A System of Instruction in the Practical Use of the Blowpipe / Being A Graduated Course Of Analysis For The Use Of Students And All Those Engaged In The Examination Of Metallic Combinations

by Anonymous

[Go to TOC]

Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Native bismuth	Bi.
—	Fuses and is converted into a yellow oxide.	Fuses to a bead and incrusts the charcoal withoxide.	—	The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the bismuthreactions.	As in borax.	—	—
Bismuthine	BiS.
—	Fuses with ebullition and gives of S and SO2.	Fuses with much spirting and in the reducingflame yields a metallic bead and incrusts thecharcoal with oxide.	—	The oxide obtained upon charcoal gives thebismuth reactions.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives thesulphur reaction on silver.	—
Bismuthblende	... ... Bi2 Si3.
Turns yellow and, when strongly heated, fuses.	—	Fuses with ebullition to a brown globule forming an incrustation of ... Bi on the charcoal.	I. Fuses with ease to a yellow bead, coloringthe outer flame bluish green, especially ifmoistened with HCl. This color is due to ..... P.	Gives the bismuth and also an iron reaction.	As in borax, but leaves a silicious skeleton.	Fuses to a yellow mass. The bismuth is thenreduced to the metallic state and partiallyvolatilized, incrusting the charcoal beyond.	—
Tetradymite	Bi, Te, S.
Occasionally decrepitates and then fuses, forminga greyish white sublimate immediately above themineral fragment.	Fuses and gives off white fumes, part of whichpass up the tube and part deposit immediatelyabove the mineral. This latter if heated fusesto clear drops (TeO3). The mineral residuebecomes surrounded by fused ... Bi, characterized byits yellow color.	Fuses to a metallic bead, colors the outer flamebluish green (Te and Se) and incrusts thecharcoal around with the orange ... Bi, beyond whichis a white incrustation partly consisting of ... Te.	—	The yellow oxide obtained upon charcoal givesthe bismuth reaction, and the white incrustationof bismuth and telluric acid.	As in borax.	In the reducing flame yields a bead of metallicbismuth, part of which is part of the telluriumvolatilized and incrusts the charcoal around.	The fused alkaline mass gives the sulphurreaction on silver. Also gives the telluriumreaction with charcoal and carbonate of soda.

LEAD.

[Go to TOC]

Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Galena	PbS.
Generally decrepitates and gives off a smallquantity of sulphur.	Gives off SO2, and when strongly heated, awhite sublimate of . Pb, . S.	Fuses and is reduced affording a bead ofmetallic lead, and forming an incrustation ofPbO on the charcoal. Colors the outer flameblue.	—	The oxide formed upon charcoal gives the leadreaction.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives asulphur reaction on silver.	—
Clausthalite	PbSe.
Decrepitates slightly.	Forms a sublimate of selenium, which is greywhen thickly deposited, and red when thin.	Gives off fumes smelling strongly of seleniumand coloring the flame blue. In the reducingflame fuses partially and incrusts the charcoalwith Se and PbO. After some time a blackinfusible mass alone remains.	—	The infusible residue obtained upon charcoalgives an iron and sometimes copper and cobaltreaction.	As in borax.	With carbonate of soda, oxalate of potash yieldsa metallic bead, the fused alkali laid uponsilver and moistened produces a stain similar tothat produced by sulfur.	—
Jamesonite	, ,,, Pb3Sb2.
Fuses and gives off some sulphur, sulphide ofantimony and antimony which condense in the neckof the bulb.	Fuses and emits dense white fumes of SbO3,which pass off and redden blue litmus paper.	Fuses with great ease evolving much SbO3 andPbO, which incrusts the charcoal around themineral. When the fumes have ceased, a smallbead of metallic lead remains.	—	The yellow incrustation formed upon charcoalgives the reaction of lead, and the white thoseof antimony.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal. The fused alkali gives thesulphur reaction on silver.	—
Minium	Pb3O4.
—	—	Is reduced first to litharge (PbO) and then tometallic lead which forms the usualincrustation.	Colors the outer flame blue.	Gives the lead reactions.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal.	—
Mendipite	PbCl + 2PbO.
Decrepitates slightly and assumes a yellowcolor.	—	Fuses readily and is reduced to metallic leadwith the evolution of acid fumes. Forms a whiteincrustation of PbCl, and a yellow one of PbO.	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal.	Gives the chlorine reaction with CuO andmicrocosmic salt.
Cerusite	. .. PbC.
Decrepitates, gives off CO2, turns yellow andfuses.	—	Is reduced to metallic lead, incrusting thecharcoal around with PbO.	As the preceding.	Gives the lead reaction.	As in borax.	As alone on charcoal.	In nitric acid dissolves with mucheffervescence.
Anglesite	. ... PbS.
Decrepitates and gives off a small quantity ofwater.	—	In the oxidizing flame fuses to a clear bead,which becomes opaque on cooling. In reducingflame is reduced with much ebullition to ametallic bead and incrusts the charcoal aroundwith PbO.	As the preceding.	Gives the lead reaction and occasionally aslight iron and manganese reaction.	As in borax.	Is reduced yielding a metallic lead bead. Thefused alkaline mass gives a sulphur reaction onsilver.	—
Pyromorphite	... . .. PbCl + 3Pb3P.
Decrepitates, and when strongly heated for sometime, gives a slight white sublimate of PbCl.	—	In oxidizing flame fuses to a bead having acrystalline surface on cooling, and forms a thinfilm of PbCl on the charcoal In reducing flamefuses without reduction and on cooling assumes apolyhedral form. Incrusts the charcoal slightlywith PbO.	Fuses and colors the flame blue.	—	—	Is reduced yielding a metallic bead andincrusting the charcoal with PbO.	Gives the chlorine reaction with microcosmicsalt and CuO. Also the phosphoric acidreactions.
Mimetene	. ... . .. PbCl+ 3Pb3As
As the preceding.	—	Fuses, but less easily than the preceding, givesoff AsO3 and incrusts the charcoal withPbCl. Finally is reduced to a metallic bead andforms an incrustation of PbO.	As the preceding.	The oxide formed on charcoal gives the leadreactions.	As in borax.	As the preceding.	Gives the chlorine reaction.
Vanadinite	. ... PbCl + 3Pb3V?
As pyromorphite.	—	The powdered mineral fuses fuses to a blackshining mass, which in the reducing flameaffords a metallic bead. Incrusts the charcoalfirst with a white film of PbCl and afterwardswith PbO.	As pyromorphite.	Dissolves readily to a clear glass, which, inthe oxidizing flame, is yellow, while hot, andcolorless when cold. In reducing flame becomesopaque, and on cooling green.	In oxidizing flame is yellow while hot, becomingpaler on cooling. In reducing flame brown whilewarm, and emerald green when cold.	On platinum wire fuses to a yellow bead, whichis crystalline on cooling. On charcoal yields abutton of metallic lead.	With microcosmic salt and CuO, gives thechlorine reaction. If fused in a platinum spoonwith from 3 to 4 times its volume of . ... K,S2 itforms a fluid yellow mass having an orange colorwhen cold.
Crocoisite	. ... PbCr.
Decrepitates violently and assumes a dark color.	—	Fuses and detonates yielding Cr2O3 andmetallic lead, and forming an incrustation ofPbO on the charcoal.	As pyromorphite.	Dissolves readily and colors the glass yellowwhile warm, and green when cold. (See Chromiumreaction.)	As in borax.	On platinum foil gives a dark yellow mass, whichbecomes paler on cooling. On charcoal yields ametallic button.	Treated as above with . ... K,S2 forms a violetcolored mass, which on solidifying becomesreddish and on cooling pale grey.
Molybdate of lead	. ... PbM.
As the preceding.	—	Fuses and is partly absorbed into the charcoalleaving a globule of metallic lead, which ispartially oxidized and incrusts the charcoal.	As pyromorphite.	Dissolves readily and gives the molybdenareaction.	As in borax.	Yields metallic lead.	Fused as above with . ... K,S2 forms a yellow mass,which becomes white on cooling. If this bedissolved in water and a piece of zincintroduced into the solution, the latter becomesblue.
Scheeletine	. ... PbW.
Decrepitates more or less.	—	Fuses to a bead incrusting the charcoal withPbO. The bead on cooling is crystalline and hasa dark metallic surface.	As pyromorphite.	Dissolves to a clear colorless glass, which inthe reducing flame becomes yellow, and oncooling grey and opaque.	Dissolves to a clear colorless glass,which in the reducing flame assumes a dusky bluecolor. After a time becomes opaque.	As the preceding.	With carbonate of soda and nitre gives themanganese reaction.

