[1]. For brief but valuable sketches of one phase or another of the history of the theory of milieu, cf. Friedrich Ratzel, Anthropogeographie. 1. Teil: Grundzüge der Anwendung der Erdkunde auf die Geschichte (2. Aufl., Stuttgart, 1899, 604 pp.), pp. 13–23, 25–30, 31–40; Gustav Schmoller, Grundriß der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. Erster Teil (Vierte bis sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1901), p. 127, pp. 137 f., 144 ff., Zweiter Teil (Erste bis sechste Aufl., Leipzig, 1904), pp. 656 ff.; Ferdinand v. Richthofen’s Vorlesungen über Allgemeine Siedlungs- und Verkehrsgeographie, bearb. und herausgegeben von O. Schlüter (Berlin, 1908, 351 pp.—A course of lectures delivered in the summer semester of 1891 in Berlin, repeated in the winter semester in 1897/8), pp. 6–13; Jean Brunhes, La Géographie Humaine (Deuxième édition, Paris: Alcan, 1912, 801 pp.), pp. 36 ff.; A. C. Haddon and A. H. Quiggin, History of Anthropology (London, 1910, 158 pp.), pp. 131 f., 150–52; William Z. Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,” Political Science Quarterly, X (1895), pp. 636–54; also the same author’s The Races of Europe (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1899), pp. 2–5. Cf. also O. Schlüter, “Die leitenden Gesichtspunkte der Anthropogeographie, insbesondere der Lehre Friedrich Ratzels,” Arch. f. Sozialwissenschaft, Bd. IV (1906), S. 581–630, and Rudolf Goldscheid, Höherentwicklung und Menschenökonomie, I [Philosophisch-soziologische Bücherei, Band VIII], (Leipzig: W. Klinkhardt, 1911, 664 pp.), p. 52. For bibliographies, in addition to those yet to be mentioned, see also Ratzel, l.c., pp. 579–85; Brunhes, l.c., nn.; Ellen C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment, On the Basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography (New York: H. Holt & Co., 1911, 637 pp.), to each chapter of which an extensive bibliography is added; William J. Thomas, Source Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London, 1909) pp. 134–39: Bibliography to Part I: The Relation of Society to Geographic and Economic Environment (pp. 29–129, Comment on Part I, pp. 130–33); Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,” Pol. Sc. Quar., X (1895), pp. 654–5.
[2]. Dictionnaire de l’Académie Françoise. Quatrième Édition. Tome Second (Paris, 1762), p. 143.
[3]. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, etc. Nouvelle Éd. 1778, ed. by Diderot and D’Alembert, 21st vol., p. 853.
[4]. Cours de Philosophie Positive (6 vols., 1830–42, 5e édition, Paris, 1892–94), see vol. 3, p. 235 n.
[5]. Cp. esp. the Introduction to his Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, 5 Tomes (8e Édition, Paris: Hachette, 1892); the first edition appeared in 1863, after Taine had been at work on it for well-nigh a decade.
[6]. For Zola as the disciple of Taine, cf. H. Wiegler, Geschichte und Kritik der Theorie des Milieus bei Émile Zola (Diss., Rostock, 1905), esp. pp. 19–36.
[7]. Vide Émile Waxweiler, Esquisse d’une Sociologie (Bruxelles, 1906), p. 65.
[8]. Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, vol. 3 (1885), pp. 559 f.
[9]. Verdeutschungen, Wörterbuch fürs tägliche Leben (Braunschweig, Verlag von George Westermann, 1915, 176 pp.), p. 93.