[244] Western Islands, vol. i. p. 568, and plate xxi. Fig. 1.
[245] Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. xliii. p. 283.
At different levels in the volcanic series of Mull, beds of lignite and even true coal are observable. These seem to be always mere lenticular patches, only a few square yards in extent. The best example I have met with lies among the basalts near Carsaig. It is in part a black glossy coal, and partly dull and shaly. Some years ago it was between two and three feet thick, but now, owing to its having been dug away by the shepherds, only some six or eight inches are to be seen. It lies between two basalt-flows, and rapidly disappears on either side.
More frequent than these inconstant layers of fossil vegetation are the thin partings of tuff and layers of red clay, sometimes containing iron-ore, which occur at intervals throughout the series between different flows of basalt. But even such intercalations are of trifling thickness, and only of limited extent. The magnificent precipices of M'Gorry's Head and Gribon expose a succession of beds of columnar amorphous and amygdaloidal basalt, which must attain a thickness of at least 2500 feet, before they are overlain by the higher group of pale lavas in Ben More. On the east side of the island, thin tuffs and bands of basalt-conglomerate occur on different horizons among the bedded basalts, from near the sea-level up to the summit of the ridge which culminates in Beinn Meadhon (2087 feet), Dùn-da-Ghaoithe (2512 feet), and Mainnir-nam-Fiadh (2483 feet). Reference has already been made to the remarkably coarse character of some of the breccias intercalated among the basalts in this part of Mull, and to the enormous dimensions of some of the masses of mica-schist and quartzite which have been carried up from a depth of 2000 feet or more by volcanic agency (see ante, [p. 196], and [Fig. 262]).
Above the ordinary compact and amygdaloidal basalt comes the higher group of pale lavas already referred to as forming the uppermost part of Ben More, whence it stretches continuously along the pointed ridge of A'Chioch, and thence northwards into Beinn Fhada. The same lavas are likewise found in two outliers, capping Beinn a' Chraig, a mile further north, and I have found fragments of them on some of the loftier ridges to the south-east. This highest and youngest group of lavas in the plateaux has been reduced to mere isolated patches, and a little further denudation will remove it altogether. Yet it is not less than about 800 feet thick, and consists of bedded andesitic or trachytic lavas, which alternate with and follow continuously and conformably upon the top of the ordinary plateau-basalts. These dull, finely crystalline or compact, light-grey rocks weather with a characteristic platy form, which has been mistaken for the bedding of tuffs. The fissility, however, has none of the regularity or parallelism of true bedding, and may be observed to run sometimes parallel with the bedding of the sheets, sometimes obliquely or even at right angles to it. Even where this structure is best developed, the truly crystalline nature of the rocks can readily be detected. Some of them are porphyritic and amygdaloidal, the very topmost bed of the mountain being a coarse amygdaloid. Intercalated with these curious rocks there are others in which the ordinary characters of the dolerites and basalts of the plateaux can be recognised. The amygdaloids are often full of delicate prisms of epidote.
In Mull, as in the other areas of terraced basalts, we everywhere meet with gently inclined sheets, which do not thicken out individually or collectively in any given direction, except as the result of unequal denudations. So far as I have been able to discover, they afford no evidence of any great volcanic cone from which they proceeded. Their present inclinations are unquestionably due, as in Ireland, to movements subsequent to the formation of the plateau. In Loch-na-keal they dip gently to the E.N.E.; in Ulva and the north-west coast to N.N.E.; near Salen to W.S.W. on the one side, and N.W. on the other. Round the southern and eastern margins of the mountainous tract of the island, they dip generally inwards to the high grounds.
The Mull plateau presents a striking contrast to that of Antrim, in the extraordinary extent to which it has been disrupted by later protrusions of massive basic and acid rocks over a rudely circular area, extending from the head of Loch Scridain to the Sound of Mull, and from Loch-na-keal to Loch Buy. The bedded basalts have been invaded by masses of dolerite, gabbro, and granophyre, with various allied kinds of rock. They have not only been disturbed in their continuity, but have undergone considerable metamorphism.
Again, further to the north, in the promontory of Ardnamurchan, the plateau has been disrupted in a similar way, and only a few recognisable fragments of it have been left. These changes will be more appropriately discussed in connection with similar phenomena in the other plateaux further north.