COPPER.

[Go to TOC]

Mineral.	Formula.
(1) in glass bulb.	(2) in open tube.	(3) on charcoal.	(4) in forceps.	(5) in borax.	(6) in mic. salt.	(7) in carb. soda.	(8) Special Reactions.
Native Copper	Cu.
—	—	Fuses to a brilliant metallic bead, which oncooling becomes covered with a coating of blackoxide.	Fuses and colors the outer flame blue.	In the oxidizing flame dissolves and then givesthe copper reactions.	As in borax.	—	—
Vitreous Copper	Cu2S.
—	Evolves SO2 and, when pulverized and gentlyheated for some time is converted into CuO.	Fuses to a bead, which spirts considerably andgives off SO2. When pulverized and gentlyroasted, is converted into CuO.	—	The roasted mineral gives the copper reaction,and sometimes also a slight iron-reaction.	As in borax.	In the reducing flame is decomposed, forming NaSand metallic copper. If the former be cut outand laid upon silver, it gives the sulfurreaction.	—
Copper pyrites	, ,,, Cu Fe.
Decrepitates, sometimes gives a sublimate ofsulphur and becomes bronze colored on thesurface.	Evolves SO2 and is finally converted into adark red mixture of Fe2O3 and CuO.	Fuses readily with much ebullition and ismagnetic on cooling.	—	As the preceding; but when the copper has beenremoved by reducing on charcoal, the bead showsa strong iron color.	As the preceding, but the color in the oxidizingflame is green, owing to the presence of iron.	Yields a bead of metallic copper and somemagnetic oxide of iron which remains on thecharcoal. The fused gives a sulphur reaction onsilver.	—
Fahlerz	, , , , ,,, ,,, (CuAgFeZn)4 (Sb As).
Sometimes decrepitates, fuses, and when verystrongly heated, gives a red sublimate of ,,, Sb with ... Sb, also sometimes a black sublimate of , Hg and occasionally ,,, As.	Fuses and gives off thick fumes of SbO3 andSO2, also generally AsO3, leaving a blackinfusible residue. If Hg be present, it issublimed and condenses in the tube in smalldrops.	Fuses to a bead, which fumes strongly andincrusts the charcoal with SbO3, andsometimes ZnO, which cannot be volatilized.Emits a strong smell of arsenic.	—	The residue obtained on charcoal thoroughlyroasted gives a copper reaction, and when thelatter has been removed by reduction uponcharcoal, an iron reaction.	As in the preceding.	With this flux and a little borax yields a beadof metallic copper; on silver, the alkaline massgives a sulphur reaction.	If the copper bead obtained by fusing uponcarbonate of soda be cupelled with assay lead, asilver bead will be obtained. Or if dissolved innitric acid and a drop or two of HCl added, awhite precipitate of AgCl will be formed, whichmay be collected and reduced with carbonate ofsoda upon charcoal.
Tennatite	, , ,,, (CuFe)4As.
Decrepitates occasionally and gives a redsublimate of ,,, As.	Evolves .. S and ,,, As, which condense and form awhite sublimate.	Fuses to a magnetic bead giving of arsenical andsulphurous fumes.	—	As the preceding.	As the preceding.	Yields a copper bead and metallic iron in theform of a dark grey powder. The fused alkaligives the sulphur reaction.	—
Bournonite	, , ,,, (Pb2Cu)Sb.
