| Percentage, Cane Sugar. | Specific Weight of Sol. | Percentage, Cane Sugar. | Specific Weight of Sol. | Percentage, Cane Sugar. | Specific Weight of Sol. |
| 75 | 1·383,342 | 49 | 1·227,241 | 24 | 1·101,377 |
| 74 | 1·376,822 | 48 | 1·221,771 | 23 | 1·096,792 |
| 73 | 1·370,345 | 47 | 1·216,339 | 22 | 1·092,240 |
| 72 | 1·363,910 | 46 | 1·210,945 | 21 | 1·087,721 |
| 71 | 1·357,518 | 45 | 1·205,589 | 20 | 1·083,234 |
| 70 | 1·351,168 | 44 | 1·200,269 | 19 | 1·078,779 |
| 69 | 1·344,860 | 43 | 1·194,986 | 18 | 1·074,356 |
| 68 | 1·338,594 | 42 | 1·189,740 | 17 | 1·069,965 |
| 67 | 1·332,370 | 41 | 1·184,531 | 16 | 1·065,606 |
| 66 | 1·326,188 | 40 | 1·179,358 | 15 | 1·061,278 |
| 65 | 1·320,046 | 39 | 1·174,221 | 14 | 1·056,982 |
| 64 | 1·313,946 | 38 | 1·169,121 | 13 | 1·052,716 |
| 63 | 1·307,887 | 37 | 1·164,056 | 12 | 1·048,482 |
| 62 | 1·301,868 | 36 | 1·159,026 | 11 | 1·044,278 |
| 61 | 1·295,890 | 35 | 1·154,032 | 10 | 1·040,104 |
| 60 | 1·289,952 | 34 | 1·149,073 | 9 | 1·035,961 |
| 59 | 1·284,054 | 33 | 1·144,150 | 8 | 1·031,848 |
| 58 | 1·278,197 | 32 | 1·139,261 | 7 | 1·027,764 |
| 57 | 1·272,379 | 31 | 1·134,406 | 6 | 1·023,710 |
| 56 | 1·266,600 | 30 | 1·129,586 | 5 | 1·019,686 |
| 55 | 1·260,861 | 29 | 1·124,800 | 4 | 1·015,691 |
| 54 | 1·255,161 | 28 | 1·120,048 | 3 | 1·011,725 |
| 53 | 1·249,500 | 27 | 1·115,330 | 2 | 1·007,788 |
| 52 | 1·243,877 | 26 | 1·110,646 | 1 | 1·003,880 |
| 51 | 1·238,293 | 25 | 1·105,995 | 0 | 1·000,000 |
| 50 | 1·232,748 |
Sugar, Al′um. Syn. Saccharum aluminatum, Alumen saccharinum, L. From alum and white sugar, in fine powder, equal parts, formed into minute sugar-loaf shaped lumps with mucilage of gum Arabic made with rose water. Used to make astringent lotions and eye-waters.
Sugar. Bar′ley. Syn. Saccharum hordeatum, Penidium, Saccharum penidium, L. Prep. Take of saffron, 12 gr.; hot water, q. s.; sugar, 1 lb.; boil to a full ‘candy height,’ or that state called ‘crack,’ or ‘crackled sugar,’ when 2 or 3 drops of clear lemon juice or white vinegar must be added, and the pan removed from the fire and set for a single minute in cold water, to prevent its burning; the sugar must be then at once poured out on an oiled marble slab, and either cut into pieces or rolled into cylinders and twisted in the usual manner. One drop of oil of citron, orange, or lemon, will flavour a considerable quantity. White barley sugar is made with a strained decoction of barley instead of water, or starch is added to whiten it.
Sugar, Beet-root. Syn. Saccharum betæ, L. Sugar obtained from the white beet.
In the following table the names of the countries in which this plant is cultivated are given, together with the amount of sugar annually produced in each:
| France | 280,000 | tons.[207] |
| Germany | 260,000 | ” |
| Austria and Hungary | 180,000 | ” |
| Russia and Poland | 130,000 | ” |
| Belgium | 50,000 | ” |
| Holland and other countries | 17,000 | ” |
[207] British Manufacturing Industries, Glanford.
The white beet is used in preference to the red varieties, not only because of the colour of its juice, but also in consequence of its being richer in sugar. The roots vary in their yield of sugar according to quality and the season of the year. They are generally in best condition in October. The root is made up of a series of small cells, which are filled with the saccharine fluid. According to Wagner the constituents of the sugar-beet are as follows:
| Water | 82·7 |
| Sugar | 11·3 |
| Cellulose | 0·8 |
| Albumen, casein, and other bodies | 1·5 |
| Fatty matter | 0·1 |
| Organic substances, citric acid, pectin, and pectic acid. Asparagin, aspartic acid, and betain, a substance having, according to Schiebler, the formula C15H33N3O6 | 3·7 |
| Organic salts, oxalate and pectate of calcium, oxalate and pectate of potassium and sodium | |
| Inorganic salts, nitrate and sulphate of potash, phosphate of lime and magnesia | |
| Twelve and a half hundred weight of beet yield on an average 1 cwt. of raw sugar, or 8 per cent. | |
The first operation in the manufacture of beet-root sugar after washing and cleansing the roots (an operation which sometimes reduces their weight 10 or 20 per cent.) is the extraction from them of the juice. This may be effected either by: