Chapter XXIV

Bury, Later Roman Empire, i, bk. iv, chs. i–x; Bussell, Roman Empire, i. bk. iii, ch. ii; Cambridge Medieval History, ii, chs. i, ii, iv, vi; Diehl, Ch., Justinien et la civilization byzantine au 6 siècle; Gelzer, Abriss, ii, Das Zeitalter Justinians; Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. xl–xliv; Holmes, W. G., The Age of Justinian and Theodora; Lavisse et Rombaud, Histoire Generale, see chap, xxiii; Niese, Geschichte, pp. 422 ff.

Chapter XXV

Religion: Boissier, G., La Fin du paganisme; Cambridge Medieval History, i, chs. iv–vi, xvii–xviii; Geffcken, see ch. xx, religion; Flick, Medieval Church, chs. vii–ix, xiii–xiv; Walker, W., Western Church, period iii; Wissowa, Religion und Kultur, pp. 84–90. See also the historical works cited for the preceding chapters.

Literature and Art: Dalton, O. M., Byzantine Art and Archaeology; Diehl, Ch., L’art byzantine; Mackail, Latin Literature, pp. 260–286; Norden, Römische Litteratur; Krumbacher, K., Byzantinische Litteraturgeschichte; Schanz, Geschichte der röm. Litteratur, pt. iv; Camb. Med. Hist., i, xxi, Early Christian Art.

[pg 423]

INDEX

Note: All Romans, except emperors and literary men, are to be found under their gens name: e. g. for Cato see Porcius. All others are indexed under the name most commonly used in English: e. g. Trajan, Horace, Alaric.

A. = Aulus.
A cognitionibus, secretary for imperial inquest, [269].
A cubiculo, see [Chamberlain].
A libellis, secretary for petitions, [269].
A rationibus, secretary of the treasury, [269], [271];title changed, [272].
secretary of the treasury, [269], [271];
title changed, [272].
A studiis, secretary of the records, [269].
Ab admissione, chief usher, [294].
Ab epistulis, secretary for correspondence, [269].
L. Accius, tragic poet, [121].
Achæa, senatorial province of, [216].
Achæan Confederacy, the, opposed to Macedonia, [69];allied with Macedonia, [75];supports Philip V, [83], [85];joins Rome, [91];loyal to Rome, [93];friction with Rome, [95];forced to send hostages to Rome, [96];asserts independence, [102]–[103];dissolved, [103].
opposed to Macedonia, [69];
allied with Macedonia, [75];
supports Philip V, [83], [85];
joins Rome, [91];
loyal to Rome, [93];
friction with Rome, [95];
forced to send hostages to Rome, [96];
asserts independence, [102]–[103];
dissolved, [103].
Acilian law (lex Acilia de repetundis), [129].
Acilius Glabrio, consul, defeats Antiochus at Thermopylæ, [93].
Actium, battle of, [195].
Adherbal, joint ruler of Numidia, [132]–[133].
Advocate of the fiscus (advocatus fisci), [248].
Ædileship, the, and public games, [123],(1) the plebeian, [50], [54]; becomes magistracy, [55];becomes magistracy, [55];(2) the curule, [51]; opened to plebeians, [56];under the Principate, [294]; (3) in municipalities, [284].
and public games, [123],
(1) the plebeian, [50], [54]; becomes magistracy, [55];becomes magistracy, [55];
becomes magistracy, [55];
becomes magistracy, [55];
(2) the curule, [51]; opened to plebeians, [56];under the Principate, [294];
opened to plebeians, [56];
under the Principate, [294];
(3) in municipalities, [284].
Ædui, the, allies of Rome, [132], [168];desert Rome, [171];admitted to Roman Senate, [231].
allies of Rome, [132], [168];
desert Rome, [171];
admitted to Roman Senate, [231].
Ægates Islands, the, battle of, [74].
S. Ælius Pætus, consul, juristic writer, [122].
L. Ælius Seianus, prætorian prefect, [227];plot of, [228]–[229].
prætorian prefect, [227];
plot of, [228]–[229].