Decrepitates giving off sulfur and, whenstrongly heated, ,,, Sb and ... Sb.	Evolves thick white fumes of ... ... .. Sb,Sb and ... . .. PbSb. Also . S.	Fuses readily and incrusts the charcoal with ... Sb and . Pb leaving a dark colored bead.	—	If the bead obtained on charcoal be fused onthat support in the reducing flame with borax, aslight iron reaction is obtained, and after atime a copper reaction.	As with borax.	Yields a bead of metallic copper and lead andincrusts the charcoal with ... Sb and . Pb. The alkaline mass laid on silver and moistenedgives the sulphur reaction.	—
Red oxide of copper	Cu2O
—	Is converted into the black oxide CuO.	In the reducing flame is reduced, forming abead of metallic copper.	Fuses and colors the the flame emeraldgreen, or if previously moistened with HCl,blue.	Gives the copper reaction.	As with borax.	Is reduced to a bead of metallic copper.	—
Atacamite	. . CuCl + 3Cu + 6H.
Gives off much water, having an acidreaction, on test paper, and forms a lightgrey sublimate of CuCl.	—	Fuses, colors the flame blue, forms a brownand a pale grey incrustation on thecharcoal, and is reduced to metallic copper,leaving a small quantity of slag.	Fuses and colors the outer flame intenselyblue and green towards the point.	Gives the copper reactions.	As with borax.	Is reduced, yielding a bead of metalliccopper.	—
Dioptase	. ... . Cu3Si2 + 3H.
Gives off water and turns black.	—	In the oxidizing flame becomes black. In thereducing flame red.	V. Colors the outer flame intensely green.	Gives the copper reactions.	As with borax. The silica remainsundissolved.	With a small quantity of carbonate of sodafuses to a bead, which on cooling is opaqueand has a red fracture. With more alkaliforms a slag, containing little beads ofreduced copper.	—
Malachite	. .. . Cu2C + H.
Gives off water and turns black.	—	Fuses to a bead with a strong flame isreduced to metallic copper.	Fuses and colors the outer flame brilliantlygreen.	Gives the copper reaction.	As with borax.	Yields metallic copper.	Dissolves in HCl with much effervescence.
Blue vitriol	. ... . Cu S + 5H.
Intumesces, gives off water and becomeswhite.	Strongly heated is decomposed, given offSO2 and being converted into CuO.	As in the glass-bulb. Then fuses, coloringthe outer flame green, and is reduced tometallic copper and , Cu.	Fuses and colors the outer flame blue.	The roasted mineral gives copper reaction.	As in borax.	Yields metallic copper. The alkaline masslaid on silver gives S reaction.	Gives the sulphuric acid reaction.
Libethenite	... . .. . Cu4P + 2H.
Gives off water and turns black.	—	Gradually heated, turns black and fuses to abead, having a core of metallic copper.	Fuses but does not color the flamedistinctly. On cooling is black andcrystalline.	Gives the copper reaction.	As in borax.	With much of the alkali is decomposed,yielding metallic copper. With smallportions successively added first fuses andthen intumesces, fuses with a strong flame,and is then absorbed into the charcoal,leaving metallic copper.	Gives the phosphoric acid reaction.
Olivenite	... ... . .. .. . Cu4( As P ) + H.
Gives off water.	—	Fuses with detonation and the evolution ofarsenical fumes to a brittle regulus, brownexternally and having a white fracture.	Fuses and colors the outer flame green. Oncooling has a crystalline surface.	Gives the copper reaction.	As in borax.	Is reduced, yielding metallic copper.	Gives the arsenic reactions.

ANTIMONY.

[Go to TOC]