On the 2nd, aged 68, Edward Hyde Villiers, fifth Earl of Clarendon, Liberal M.P. for Brecon 1869-70; succeeded his father 1870; m. (1), 1876, Lady Caroline, dau. of the third Earl of Normanton; she d. 1894; (2) 1908, Emma, dau. of Lieut.-General George Hutch, C.S.I., and widow of the Hon. Edward Bourke; was A.D.C. to Queen Victoria and King George V.; succeeded by his s. On the 3rd, aged 93, George Douglas Turnbull, the oldest member at his death of the Indian Civil Service; passed out of Haileybury 1838; held Bulandshahr near Meerut, with Brand Sapte, during the Mutiny, thus saving refugees from Delhi; retired, 1874, as Judge of Meerut. On the 4th, aged 60, Haviland Burke, great-grand-nephew of the famous Edmund Burke, Nationalist M.P. for King's County (Tullamore) since 1900; one of the Nationalist Whips; special correspondent of the Manchester Guardian in Epirus during the Græco-Turkish War of 1897. About the 6th, aged 40, the Hon. Albert Edgar Solomon, Liberal Premier of Tasmania 1912-14, also Attorney-General and Minister of Education; had held various Ministerial offices since 1909. On the 5th, aged 59, Sir George Francis Hardy, K.C.B., F.R.A.S., sometime President of the Institute of Actuaries; actuarial adviser of the Indian Government, and also of the British Government in respect of the cost of the Insurance Act of 1911; had done important work also in astronomy and Egyptology. On the 7th, aged 70, the Rt. Hon. Sir William Henry Peregrine Carington, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., Liberal M.P. for Wycombe 1868-83; Keeper of the King's Privy Purse since 1910; had served in various capacities in the Royal Household since 1880. On the 8th, aged 80, the Hon. Sir Charles Fremantle, K.C.B., third s. of the first Lord Cottesloe; Deputy Master and Comptroller of the Mint 1868-88; British representative on the Suez Canal Board 1896-1903; a member of the Council of Foreign Bondholders. On the 9th, suddenly, in London, aged 53, Colonel Jeffrey Hall Burland, of Montreal, Knight of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, Commissioner of the Canadian Red Cross Society in connexion with the war; prominent in Canadian business and in philanthropic work. On the 10th, Cardinal Ferrata (Dominic Ferrata), Cardinal Priest, and Secretary of State for the Holy See since the election of Pope Benedict XV. On the 11th, aged 77, Lieut.-Colonel Sir William Algernon Kay, fifth Baronet; succeeded his half-brother 1907; had served in the New Zealand War of 1864-66 as an officer in the 68th Regiment; m., 1869, Emily, dau. of Thomas Ireland; succeeded by his s. On the 14th, killed in action in France, aged 53, Major-General Hubert Ion Wetherall Hamilton, D.S.O.; distinguished in the Egyptian Campaigns 1897-9, and in the Boer War; Military Secretary to Lord Kitchener in India; mentioned in despatches by Sir John French. About the 14th, aged 86, Thomas Patrickson, the last survivor of the famous cruise of the Beagle, described by Charles Darwin, whom he assisted in his taxidermy. On the 15th, aged 85, Sir William Markby, Judge of the High Court of Bengal 1866-78; Reader of Indian Law in Oxford University 1878-1900. Fellow and Bursar first of All Souls, subsequently of Balliol; very active in University affairs; sometime Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University; author of a well-known elementary work, "The Elements of Law." On the 15th, aged nearly 76, Anthony Traill, M.D., Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, since 1904; believed to have effected the compromise which left Trinity untouched by the creation of a National University in Dublin in 1906; a Commissioner of National Education since 1901, and on the Irish Educational Endowments Commission 1885-92; directed the finance of the Church of Ireland. About the 15th, killed in action, Major William Charles Christie, Royal Warwickshire Regiment; distinguished in the Nile Expedition of 1898; served in the South African War, and mentioned in despatches by Sir John French just before his death. On the 17th, aged 78, Admiral Sir Henry Frederick Nicholson, K.C.B.; commanded H.M.S. Téméraire at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882; Commander-in-Chief on the Cape of Good Hope Station 1890-92, at the Nore 1896-97; previously Naval Attaché at various European Courts; A.D.C. to Queen Victoria. About the 17th, killed in action, aged 38, Sir Robin Duff, second Baronet, 2nd Life Guards, son of Sir Charles Assheton-Smith, Baronet, who assumed the name of Assheton-Smith in lieu of Duff, 1905, and was created a baronet in 1911; succeeded his father in September; m. 1903, Lady Juliet Lowther, dau. of the Earl of Lonsdale; succeeded by his s. About the 18th, aged 71, Lieut.