M. Æmilius Lepidus, consul, [152];proconsul, revolt of, [152].
consul, [152];
proconsul, revolt of, [152].
M. Æmilius Lepidus, master of the horse, [185];pontifex maximus, [186];in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[189];deposed, [192].
master of the horse, [185];
pontifex maximus, [186];
in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[189];
deposed, [192].
Æmilius Papinianus, jurist, prætorian prefect, [254].
L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, at Cannæ, [82].
L. Æmilius Paullus, consul, defeats Perseus, [96].
Æneolithic Age, the, [9].
Æqui, the, [15]; wars of, with Rome, [33]–[34], [36];Roman allies, [39].
wars of, with Rome, [33]–[34], [36];
Roman allies, [39].
Ærarium militare, the, establishment of, [212], [271].
Ærarium Saturni, the, state treasury, under senatorial authority, [209];evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
state treasury, under senatorial authority, [209];
evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
Aetius, Flavius, master of the soldiers, defeats Burgundians, [356];made count, [358];career of, [358]–[359];death, [360].
master of the soldiers, defeats Burgundians, [356];
made count, [358];
career of, [358]–[359];
death, [360].
Ætolian Confederacy, the, hostile to Macedonia, [69];joins Rome against Philip V, [83];concludes peace, [85];supports Rome again, [90];joins Antiochus against Rome, [92];subjugated by Rome, [94].
hostile to Macedonia, [69];
joins Rome against Philip V, [83];
concludes peace, [85];
supports Rome again, [90];
joins Antiochus against Rome, [92];
subjugated by Rome, [94].
Africa, Roman province of, organized, [102];rise of serfdom in, [289]–[290];conquered by Vandals, [355]–[356];reconquered by Justinian, [376]–[377].
organized, [102];
rise of serfdom in, [289]–[290];
conquered by Vandals, [355]–[356];
reconquered by Justinian, [376]–[377].
Agathocles, King of Syracuse, [40], [41].
Agentes-in-rebus, [340].
Ager Gallicus, [39].
Ager publicus, [39].
Ager Romanus, [43], [44].
Agrarian laws, of the Gracchi, [126]–[128];failure of, [131];of Saturninus, [138];proposed —— of Rullus, [163].
of the Gracchi, [126]–[128];
failure of, [131];
of Saturninus, [138];
proposed —— of Rullus, [163].
Agri Decumates, the, annexed, [239].
Agriculture, Italy adapted to, [4];changing conditions of, [115];development of, under the Principate, [297].
Italy adapted to, [4];
changing conditions of, [115];
development of, under the Principate, [297].
Agrippa, see [M. Vipsanius Agrippa].
Agrippina, granddaughter of Augustus, [224], [227];plots for the succession, [228];condemned to death, [229].
granddaughter of Augustus, [224], [227];
plots for the succession, [228];
condemned to death, [229].
Agrippina, niece and wife of Claudius, schemes of, [232];murdered, [233].
schemes of, [232];
murdered, [233].
Alæ, [45].
Alamanni, the, [256], [259]; defeated by [pg 424]Gallienus, [260];by Aurelian, [265];by Julian, [326];by Valens, [329]–[330];by Narses, [378].
defeated by [pg 424]Gallienus, [260];
by Aurelian, [265];
by Julian, [326];
by Valens, [329]–[330];
by Narses, [378].
Alans, the, invasions of, with the Vandals, [355].
Alaric, prince of the Visigoths, invasion of Greece, [352]–[353];invasion of Italy, [353].
invasion of Greece, [352]–[353];
invasion of Italy, [353].
Alba Longa, [29].
Alban, Count, the, [26].
Albinus (Decimus Clodius ——), saluted Imperator, [252];death, [253].
saluted Imperator, [252];
death, [253].
Alexander, king of Epirus, [40].
Alexander Severus, see [Severus Alexander].
Alexandria, capital of Egypt, [67]; Cæsar besieged in, [177];government of, [281].
Cæsar besieged in, [177];
government of, [281].
Alimentary system (alimenta), the, instituted, [244].
Allia, the, battle of, [35].
Allies, the, see [Italian allies].
Allobroges, the, conquered by Rome, [132];betray Cataline’s conspiracy, [164].
conquered by Rome, [132];
betray Cataline’s conspiracy, [164].
Ambrones, the, [135], [136].
Ambrose, bishop of Milan, conflict with Theodosius I, [330]–[331];writings of, [399].
conflict with Theodosius I, [330]–[331];
writings of, [399].
Amicitia, status of, [90].
Ammianus Marcellinus, historical writer, [398].
Anastasius, eastern emperor, [365]–[367].
Ancyra, Monument of, [225].
Andriscus, Macedonian pretender, [102].
Animism, of early Roman religion, [61].
L. Annæus Seneca, writer, [299];counsellor of Nero, [232], [233], [235].
writer, [299];
counsellor of Nero, [232], [233], [235].
T. Annius Milo, tribune, [169], [172]–[173].
Annona, the, [222].
Anthemius, western emperor, [360].
Anthenion, leader of slave rebellion, [137].
Antinoöpolis, [281].
Antioch, Seleucid capital, [69];depopulated by Persians, [379].
Seleucid capital, [69];
depopulated by Persians, [379].
Antiochus III, the Great, king of Syria, attacks Egypt, [89];war with Rome, [92]–[93].
attacks Egypt, [89];
war with Rome, [92]–[93].
Antiochus IV, Epiphanes, king of Syria, forced to evacuate Egypt, [97].
Antonine Constitution, the, [255].
Antoninus Pius (Titus Ælius Aurelius ——), adopted by Hadrian, [249];principate of, [249].
adopted by Hadrian, [249];
principate of, [249].
C. Antonius, consul, [162], [164].
L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony, [190]–[191].
M. Antonius, prætor, command against pirates in 102 B. C., [137].
M. Antonius, prætor, extraordinary command against pirates in 74 B. C., [154].
M. Antonius (Mark Antony), master of the horse, [176], [177];consul, [185];takes charge after Cæsar’s death, [185]–[186];in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[190];in the East and Egypt, [190], [192]–[194];projects of Cleopatra and, [193]–[194];war with Octavian, [194]–[195];suicide of, [195].
master of the horse, [176], [177];
consul, [185];
takes charge after Cæsar’s death, [185]–[186];
in Second Triumvirate, [188]–[190];
in the East and Egypt, [190], [192]–[194];
projects of Cleopatra and, [193]–[194];
war with Octavian, [194]–[195];
suicide of, [195].
Appius Claudius, censor, [56].
Appius Claudius, land commissioner, [127].
L. Appuleius Saturninus, tribune, proposed legislation of, [138];overthrown, [139].
tribune, proposed legislation of, [138];
overthrown, [139].
L. Apuleius, writer, [300].
Apulia, [38]–[39].
Apulians, the, allies of Rome, [38].
Aqua Appia, [56].
Aquæ Sextiæ, fortress, established, [132];Teutons annihilated at, [136].
established, [132];
Teutons annihilated at, [136].
Aquileia, Latin colony, [97].
M’. Aquillius, consul, subdues rebellious slaves, [137].
Aquitania, administrative district of Gaul, [218];Roman province, [227];Visigothic kingdom in, [354].
administrative district of Gaul, [218];
Roman province, [227];
Visigothic kingdom in, [354].
Aquitanians, the, conquered by Cæsar, [169].
Arabia, Roman attempt to conquer, [221].
Arabs, the Nabatæans, Roman allies, [221];kingdom of, made Roman province, [246].
Roman allies, [221];
kingdom of, made Roman province, [246].
Arausio, defeat of Roman armies at, [135].
Arbogast, general of Theodosius, [330];revolt of, [331].
general of Theodosius, [330];
revolt of, [331].
Arcadius (Flavius ——), co-emperor, [331];rules in East, [351], [362]–[363].
co-emperor, [331];
rules in East, [351], [362]–[363].
Archelaus, general of Mithridates, [143], [144].
Archidamus, king of Sparta, [40].
Archimedes, physicist and mathematician, at Syracuse, [82].
Architecture, Roman, [302]–[303];Christian, [402].
Roman, [302]–[303];
Christian, [402].
Arianism [391]–[393].
Arians, Justinian’s treatment of, [383].
Aricia, battle at, [18];meetings of Latin League at, [26].
battle at, [18];
meetings of Latin League at, [26].
Ariovistus, king of the Suevi, [168].
Armenia, Lucullus’s invasion of, [154], [155];occupied by Antony, [193];Roman protectorate over, [221];struggle between Rome and the Parthians over, [234];conquered by Trajan, [246];Roman authority in, re-established, [250];won from Persians by [pg 425]Diocletian, [319];Roman claim to, abandoned, [328].
Lucullus’s invasion of, [154], [155];
occupied by Antony, [193];
Roman protectorate over, [221];
struggle between Rome and the Parthians over, [234];
conquered by Trajan, [246];
Roman authority in, re-established, [250];
won from Persians by [pg 425]Diocletian, [319];
Roman claim to, abandoned, [328].
Arminius, German chieftain, [220], [227]–[228].
Army, Roman, primitive, [58];phalanx organization of, [58]–[59];manipular legion in, [59];composition of, [60];discipline of, [60];reformed by Marius, [136];by Augustus, [211]–[212];power of in naming princeps, [235];quartering of auxiliaries under Vespasian, [238];of legions under Domitian, [242];pay of, increased, [243];reformed by Sept. Severus, [254];attitude of, [258];barbarization of, [272], [275];struggle of under the Principate, [274];cultural influence of, [276]–[277];reformed by Diocletian, [319];by Constantine I, [323];of the late Empire, [335]–[339];of the Age of Justinian, [375]–[376];See also [auxiliaries] and [legion].
primitive, [58];
phalanx organization of, [58]–[59];
manipular legion in, [59];
composition of, [60];
discipline of, [60];
reformed by Marius, [136];
by Augustus, [211]–[212];
power of in naming princeps, [235];
quartering of auxiliaries under Vespasian, [238];
of legions under Domitian, [242];
pay of, increased, [243];
reformed by Sept. Severus, [254];
attitude of, [258];
barbarization of, [272], [275];
struggle of under the Principate, [274];
cultural influence of, [276]–[277];
reformed by Diocletian, [319];
by Constantine I, [323];
of the late Empire, [335]–[339];
of the Age of Justinian, [375]–[376];
See also [auxiliaries] and [legion].
Arnobius, Christian writer, [301].
Art, Roman, [302]–[303];of the late Empire, [401]–[402].
Roman, [302]–[303];
of the late Empire, [401]–[402].
Artabanos V, king of the Parthians, [256].
Arverni, the, conquered by Rome, [132].
Asia, Roman province of, organized, [103]–[104];revenue of, auctioned off at Rome, [128];massacre of Romans in, [143];Sulla’s repression of, [145];Lucullus’s remedial measures in, [154];serfdom in, [289].
organized, [103]–[104];
revenue of, auctioned off at Rome, [128];
massacre of Romans in, [143];
Sulla’s repression of, [145];
Lucullus’s remedial measures in, [154];
serfdom in, [289].
Aspar, master of the soldiers, [364].
Assemblies, the Roman, character of, [57];become antiquated, [109];dominated by urban proletariat, [110].
character of, [57];
become antiquated, [109];
dominated by urban proletariat, [110].
Assembly of the Centuries, the, organization of, [49];powers of, [49], [54];compared with Assembly of the Tribes, [57];approves alliance with the Mamertini, [72];confers proconsular imperium on Scipio, [84];induced to declare war on Philip V, [90];reform of, [109];loses right to elect magistrates, [227];confirms powers of princeps, [264].
organization of, [49];
powers of, [49], [54];
compared with Assembly of the Tribes, [57];
approves alliance with the Mamertini, [72];
confers proconsular imperium on Scipio, [84];
induced to declare war on Philip V, [90];
reform of, [109];
loses right to elect magistrates, [227];
confirms powers of princeps, [264].
Assembly of the Curiæ, the, in regal period, [28];in early Republic, [48];superseded by Assembly of the Centuries, [49].
in regal period, [28];
in early Republic, [48];
superseded by Assembly of the Centuries, [49].
Assembly of the Tribes, the, origin of, [53], [54];powers increased, [55];effect of Hortensian law on, [57];use of, by Ti. Gracchus, [126]–[127];C. Gracchus, [128];confers command of army upon Marius, [134];enrollment of Italians in, [142];creates extraordinary commands, [159]–[160];loses right to elect magistrates, [227].
origin of, [53], [54];
powers increased, [55];
effect of Hortensian law on, [57];
use of, by Ti. Gracchus, [126]–[127];
C. Gracchus, [128];
confers command of army upon Marius, [134];
enrollment of Italians in, [142];
creates extraordinary commands, [159]–[160];
loses right to elect magistrates, [227].
Assyria, made Roman province, [246];abandoned, [247].
made Roman province, [246];
abandoned, [247].
Astrology, fondness of Romans for, [307].
Astures, the, [217].
Ataulf, leader of the Visigoths, [353]–[354].
Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, [392], [400].
Athens, friend of Rome, [90];aids Rome against Philip V, [91];ally of Rome, [103];joins Mithridates, [143];siege of, by Sulla, [144].
friend of Rome, [90];
aids Rome against Philip V, [91];
ally of Rome, [103];
joins Mithridates, [143];
siege of, by Sulla, [144].
M. Atilius Regulus, consul, invades Africa, [73].
Atomic theory of Democritus, the, explained by Lucretius, [199].
Atrium, the, in Roman houses, [118].
Attalus I, king of Pergamon, joins Rome against Macedonia, [83];appeals to Rome against Philip V, [89].
joins Rome against Macedonia, [83];
appeals to Rome against Philip V, [89].
Attalus III, king of Pergamon, wills kingdom to Rome, [103], [127].
Attila, king of the Huns, [359];relations of, with eastern emperor, [363]–[364].
king of the Huns, [359];
relations of, with eastern emperor, [363]–[364].
Augurs, college of, [48];number increased, [57];functions of, [62];new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
college of, [48];
number increased, [57];
functions of, [62];
new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
Augustales, [215], [226].
Augustine, bishop of Hippo, writings of, [399]–[400].
Augustus (C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, q. v.), position of in 27 B. C., [206];receives tribunicia potestas and other powers, [207];restores Senate, [209]–[210];puts equestrian order on definite basis, [210];attempts moral and religious revival, [213]–[215];cult of Rome and, [214];foreign policy of, [217], [222];conquests in the north, [217]–[220];in the east, [220]–[222];administration of Rome under, [222];policy of, regarding the succession, [223]–[224];death and estimate of, [225];deified, [226].
position of in 27 B. C., [206];
receives tribunicia potestas and other powers, [207];
restores Senate, [209]–[210];
puts equestrian order on definite basis, [210];
attempts moral and religious revival, [213]–[215];
cult of Rome and, [214];
foreign policy of, [217], [222];
conquests in the north, [217]–[220];
in the east, [220]–[222];
administration of Rome under, [222];
policy of, regarding the succession, [223]–[224];
death and estimate of, [225];
deified, [226].
Augustus, title of, [206];shared by two principes, [249].
title of, [206];
shared by two principes, [249].
Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus), principate and campaigns of, [261]–[262].
Aurelian law (lex Aurelia), the, [156].
Aurelius (princeps), see [Marcus Aurelius].
M. Aurelius Cotta, consul, [154]–[155].
Aurunci (Ausones), the, [13], [36].
Ausculum, [41].
Ausonius, poet, [397]–[398].
Auspicium, defined, [47].
Auxiliaries (auxilia), of Augustan army, [212];denationalized, [238];territorial recruitment of, [273];strength of, [274];effect of permanent forti[pg 426]fications on, [276];of late Empire, [336].
of Augustan army, [212];
denationalized, [238];
territorial recruitment of, [273];
strength of, [274];
effect of permanent forti[pg 426]fications on, [276];
of late Empire, [336].
Avidius Cassius, general, Parthian victories of, [250];revolt of, [251].
Parthian victories of, [250];
revolt of, [251].
Avitus (Eparchius ——), western emperor, [360].