On charcoal, forms a thick incrustation of ZnO.	With carbonate of soda and nitre on platinumfoil gives manganese reaction.
Electric calamine	. ... . 2Zn3Si + 3H
Gives off water and becomes white and opaque.	—	—	V.	Dissolves to a clear glass, which cannot berendered opaque by the intermittent flame.	Dissolves to a clear glass, which becomes opaqueon cooling. Silica remains insoluble.	With carbonate of soda alone is infusible. With2 parts of alkali and 1 of borax fuses to aglass and sets free . Zn, which incrusts thecharcoal.	—
Calamine	. .. ZnC.
Gives off CO2 and becomes opaque.	—	As the red oxide. Sometimes also gives a leadincrustation.	V.	Gives a zinc reaction and frequently an iron andmanganese reaction.	As in borax.	Forms a thick incrustation of zinc, sometimesalso of . Pb and . Co.	Dissolves with much effervescence in cold acid.

BISMUTH.