-General Julio A. Roca, President of Argentina 1880-86 and 1898-1904; commanded the Rio Negro Expedition against the Pampas Indians in 1873, clearing large tracts for settlement; had been distinguished in the war with Paraguay; suppressed a revolution when President-elect in 1880; had been head of the National Autonomist party, and was nicknamed "El Zorro" (the fox); visited England in 1906. On the 19th, aged 42, Mgr. Robert Hugh Benson, son of a former Archbishop of Canterbury; sometime an Anglican clergyman, he became a Roman Catholic in 1903; well known as a preacher and novelist. On the 19th, aged 51, Lieut.-Colonel Keith David Erskine, Indian Staff Corps, Resident in Cashmere 1910-11, subsequently Consul-General at Baghdad. On the 21st, aged 81, Sir Charles William Morrison-Bell, first Baronet, cr. 1905, when he assumed the name and arms of Morrison; sometime 15th Hussars; m., 1863, Louisa, dau. of W. H. Dawes; succeeded by his s. On the 21st, aged 40, James William Cleland, Liberal M.P. for Glasgow (Bridgeton) 1906-10, and a Progressive member of the L.C.C. for Lewisham. On the 22nd, aged 66, William Tattersall, an authority on the cotton industry. On the 23rd, at Khartum, aged 77, the Rt. Rev. Thomas Edward Wilkinson, Bishop of Zululand 1870-80, Bishop Coadjutor of London for North and Central Europe 1886-1911; wrote an account of his experiences in this latter office. On the 26th, killed in action in France, Captain Sir Frank Rose, second Baronet, 10th Royal Hussars; succeeded his father 1913. On the 23rd, aged 80, Colonel Sir Lonsdale Hale, late R.E., knighted 1911; well known as an able writer on military subjects. On the 26th, aged 56, Elizabeth, wife of Alfred Toulmin Smith, better known by her pen-name of L. T. Meade, dau. of an Irish rector; authoress of many works of fiction, chiefly for young girls. On the 27th, aged 58, Lieut.-General Sir William Edmund Franklyn, K.C.B., Princess of Wales' Own Yorkshire Regiment, commanding the 3rd (Central) Division of the new Army; distinguished in the Tirah Expedition, 1897-98; Military Secretary to the Secretary of State for War, 1911. On the 27th, aged 81, Sir Francis Powell, President of the Royal Scottish Water-colour Society, which he was instrumental in founding; of high repute as a painter of seascapes; knighted 1893. On the 27th, William Booth Bryan, M.I.C.E., Hon. Colonel 17th Battalion County of London Regiment, Chief Engineer of the London Water Board. On the 29th, aged 68, the Rev. Douglas Lee Scott, LL.D., St. Peter's College, Cambridge, Headmaster of the Mercers' School, London, since 1879. On the 29th, Mrs. Archibald Mackirdy, better known as Olive Christian Malvery; widow of a former United States Consul in Muscat; she had done much rescue work among women, and had written a striking book, "The Soul Market," giving her experiences. On the 29th, killed in action in France, aged 22, Sir Gilchrist Neville Ogilvy, eleventh Baronet, 2nd Lieut. Scots Guards; succeeded his grandfather in 1910. On the 31st, aged 80, the Rev. William Wolfe Capes, Canon of Hereford, sometime Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College, Oxford, and subsequently of Hertford College; and Reader of Ancient History in the University 1870-77; had written important works on Ancient History. On the 31st, aged 77, Sir Arthur Birch, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant-Governor of Ceylon 1876-78; had held many Colonial appointments, and had been Agent to the West-End branch of the Bank of England.
NOVEMBER.
The Duke of Buccleuch.—William Henry Walter Montagu-Douglas-Scott, sixth Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, died at Montagu House, Whitehall, on November 5, aged 83. Educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, he was Conservative M.P. for Midlothian 1853-1868 and 1874-1880, and was beaten in the last-named year by Mr. Gladstone. He succeeded his father in 1884, and devoted himself to the management of his great estates. He m., 1859, Lady Louisa Hamilton, third dau. of the first Duke of Abercorn; she d. 1912. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son.
Earl Roberts.—Field-Marshal the Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick Sleigh Roberts, K.G., K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., V.C., first Earl Roberts of Kandahar, died at St. Omer, France, of pneumonia caught while visiting the British troops, on November 14, aged 82. B. at Cawnpore, September 30, 1832, the son of Colonel (afterwards General Sir Abraham) Roberts of the Munster Fusiliers, he was educated privately and at Eton, Sandhurst, and the East India Military College at Addiscombe, and obtained a commission in the Bengal Artillery in 1851. He served under his father as A.D.C. at Peshawar in 1852-53, joined the Bengal Horse Artillery 1854, was a Deputy Assistant Quartermaster-General at Peshawar when the Mutiny broke out, and was then attached as Staff Officer to General Sir Neville Chamberlain, commanding the Movable Column sent to secure the Punjaub. He served as Staff Officer under Chamberlain's successor, the famous General John Nicholson; in the artillery at the siege of Delhi and also on the staff, guided the force relieving Lucknow from the Alumbagh to the Dilkusha, and at night was sent back to the Alumbagh to fetch ammunition. He was attached after the relief to Sir Hope Grant's cavalry division, and gained his V.C. at Khudaganj in January, 1858. In April he was invalided home, returning in 1859. In 1863 he was sent on the Umbeyla Expedition against the Bunerwals, and in 1867 to Zulu in Abyssinia, where he was left to organise the transport for Lord Napier of Magdala's expedition against King Theodore. He was sent home with despatches and given the brevet of Lieut.-Colonel. For his services in the Lushai Expedition of 1871-72 he received a C.B., and he was made Brevet-Colonel and Quartermaster-General in 1875. Holding that Russia's advance in Central Asia should be met by extending the Indian N.W. frontier, he was brought (through Lord Napier of Magdala and Disraeli) into relations with Lord Lytton when Viceroy, and in 1878 was given the command of the Punjaub Frontier Force. When General Sir Neville Chamberlain's Mission to the Amir of Afghanistan was stopped at Ali Masjid in 1878, Roberts commanded the troops which advanced up the Kuram Valley and forced the Peiwar Kotal Pass. He was made Major-General and K.C.B. and thanked by Parliament. After the Treaty of Gundamuk he was recalled for special work to Simla, but on Major Cavagnari's murder he returned to his force at Kuram and advanced on Kabul, occupying it after defeating the Afghans at Charasia, and two months later holding Sherpur cantonments against a large Afghan force. After the British defeat at Maiwand he led a force of 10,000 men under great difficulties to Kandahar and defeated Ayab Khan's Army (August, 1880) when he again received the thanks of Parliament and was made a baronet and a G.C.B. He was sent out to South Africa after Majuba, but arrived when peace had been made and returned at once. He commanded the Madras Army 1881-85, and was Commander-in-Chief in India 1885-93. He was made a Peer in 1892, Field-Marshal 1895, and was Commander-in-Chief in Ireland 1895-99. In December of that year he was sent to take command in South Africa, and in February began his great march to Bloemfontein and Pretoria. He enveloped Cronje's army, which surrendered February 27, 1900 at Paardeberg, and on April 13 he entered Bloemfontein and on June 5 Pretoria. He completed his work by defeating the Boers at Machadorp at