Cooley's Cyclopædia of Practical Receipts and Collateral Information in the Arts, Manufactures, Professions, and Trades..., Sixth Edition, Volume II

by Arnold James Cooley; Richard Vine Tuson

of the urea) upon the pus. The reaction upon the pus is the same as that which takes place when liquor potassæ is employed. The stringy viscid substance due to the last cause is frequently, but erroneously, termed mucus.

Professor Haughton’s Table for the Estimation of the Daily Excretion of Urea from the Specific Gravity.

Fluid Ounces.	Specific Gravity.
	1003	1004	1005	1006	1007	1008	1009	1010	1011	1012	1013	1014	1015
20	35	36	43	57	71	85	100	103	106	119	130	136	142
22	38	40	47	62	78	95	110	113	116	130	149	142	156
24	42	43	51	68	85	101	120	123	127	142	156	163	170
26	45	47	55	73	92	110	130	131	137	153	169	176	184
28	48	50	59	79	99	118	140	144	148	165	182	190	198
30	52	54	64	85	106	127	150	155	159	177	195	204	213
32	55	57	68	90	113	135	160	165	169	188	208	217	227
34	58	61	72	96	120	144	170	175	180	200	221	231	241
36	61	64	76	102	127	153	180	185	191	212	234	244	255
38	65	68	80	108	134	161	190	195	201	224	247	258	269
40	69	72	85	114	142	170	200	206	212	236	260	272	284
42	74	75	89	119	148	178	210	216	222	247	273	285	298
44	76	79	93	125	156	186	220	226	233	259	286	299	312
46	80	82	96	130	163	195	230	236	243	271	299	312	326
48	84	86	101	136	170	203	240	246	254	283	312	326	340
50	87	90	106	142	178	212	250	257	265	295	325	340	355
52	90	94	110	147	185	220	260	267	276	307	338	353	369
54	94	98	114	153	192	229	270	277	286	319	351	367	383
56	96	100	119	159	199	238	280	288	297	331	364	380	397
58	100	104	123	165	206	246	290	298	308	343	377	394	411
60	104	108	128	171	213	255	300	309	310	355	391	408	426
62	108	110	132	176	220	263	310	319	329	404	421	440	468
64	110	114	136	182	227	271	320	329	340	378	417	435	454
66	114	118	140	187	234	280	330	340	351	390	431	448	468
68	116	122	144	193	240	288	340	350	361	402	443	462	482
70	120	126	149	199	248	297	350	361	372	414	456	476	497
72	122	128	153	204	255	305	360	371	382	425	469	489	511
74	126	132	157	210	262	314	370	381	393	437	482	503	525
76	130	136	161	216	269	323	380	391	404	449	595	516	539
78	134	140	165	222	276	331	390	401	414	461	508	530	553
80	139	144	170	228	284	340	400	412	445	473	521	544	568

Fluid Ounces.	Specific Gravity.
	1016	1017	1018	1019	1020	1021	1022	1023	1024	1025	1026	1027	1028
20	151	160	196	233	241	249	257	265	274	276	278	279	280
22	166	176	215	257	265	274	282	292	301	303	305	306	308
24	181	192	235	280	289	299	308	319	329	331	333	334	336
26	196	208	254	303	313	324	334	346	356	359	360	362	364
28	221	224	274	326	337	349	360	372	383	386	388	390	392
30	226	240	294	349	361	374	386	399	411	414	416	418	420
32	241	256	313	373	385	398	411	425	438	442	443	446	448
34	256	272	333	396	409	423	437	451	466	469	471	474	476
36	271	288	352	419	433	448	462	477	493	497	499	502	504
38	286	304	372	442	457	473	488	503	520	524	527	530	532
40	302	320	392	465	484	498	514	530	548	552	555	558	560
42	317	336	411	489	506	523	540	557	575	580	582	585	588
44	332	352	431	512	530	548	556	584	603	607	610	613	616
46	347	368	450	535	554	573	592	611	630	635	638	641	644
48	362	384	470	558	578	598	618	637	657	662	666	669	672
50	377	400	490	581	602	623	644	665	685	690	694	697	700
52	393	416	509	605	626	648	669	692	711	718	721	724	728
54	408	432	529	628	650	673	695	718	740	745	749	752	756
56	423	448	548	651	674	698	720	745	767	772	776	780	784
58	438	464	568	674	698	723	746	772	794	800	804	808	812
60	453	480	588	697	722	748	772	798	822	828	832	836	840
62	496	607	719	746	772	797	824	849	856	859	864	864	868
64	483	512	627	742	770	797	823	851	877	883	887	862	896
66	498	528	646	766	794	822	849	877	904	911	915	920	924
68	513	544	666	790	818	847	875	904	931	939	943	948	954
70	528	560	686	814	843	872	901	930	959	966	971	976	980
72	544	576	705	838	867	896	926	956	986	994	998	1004	1008
74	558	592	725	861	891	921	951	982	1014	1021	1026	1032	1036
76	573	608	745	884	915	946	977	1008	1041	1049	1054	1060	1064
78	588	624	765	907	939	971	1002	1034	1068	1076	1082	1088	1092
80	604	640	785	930	964	996	1028	1060	1096	1104	1110	1116	1120

In urines containing pus, the clear portion should always be examined for albumen, since where this is found, except in small amount, some form of kidney disease may be suspected.

But it sometimes happens that the pus is present in such small quantity in the urine as to preclude its chemical examination. Under these circumstances, recourse must be had to the microscope. Dr Lionel Beale says, “Pus-globules, which have been long removed from the body, always have a granulated appearance in the microscope, and, when fresh, do not always exhibit a well-defined nucleus; the outline is usually distinct and circular, but it is finely crenated. Upon the addition of acetic acid the globule increases somewhat in size, becomes spherical, with a smooth, faint outline, and from one to four nearly circular bodies are developed in the centre of each. If the pus-corpuscles have lain some days in the urine they will have undergone complete disintegration.”

Epithelium. A great many varieties of epithelium, derived from different parts of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, vagina, &c., are more or less present in urine. A few of these are given in the accompanying engraving. In the various diseases peculiar to the urinary and genito-urinary organs the quantity of epithelium present in the urine is frequently considerable, and as in some cases it presents itself in an imperfect or disintegrated form, its identification, except to the experienced microscopist and physiologist, becomes a matter of great difficulty.

Casts. Casts or moulds which have been formed in the tubes of the kidneys, or in the uterus and vagina, are constantly finding their way into the urine of persons affected with acute or chronic renal diseases and uterine affections. They are very varied both in character and appearance, and difficult of recognition, except by the skilled microscopist and pathologist.

Blood-corpuscles. These, when present in quiescent urine, occur as a sediment at the bottom of the vessel. Some few globules, however, are diffused throughout the supernatant urine, and impart to it a smoky appearance, if the fluid have a marked acid reaction; whereas if the reaction be alkaline the corpuscles assume a bright red colour.

In the accompanying plate the three upper groups represent blood-corpuscles taken from the human body; the three lower those found in urine. Of these latter some will be seen to have lost their circular outline, and to have become jagged or crenated. In some cases,