the end of August, and returned to England to become Commander-in-Chief just before Queen Victoria's death. He was made an Earl and a K.G., and was formally thanked for his services by King Edward VII. He served in his new post till its abolition in 1904, doing much to raise, improve and modernise the army, and to raise the standard of musketry, and till the beginning of 1906 he continued to serve on the Imperial Defence Committee. From then till his death he strongly advocated compulsory military service, and was President of the National Service League. He was keenly interested in the war of 1914, and the last work which he initiated was the collection of field glasses for the troops. He retained his vigour to the last. He was one of the kindliest of men, and one of the most profoundly religious; and the private soldier, who adored him as "Bobs," had no better friend. He m., 1859, Nora, dau. of Captain John Bows; one son died in infancy, the other was killed at Colenso, after having been recommended for the V.C., and the earldom passed, by special remainder, to his dau. Lady Aileen Roberts. Another dau. married Major Lewin. He received a public funeral (p. [234]) in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Admiral Cradock.—Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher George Francis Maurice Cradock, K.C.V.O., who was lost with his flagship, H.M.S. Good Hope, in the action off the Chilean coast on November 1, was born in 1862, entered the Navy in 1875 at the age of thirteen, and took part in the Egyptian War of 1882 and was present at the battle of Tokar in the Sudan Expedition of 1891. In 1892 he helped, as First Lieutenant of H.M.S. Dolphin, to rescue the officers and crew of the Brazilian corvette Almirante Barroza, and in 1894 jumped overboard and rescued a midshipman from drowning off the coast of Sardinia. In 1900 he commanded the British Naval Brigade at the capture of the Taku forts, and afterwards directed the allied forces in the operations for the relief of Tientsin and of Sir Edward Seymour's column. He wrote two interesting books, "Wrinkles in Seamanship, or a Help to Salt Horse" (1894), and "Whispers from the Navy" (1907). In 1909 he was appointed A.D.C. to the King. In 1911, when the P.O. liner Delhi stranded with the Duke and Duchess of Fife off the Morocco coast, he rendered valuable assistance. A born leader and thoroughly trusted by his officers and men, he faced overwhelming odds in his last contest, joining battle in accordance with the traditions of the British Navy and fighting till the last.
The Marchese Visconti-Venosta, five times Foreign Minister of Italy, died on November 28, aged 85. Born at Milan, January 22, 1829, and belonging to a family who came from the Vallettino, he took part in the anti-Austrian movement in 1848-49, and corresponded with Mazzini, but broke with him after the Milan rising of 1853, and supported Cavour. He was Royal Commissioner of the Kingdom of Sardinia to receive Garibaldi in 1859, and was sent on special missions to the Courts of England and France. He was elected to the sub-Alpine Parliament in 1860 as member for Tirano, and in 1860 was sent to Naples to prepare the way for Garibaldi. In 1864 he became Foreign Minister in the Minghetti Cabinet and negotiated with Napoleon III. the Convention for the withdrawal of the French troops from Rome. On the resignation of the Cabinet he went as Minister to Constantinople, but returned in 1866 to resume his former part in the Ricasoli Ministry and negotiated the cession to Italy of Venetia; and he was also in the same office from 1869 to 1876, during which period Rome became the Italian capital. He fell in 1876 with the Right, and only returned in 1896 as Foreign Minister in the Rudini Ministry, but resigned after the Milan riots of 1898. He again returned to his former office in the Pelloux and Saracco Ministries 1899-1901, and in 1905 he represented Italy at the Algeciras Conference, in which he was very conspicuous. He was a friend of Great Britain and, latterly, at any rate, adverse to the Triple Alliance.
On the 1st, aged 85, Thomas Halhed Fischer, K.C., senior Bencher of Lincoln's Inn; since 1896 a Master in Lunacy; had introduced salutary reforms in the work of his office. On the 3rd, aged nearly 84, the Rt. Hon. Arthur Cohen, K.C., Honorary Fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge; Liberal M.P. for Southwark 1880-88; a leading member of the Bar, and a member of many Royal Commissions; a scientific lawyer and a member of the British Academy. About the 3rd, aged 48, Tom Gallon, a well-known novelist and playwright; author of many novels, of which the best known was "Tatterley." On the 3rd, aged 78, Lieut.-Col. John Foster Forbes of Rothiemay, Banff; sometime Commander of the 36th Indian Cavalry (Jacob's Horse); served with distinction throughout the Indian Mutiny. On the 4th, aged 80, James Colquhoun Colvin, sometime Bengal Civil Service; one of the small garrison which held a small house at Arrah in the Mutiny against overwhelming numbers for eight days, and was rescued at the last extremity by a relieving force. On the 4th, killed in action, aged 39, Captain the Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce O'Neill, eldest son of Lord O'Neill, and Unionist M.P. for mid-Antrim since 1910. On the 5th, aged 60, Major-General Robert George Kekewich, C.B., sometime Loyal North Lancashire Regiment; distinguished in the South African War, when he held Kimberley for four months till relieved by General French's force. On the 6th, aged 80, August Weismann, Professor of Zoology at Freiburg University; best known for his refutation of the view that acquired qualities are hereditary. On the 6th, killed in action in Belgium while flying, aged 30, Francis, sixth Earl Annesley, sub-Lieut. Royal Volunteer Reserve; m., 1909, Evelyn, dau. of Alfred Miller Mundy; succeeded by his cousin. On the 7th, aged 75, Thomas Watson Jackson, Fellow and sometime Vice-Provost and Tutor of Worcester College, Oxford, Keeper of the Hope Collection. On the 8th, aged 78, Sir Henry Thoby Prinsep, Bengal Civil Service; Judge of the Calcutta High Court 1878-1904; served with the troops in the Mutiny. On the 9th, aged 78, Samuel Wayland Kershaw, F.S.A., for many years Curator of Lambeth Palace Library. On the 10th, aged 71, Sir William Shaw Wright, Chairman of the Hull and Barnsley Railway and of the Humber Conservancy. On the 10th, Cecil Raleigh (Cecil Rowlands), for many years joint or sole author of the successive and very successful melodramas produced annually at Drury Lane Theatre. On the 11th, aged 48, Brigadier-General Norman Reginald McMahon, D.S.O., distinguished in the South African War. On the 12th, aged 83, Sir Walter Gilbey, first Baronet, a well-known breeder of Shire and other horses; President of the Royal Agricultural Society 1895; had founded a lectureship in Agriculture at Cambridge and done much for the subject in many ways; one of the founders of a well-known firm of wine merchants; m., 1858, Ellen, dau. of John Parish; succeeded by his s. On the 14th, aged 73, Colonel Thomas William Chester Master, Conservative M.P. for Cirencester 1878-85. On the 14th, on board the Allan liner Hesperian, aged 73, the Rt. Rev. Andrew Hunter Dunn, Bishop of Quebec since 1892, Vicar of South Acton, Middlesex, 1872-92. On the 15th, aged 72, Colonel Harrison Ross-Lewin Morgan, C.B., R.A.; had seen much active service in India and had been repeatedly mentioned in despatches. On the 16th, aged 49, killed in action, Brigadier-General Charles Fitz-Clarence, V.C., grandson of the first Earl of Munster; distinguished by his bravery in the South African War. On the 19th, aged 39, Joseph Pointer, Labour M.P. for Sheffield (Attercliffe) since 1909; by trade a pattern-maker and sometime a trade-union official. On the 20th, Isaac Burney Yeo, M.D., for many years on the staff of King's College and author of numerous medical works. On the 20th, Sir Edward Philip Solomon, K.C.M.G., sometime Minister of Public Works in the Botha Ministry in the Transvaal, and one of the Senators for that Province. About the 21st, aged 68, George William Thibaut, Ph.D., C.I.E., Registrar of Calcutta University, previously Principal successively of two Indian Colleges; assisted Max Muller in producing editions of the Rig-Veda; a noted Orientalist. On the 22nd, aged 89, General John March Earle, sometime Bengal Infantry; served in the Sikh War of 1845-46. On the 22nd, aged 67, Sir John Roche Dasent, C.B., for many years in the Education Department of the Privy Council; edited thirty-two volumes of the Acts of the Privy Council; a nephew of Delane, the famous Editor of The Times. On the 24th, Cardinal Priest Aristide Cavallari, Patriarch and Archbishop of Venice. On the 25th, aged 51, Sir John Macpherson Grant, fourth Baronet of Ballindalloch; succeeded his father 1907; owner of the famous Ballindalloch herd of black-polled cattle. On the 28th, aged 91, James George Henry Stopford, fifth Earl of Courtown; succeeded his father 1858; m., 1846, Hon. Elizabeth Milles, dau. of fourth Lord Sondes; she d. 1894; succeeded by his s. On the 28th, from wounds received in action, Captain Sir Edward Stewart-Richardson, fifteenth Baronet, Black Watch; had served in the South African War; m., 1904, Lady Constance Mackenzie, dau. of the second Earl of Cromartie; succeeded by his s. On the 30th, aged 60, Miss Fanny Brough, for some forty years an eminent and versatile actress, chiefly in light comedy. On the 30th, aged 68, Sir Alfred Mellor Watkin, second Baronet, Director of the South-Eastern Railway since 1878, and from 1873 to 1878 its Locomotive Superintendent.
DECEMBER.
Admiral Mahan.—Alfred Thayer Mahan, Admiral United States Navy, the famous naval historian, died December 1, at Washington, aged 74. Born at Westpoint, New York, September 27, 1840, the son of a Professor in the famous Military Academy, he was educated partly at Columbia College, New York, and entered the Navy in 1856. He served in the War of Secession, chiefly in blockade ships, then in the Far East and Pacific. In 1887 he lectured in the Naval War College on the subject which gave him his reputation, "The Influence of Sea-Power in History." The idea arose from his study of Hannibal's campaigns in Mommsen's "History of Rome" in the English Club at Lima, while his ship lay at Callao. His book on it was published in 1890, and in 1892 followed a sequel, dealing with the subject in connexion with the French wars of 1790-1815. From 1893 to 1896 he commanded the Chicago, the flagship of the United States European Squadron, which visited England in 1894. He retired in 1896, but served on the Advisory Board of Naval Strategy during the Spanish-American War, and was a delegate to the Hague Conference in 1899. In 1892 he published a Life of Admiral Farragut, in 1897 a Life of Nelson, in 1905 a volume on Sea Power in relation to the Anglo-American War of 1812, and in 1912 a work on naval strategy. Few men, if any, have done more to mould public opinion on the place of navies in national life.
Professor Bywater.—Ingram Bywater, Regius Professor of Greek at Oxford 1893-1908, died in London, December 17, aged 74. The son of a clerk in the Customs, he was educated at University College School and King's College, and became Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford, and obtained First Classes in Classical Moderations in 1860 and in Literae Humaniores in 1862. He became a Fellow of Exeter College and was for many years one of its Tutors, but in 1883 became University Reader in Greek, and devoted himself to the study and editing of Greek Texts. In 1877 he had published an edition of the Fragments of Heraclitus, and in 1898 edited Priscianus Lydus for the Berlin Academy; in 1890 he published a new recension of the text of Aristotle's "Ethics," which became the standard text at Oxford, and in 1897 his great work, an edition of Aristotle's "Poetics," which represented probably thirty years of work. As a textual critic, despite the smallness of his output, he had few if any compeers in his generation; and he was a corresponding member of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the British Academy. He was well known among German scholars, and had been among the most intimate friends of Mark Pattison. He was a great collector of books, particularly of early printed Greek books, and was active as a Curator of the Bodleian and a delegate of the University Press. He was a high authority on Aristotle, and was one of the founders of the Oxford Aristotelian Society, and a genial man of the world, with great gifts of humour and sarcasm. He m., 1885, the dau. of C. J. Cornish and widow of Hans Sotheby, and their wills made a substantial provision for the study of Byzantine Greek in the University of Oxford.