Bacchanalian association, dissolved, [106], [122], [123].
Balearic Islands, the, occupied by Rome [132].
Basil, founds Greek monasticism, [395], [400], [402].
Basilica, Roman, [124];Christian, [402].
Roman, [124];
Christian, [402].
Basiliscus, proclaimed emperor, [365].
Bastarnæ, the, [219].
Batavi, the, [219]; revolt of, [237], [238].
revolt of, [237], [238].
Belgæ, the, [168]–[169].
Belgica (Gallia ——) administrative district of Gaul, [218];Roman province, [227].
administrative district of Gaul, [218];
Roman province, [227].
Belisarius, campaigns of, [375], [376], [377], [379].
Benedict, monastic rule of, [395]–[396].
Beneventum, [41].
Bishops, of early Christian church, [312], [313];metropolitan, [313];temporal power of, under late Empire, [390], [391].
of early Christian church, [312], [313];
metropolitan, [313];
temporal power of, under late Empire, [390], [391].
Bithynia, occupied by Mithridates VI of Pontus, [143];surrendered, [145];made Roman province, [153].
occupied by Mithridates VI of Pontus, [143];
surrendered, [145];
made Roman province, [153].
Bocchus, king of Mauretania, aids Jugurtha, then Rome, [134].
Bœthius, Christian writer, [400].
Boii, the, [39], [77], [81].
Bonifacius, Count, governor of Africa, [355]–[356];master of the soldiers, [358].
governor of Africa, [355]–[356];
master of the soldiers, [358].
Bononia, Latin colony, [97].
Boudicca, queen of a British tribe, [234].
Bribery, laws against, [108].
Britain, Cæsar’s invasions of, [170];conquests in, under Claudius, [231];revolt of, under Boudicca, [234];Agricola in, [242];Sept. Severus, [255];the Saxons invade, [357].
Cæsar’s invasions of, [170];
conquests in, under Claudius, [231];
revolt of, under Boudicca, [234];
Agricola in, [242];
Sept. Severus, [255];
the Saxons invade, [357].
Britannicus (Ti. Claudius Britannicus), son of Claudius, [232], [233].
Bronze Age, the, [9]–[11].
Brundisium, treaty of, [191].
Bruttians, the, [38].
Brutus, see [M. Junius Brutus] and [D. Junius Brutus].
Bucellarii, [376].
Bulgars, the, invade eastern empire, [366], [379];occupy Illyricum, [403].
invade eastern empire, [366], [379];
occupy Illyricum, [403].
Bureaucratic system, Egyptian and Roman, [268]–[269]; [282].
Burgundians, the, invade Gaul, [356];treatment of Roman subjects, [371];religion of, [372].
invade Gaul, [356];
treatment of Roman subjects, [371];
religion of, [372].
Burrus, Afranius, prætorian prefect, [232].
Byzantine empire, [403], [404].
Byzantium, punished by Sept. Severus, [253].

C. = Caius (Gaius).
Q. Cæcilius Metellus Macedonicus, prætor, defeats Andriscus, [102];subdues central Greece, [103].
prætor, defeats Andriscus, [102];
subdues central Greece, [103].
Q. Cæcilius Metellus Numidicus, consul, commands against Jugurtha, [134].
Cæsar, see [C. Julius Cæsar].
Cæsar, imperial title, [237];title of imperial assistants, [318].
imperial title, [237];
title of imperial assistants, [318].
Caius Cæsar (Caligula), principate of, [229]–[231].
Calendar, the, Cæsar’s reform of, [180]–[181].
Caligula, see [Caius Cæsar].
Callæci, the, [217].
Callistus, freedman of Claudius, [232].
Calpurnian Law (lex Calpurnia), the, [114].
M. Calpurnius Bibulus, consul, [165].
C. Calpurnius Piso, senator, conspiracy of, [235].
Camp, camps, Roman military, [60];on frontiers, [274].
Roman military, [60];
on frontiers, [274].
Campania, fertility of, [5];alliance of, with Rome, [39].
fertility of, [5];
alliance of, with Rome, [39].
Cannæ, battle of, [81]–[82].
Cantabri, the, [217].
Cappadocia, Mithridates, king of northern, [142];greater coveted by Mithridates, [142];surrendered, [145];conquered by Tigranes, [153].
Mithridates, king of northern, [142];
greater coveted by Mithridates, [142];
surrendered, [145];
conquered by Tigranes, [153].
Capua, founded, [18];Roman ally, [37];deserts to Hannibal, [81];recovered by Rome, [82]–[83].
founded, [18];
Roman ally, [37];
deserts to Hannibal, [81];
recovered by Rome, [82]–[83].
Caracalla (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus = Bassianus), principate of, [255], [256];Edict of, [255].
principate of, [255], [256];
Edict of, [255].
Carausius, proclaimed Augustus, [318], [319].
Carbo, see [Cn. Papirius Carbo].
Carinus (Marcus Aurelius ——), co-ruler, in West, [263].
Carnuntum, legionary camp, [239].
Carthage, gains foothold in Sicily and Sardinia, [15];attacks Sicilian Greeks, [20], [41];allied with Rome against Pyrrhus, [41];founding of, [70];government of, [70]–[71];commercial policy of, [71];resources of, [71];treaties with Rome, [70], [71];wars with Rome, see [Punic Wars];cedes Sicily to Rome, [74];loss of sea power of, [74];war with mercenaries, [74], [75];cedes Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, [75];cedes Spain and Afri[pg 427]can possessions to Rome, [86];reasons for defeat of, in Second Punic War, [86];last struggle with Rome and destruction of, [100]–[102].
gains foothold in Sicily and Sardinia, [15];
attacks Sicilian Greeks, [20], [41];
allied with Rome against Pyrrhus, [41];
founding of, [70];
government of, [70]–[71];
commercial policy of, [71];
resources of, [71];
treaties with Rome, [70], [71];
wars with Rome, see [Punic Wars];
cedes Sicily to Rome, [74];
loss of sea power of, [74];
war with mercenaries, [74], [75];
cedes Sardinia and Corsica to Rome, [75];
cedes Spain and Afri[pg 427]can possessions to Rome, [86];
reasons for defeat of, in Second Punic War, [86];
last struggle with Rome and destruction of, [100]–[102].
Carus (Marcus Aurelius ——), princeps, campaign against Persians, [263].
Cassian Law (lex Cassia tabellaria), the, [108].
Cassiodorus, Christian writer, [400].
C. Cassius, ex-prætor, [182], [185];war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190].
ex-prætor, [182], [185];
war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190].
Cassivellaunus, British chief, [170].
Castra Vetera, [218].
Cataphracti, in late Roman army, [376].
Cato, see [M. Porcius Cato].
Catullus, (Caius Valerius ——), poet, [199].
Caudine Pass, battle of the, [38].
Celtiberians, the, revolts of, [99]–[100].
Cenomani the, Roman allies, [78].
Censorship, the, origin and powers of, [50], [59];plebeians eligible to, [56];of Appius Claudius, [56];rendered unnecessary by Sullan reform of Senate, [149];assumed by Claudius, [231];by Vespasian, [240];by Domitian, [241].
origin and powers of, [50], [59];
plebeians eligible to, [56];
of Appius Claudius, [56];
rendered unnecessary by Sullan reform of Senate, [149];
assumed by Claudius, [231];
by Vespasian, [240];
by Domitian, [241].
Census, instituted in Rome, [49];taken by censors, [50];basis of army organization, [59];lists of, in Second Punic War, [88];increase of, between 136 and 125 B. C., [131];of the empire under Augustus, [216];of 14 A. D., [224];of 47 A. D., [231];of 74 A. D., [240].
instituted in Rome, [49];
taken by censors, [50];
basis of army organization, [59];
lists of, in Second Punic War, [88];
increase of, between 136 and 125 B. C., [131];
of the empire under Augustus, [216];
of 14 A. D., [224];
of 47 A. D., [231];
of 74 A. D., [240].
Centenarii, [270].
Centurions, [217]; disappearance of, [337].
disappearance of, [337].
Chæronea, victory of Sulla at, [144].
Chaldean astrologers, banished from Italy, [123];great vogue of, [307].
banished from Italy, [123];
great vogue of, [307].
Chamberlain, the, of imperial court, [294], [335].
Chatti, the, [220].
Cherusci, the, [220].
Childeric, king of the Salian Franks, [357].
Chosroes, king of the Parthians, [246].
Chosroes I, king of the Persians, conflicts with Eastern Empire, [379], [381].
Christianity, rise of, and connection with Judaism, [309];comes into conflict with Roman state, [310];effect of paganism on, [387];contribution of, to art, [402].
rise of, and connection with Judaism, [309];
comes into conflict with Roman state, [310];
effect of paganism on, [387];
contribution of, to art, [402].
Christians, the, first persecution of, [233];lose privileges of Jews, [310];accusations against, [310];imperial policy toward, in second century, [310]–[311];in third century, [311]–[312];persecutions of, [312];under Diocletian, [320], [322];treatment of, by Constantine I, [324]–[325];by Julian, [327]–[328].
first persecution of, [233];
lose privileges of Jews, [310];
accusations against, [310];
imperial policy toward, in second century, [310]–[311];
in third century, [311]–[312];
persecutions of, [312];
under Diocletian, [320], [322];
treatment of, by Constantine I, [324]–[325];
by Julian, [327]–[328].
Chrysopolis, battle at, [323].
Church, the early Christian, [311];organization of, [312]–[313];movement for primacy of Rome in, [313];Justinian’s reconciliation with western, [375];relation of, to the emperor, [388]–[389];councils of, [388]–[389];growth of the Papacy, [389];of the Patriarchate, [390];sectarian strife in, [391]–[394];architecture, [402].
the early Christian, [311];
organization of, [312]–[313];
movement for primacy of Rome in, [313];
Justinian’s reconciliation with western, [375];
relation of, to the emperor, [388]–[389];
councils of, [388]–[389];
growth of the Papacy, [389];
of the Patriarchate, [390];
sectarian strife in, [391]–[394];
architecture, [402].
Cicero, see [M. Tullius Cicero].
Cilicia, pirate stronghold, [137];made Roman province, [137];an imperial province, [216].
pirate stronghold, [137];
made Roman province, [137];
an imperial province, [216].
Cimbri and Teutons, the, invade Gaul and Spain, [135];invade Italy, [136]–[137].
invade Gaul and Spain, [135];
invade Italy, [136]–[137].
L. Cincius Alimentus, historical writer, [121].
Circus Flaminius, [129].
Cirta, siege of, [133].
Cisalpine Gaul, settled by Gauls, [34]–[35];occupied by Romans, [77]–[78];lost, [80];reconquered, [97];organized as province, [148].
settled by Gauls, [34]–[35];
occupied by Romans, [77]–[78];
lost, [80];
reconquered, [97];
organized as province, [148].
Citizenship, Roman, granted to Italians, [141];obtained by service in army, [211]–[212];extended by Caracalla, [255];given to barbarian officers, [337].
granted to Italians, [141];
obtained by service in army, [211]–[212];
extended by Caracalla, [255];
given to barbarian officers, [337].
City Prefect, [228], [341]; judicial functions of, [267].
judicial functions of, [267].
Cives optimo iure, [46].
Cives sine suffragio, [44], [45].
Civil service, the imperial, first step in creation of, [149];growth of, [268]–[272];under Hadrian, [248];of late Empire, [340]–[342].
first step in creation of, [149];
growth of, [268]–[272];
under Hadrian, [248];
of late Empire, [340]–[342].
Civil War, [174]–[178].
Civilis, Julius, Batavian chieftain, [237].
Civitates, in provinces, [111], [280];in Gaul, [281].
in provinces, [111], [280];
in Gaul, [281].
Clarissimi, [268]; under late Empire, [343].
under late Empire, [343].
Classes, in Roman army, [59].
Classis, see [levy].
Claudian (Claudius Claudianus), poet, [398].
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Germanicus), principate of, [231], [232].
C. Claudius, consul, at Metaurus, [85].
Claudius Gothicus (Marcus Aurelius), principate of, [261].
Cleonymus, of Sparta, [40].
Clergy, the, power of, under late Empire, [390]–[391].
Clients, early status of, [30];in the Principate, [295].
early status of, [30];
in the Principate, [295].
P. Clodius, tribune, [167], [169], [172].
Cleopatra, and Cæsar, [176], [177], [180];and Antony, [190], [193], [195];at Actium, [195];death, [195].
and Cæsar, [176], [177], [180];
and Antony, [190], [193], [195];
at Actium, [195];
death, [195].
Clovis, king of the Salian Franks, [357];conversion of, [372];conquests of, [375].
king of the Salian Franks, [357];
conversion of, [372];
conquests of, [375].
Clusium, [33], [35].
Cn. = Cnæus (Gnæus).
Codification of Roman law by decemvirs under Justinian, [382].
Cohorts (cohortes), (1) of regular army, [45];(2) urban, [222];command of, [228].
(1) of regular army, [45];
(2) urban, [222];
command of, [228].
Coinage, debasement of, [298].
Colleges (collegia), character and types of, [285];regulation of, [286], [287]–[288];burdens of, [292];made hereditary, [347];of late Empire, [347]–[348].
character and types of, [285];
regulation of, [286], [287]–[288];
burdens of, [292];
made hereditary, [347];
of late Empire, [347]–[348].
Colonate, the, see [serfdom].
Coloni, free laborers, [289], [290];obligations of, in Africa, [290];in Italy, [291];under the late Empire, [348]–[349].
free laborers, [289], [290];
obligations of, in Africa, [290];
in Italy, [291];
under the late Empire, [348]–[349].
Colonies, (1) Latin, [33], [37], [44], [45];loyal to Rome in Second Punic War, [82];grievances of, [110];loyal in Marsic War, [140];in provinces, [280];(2) Roman, [44];established by C. Gracchus, [130];in provinces, [280].
(1) Latin, [33], [37], [44], [45];
loyal to Rome in Second Punic War, [82];
grievances of, [110];
loyal in Marsic War, [140];
in provinces, [280];
(2) Roman, [44];
established by C. Gracchus, [130];
in provinces, [280].
Comitatenses, [319], [336].
Comites, (1) associates of provincial governors, [112];Augusti, [295];(2) titles of officials of late Empire, see [Counts].
(1) associates of provincial governors, [112];
Augusti, [295];
(2) titles of officials of late Empire, see [Counts].
Comitia, (1) of Rome, under Augustus, [211];loses right to elect magistrates, [227];loses legislative powers, [266];(2) of municipalities, [285].See also [Assemblies].
(1) of Rome, under Augustus, [211];
loses right to elect magistrates, [227];
loses legislative powers, [266];
(2) of municipalities, [285].
See also [Assemblies].
Comitia centuriata, see [Assembly of the Centuries].
Comitia curiata, see [Assembly of the Curiæ].
Comitia tributa, see [Assembly of the Tribes].
Commagene, kingdom of, annexed, [240].
Commerce, development of, under Principate, [297].
Commercium, [37], [45].
Commodus (Lucius Ælius Aurelius ——), becomes co-ruler, [251];principate of, [251], [252].
becomes co-ruler, [251];
principate of, [251], [252].
Connubium, [37], [45].
Conscripti, [56].
Consistory, the imperial, [341].
Constans (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, [324];co-emperor, [325].
Cæsar, [324];
co-emperor, [325].
Constantine I, the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus), Cæsar, [321];co-emperor, [322];sole emperor, [323]–[325];founds Constantinople, [323]–[324];—— and Christianity, [324]–[325];policy of, toward the Church, [388].
Cæsar, [321];
co-emperor, [322];
sole emperor, [323]–[325];
founds Constantinople, [323]–[324];
—— and Christianity, [324]–[325];
policy of, toward the Church, [388].
Constantine II (Flavius Claudius Constantinus), Cæsar, [323];co-emperor, [325].
Cæsar, [323];
co-emperor, [325].
Constantinople, founding of, [323]–[324].
Constantius I (Caius Flavius Valerius ——), Cæsar, [318];emperor, [321].
Cæsar, [318];
emperor, [321].
Constantius II (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, [324];co-emperor, [325]–[326];sole emperor, [325]–[327].
Cæsar, [324];
co-emperor, [325]–[326];
sole emperor, [325]–[327].
Constantius, master of the soldiers, made co-emperor with Honorius, [358].
Constitutio Antoniniana, see [Antonine Constitution].
Constitutiones principis, [266].
Consulares iuridici, of Hadrian, [248];removal by Antoninus, [249];restored, [250].
of Hadrian, [248];
removal by Antoninus, [249];
restored, [250].
Consulate, consulship, the, established, [47];powers, [47];limited to patricians, [48];military duties of, [60];Senatorial control over, weakened, [129];held successively by Marius, [134];under the principate, [261], [294];of late Empire, [341];abolished, [383].
established, [47];
powers, [47];
limited to patricians, [48];
military duties of, [60];
Senatorial control over, weakened, [129];
held successively by Marius, [134];
under the principate, [261], [294];
of late Empire, [341];
abolished, [383].
Contiones, [117].
Contractors (conductores), [289]–[290].
Corfinium, [140].
Corinth, destroyed, [103].
Corn doles, [197], [294].
Corn Law, of C. Gracchus, [128];proposed —— of Saturninus, [138];of Drusus, [139].
of C. Gracchus, [128];
proposed —— of Saturninus, [138];
of Drusus, [139].
Cornelia, “mother of the Gracchi,” [126].
L. Cornelius Cinna, consul, opposes Sulla and Senatorial party, [146].
Cn. Cornelius Scipio, ex-consul, legatus in Spain, [83];killed, [83].
ex-consul, legatus in Spain, [83];
killed, [83].
L. Cornelius Scipio, brother of Africanus, consul in war with Antiochus, [93].
P. Cornelius Scipio, consul, sets out for Spain, [79];defeated at Ticinus, [81];at Trebia, [81];killed in Spain, [83].
consul, sets out for Spain, [79];
defeated at Ticinus, [81];
at Trebia, [81];
killed in Spain, [83].
P. Cornelius Scipio Æmilianus, consul, takes Numantia, [100];destroys Carthage, [102];patron of letters, [120], [121], [123];aids Senate against Gracchus, [127];death, [127], [128].
consul, takes Numantia, [100];
destroys Carthage, [102];
patron of letters, [120], [121], [123];
aids Senate against Gracchus, [127];
death, [127], [128].
P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus, ex-aedile, given pro-consular imperium in Spain, [84];takes New Carthage, [84];conquers Carthaginian Spain, [85];consul, invades Africa, [85];defeats Hannibal, surnamed Africanus, [86];extraordinary pro-consul in Asia, [93], [126].
ex-aedile, given pro-consular imperium in Spain, [84];
takes New Carthage, [84];
conquers Carthaginian Spain, [85];
consul, invades Africa, [85];
defeats Hannibal, surnamed Africanus, [86];
extraordinary pro-consul in Asia, [93], [126].
L. Cornelius Sulla, quæstor under Marius, [134];legatus in Marsic war, [141];consul, [144];wages war against Mithridates, [144], [145];return to Italy and dictatorship of, [146]–[149];reforms of, [148], [149];retirement and death of, [149], [150];character and achievements of, [150].
quæstor under Marius, [134];
legatus in Marsic war, [141];
consul, [144];
wages war against Mithridates, [144], [145];
return to Italy and dictatorship of, [146]–[149];
reforms of, [148], [149];
retirement and death of, [149], [150];
character and achievements of, [150].
Corporati, of late Empire, [347].
Corporations, see [colleges].
Corpus juris civilis, [382].
Corruption, of officials in late Empire, [342].
Corsica, geography of, [4];inhabitants of, [15];ceded to Rome, [75];a province, [111].
geography of, [4];
inhabitants of, [15];
ceded to Rome, [75];
a province, [111].
Count, counts, (comites), of late Empire, [338], [343];of the sacred largesses, [340], [341];of the private purse, [341];of the consistory, [341].
of late Empire, [338], [343];
of the sacred largesses, [340], [341];
of the private purse, [341];
of the consistory, [341].
Court, the imperial, growth of, [294]–[295];of late Empire, [335].
growth of, [294]–[295];
of late Empire, [335].
Court of extortion, the, [114]; reorganized by Acilian law, [129];use of, in interest of financiers, [139].
reorganized by Acilian law, [129];
use of, in interest of financiers, [139].
Crassus, see [M. Licinius Crassus].
Cremona, [78]; battles at, [236], [237].
battles at, [236], [237].
Crete, made Roman province, [159].
Crispus (Flavius Julius ——), Cæsar, [323], [324].
Crixus, leader of slaves, [155].
Ctesiphon, captured by Trajan, [246];by Avidius Cassius, [250];sacked by Sept. Severus, [253];captured by Carus, [263].
captured by Trajan, [246];
by Avidius Cassius, [250];
sacked by Sept. Severus, [253];
captured by Carus, [263].
Cult, household, [62];of the fields, [63];state, [63];of Bacchus, [123];of the Great Mother, [123];decline of state, [198];of the Lares and Genius Augusti, [214];of Rome and Augustus (imperial), [214], [215], [304], [305];oriental cults (q. v.).
household, [62];
of the fields, [63];
state, [63];
of Bacchus, [123];
of the Great Mother, [123];
decline of state, [198];
of the Lares and Genius Augusti, [214];
of Rome and Augustus (imperial), [214], [215], [304], [305];
oriental cults (q. v.).
Culture, Greek influences on Italian, [21];on Roman, [119], [120], [198]–[199];decline of Roman, [303], [304].
Greek influences on Italian, [21];
on Roman, [119], [120], [198]–[199];
decline of Roman, [303], [304].
Curatorship, the, in senatorial career, [209], [265];for reorganizing finances, [286].
in senatorial career, [209], [265];
for reorganizing finances, [286].
Curia, the, municipal council, [284], [285];obligations of, [287].
municipal council, [284], [285];
obligations of, [287].
Curiæ, the, (1) in Rome, [28];(2) in municipalities, [284].
(1) in Rome, [28];
(2) in municipalities, [284].
Curiales, of late Empire, [346]–[347];relieved from collections of taxes, [366].
of late Empire, [346]–[347];
relieved from collections of taxes, [366].
Cursus honorum, of senatorial order, [209];of equestrian order, [210].
of senatorial order, [209];
of equestrian order, [210].
Cyme, Greek colony of, [18], [19], [21].
Cynoscephalæ, battle of, [91].
Cyprian (Thascius Cæcilius Cyprianus), Christian writer, [301].
Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, [393].
Cyzicus, siege of, [154].
D. = Decimus.
Dacia, made Roman province, [246];abandoned, and new province formed, [261].
made Roman province, [246];
abandoned, and new province formed, [261].
Dacians, the, [242]; war with Domitian, [243];with Trajan, [245]–[246].
war with Domitian, [243];
with Trajan, [245]–[246].
Deacons, of early Christian church, [312].
Decebalus, king of the Dacians, [243], [245].
Decemvirs, the, for codifying laws, [54].
Decius (Caius Messius Trajanus ——), princeps, persecution of the Christians under, [311]–[312].
Decuma, see [Taxes].
Decuriones, [285]; obligations of, [287].
obligations of, [287].
Defensores civitatium or plebis, [346]–[347].
Deification, of ruler, significance of, [180];of Julius Cæsar, [189];of Augustus, [226].
of ruler, significance of, [180];
of Julius Cæsar, [189];
of Augustus, [226].
Delos, Italian colony at, exterminated, [143].
Dictator, appointment and powers of, [47];plebeians eligible to office of, [56];Cæsar permanent dictator, [178].
appointment and powers of, [47];
plebeians eligible to office of, [56];
Cæsar permanent dictator, [178].
Didius Julianus, principate of, [252].
Dignities (dignitates), of late Empire, [343].
Dioceses, [320]; distribution of under late Empire, [339] and note 1.
distribution of under late Empire, [339] and note 1.
Diocletian (Caius Valerius Aurelius Diocletianus), assumes imperial title, [263];reign of, [317], [321];division of empire by, [318];reforms army, [319], [320];abdicates, [321].
assumes imperial title, [263];
reign of, [317], [321];
division of empire by, [318];
reforms army, [319], [320];
abdicates, [321].
Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, [20], [40], [41].
Divus Julius, [189].
Dominus, title, [334].
Dominus et deus, title, [242].
Dominus et deus natus, title of Aurelian, [262].
Domitian (Titus Flavius Domitianus), principate of, [241], [243].
Domitian law (lex Domitia), the, [138]; abrogated, [148];reënacted, [163].
abrogated, [148];
reënacted, [163].
Cn. Domitius Corbulo, general, campaign of, [234];death of, [235].
campaign of, [234];
death of, [235].
Drama, the Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., [120]–[121];of last century B. C., [199].
of third and second centuries B. C., [120]–[121];
of last century B. C., [199].
Drepana, naval battle at, [74].
Drusus, see [M. Livius Drusus].
Drusus, Nero Claudius, step-son of Augustus, [217], [218];death, [219];surname Germanicus, [219].
step-son of Augustus, [217], [218];
death, [219];
surname Germanicus, [219].
Ducenarii, [270].
Duces, of late Empire, [338].
C. Duilius, consul, [73].
Duovirate, the, in municipalities, [284].
Dyarchy, the, [216].

Eburones, the, [171].
Edict, (1) of the prætor, in Roman law, [122];final form of, [248];(2) of the princeps, [266].
(1) of the prætor, in Roman law, [122];
final form of, [248];
(2) of the princeps, [266].
Edict, the, of Caracalla, [255];of Milan, [322];of Prices, [320].
of Caracalla, [255];
of Milan, [322];
of Prices, [320].
Education, in early Rome, [65];after the Punic Wars, [120].
in early Rome, [65];
after the Punic Wars, [120].
Egypt, the Ptolemaic monarchy in, [67], [69];loss of sea power of, [89];friendship of, with Rome, [90];Cæsar’s conquest of, [176], [177];added to Roman empire, [195];status of, [206];bureaucratic system of, [269], [282];late municipalization of, [281]–[283];serfdom in, [288], [289].
the Ptolemaic monarchy in, [67], [69];
loss of sea power of, [89];
friendship of, with Rome, [90];
Cæsar’s conquest of, [176], [177];
added to Roman empire, [195];
status of, [206];
bureaucratic system of, [269], [282];
late municipalization of, [281]–[283];
serfdom in, [288], [289].
Elagabalus (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus-Bassianus), selected Imperator, [256];principate of, [256], [257].
selected Imperator, [256];
principate of, [256], [257].
Emperor, (1) early Roman, see [princeps];(2) late Roman, powers and titles of, [333], [334];regalia of, [334];elections and coöptation of, [334];court of, [335].
(1) early Roman, see [princeps];
(2) late Roman, powers and titles of, [333], [334];
regalia of, [334];
elections and coöptation of, [334];
court of, [335].
Empire, the Roman, division of, under Diocletian, [318];partition of, after Theodosius I, [351];condition of, at death of Justinian, [384].
division of, under Diocletian, [318];
partition of, after Theodosius I, [351];
condition of, at death of Justinian, [384].
Q. Ennius, poet, [121], [123].
Epictetus, philosopher, [302].
Epicureanism, in Rome, [198].
Epirus, sacked by Romans, [96].
Equestrian order, the, growth of, [117], [118];secures right to act as judges in courts, [129];effect on, [129];deserts Saturninus and Glaucia, [138];suffers from Sullan proscriptions, [147];debarred from juries by Sulla, [148];character of, [196];position and characteristics of, under Augustus, [210], [211];importance increased by Hadrian, [248];titles of, [271];merged with senatorial order, [342].
growth of, [117], [118];
secures right to act as judges in courts, [129];
effect on, [129];
deserts Saturninus and Glaucia, [138];
suffers from Sullan proscriptions, [147];
debarred from juries by Sulla, [148];
character of, [196];
position and characteristics of, under Augustus, [210], [211];
importance increased by Hadrian, [248];
titles of, [271];
merged with senatorial order, [342].
Equites, (1) cavalry in Roman army, [59];(2) in Assembly of the Centuries, [49];(3) a propertied class, see [Equestrian order].
(1) cavalry in Roman army, [59];
(2) in Assembly of the Centuries, [49];
(3) a propertied class, see [Equestrian order].
Ergastula, [116].
Etruria, Iron age in, [11];location of, [15].
Iron age in, [11];
location of, [15].
Etruscans, the, location of, [13], [16];name of [15];origin of, [16];culture of, [16]–[17];in Latium and Campania, [18];in Po valley, [18];decline of power of, [18]–[19];historical significance of, [19];wars of, with Rome, [36], [38]–[39];Roman allies, [39].
location of, [13], [16];
name of [15];
origin of, [16];
culture of, [16]–[17];
in Latium and Campania, [18];
in Po valley, [18];
decline of power of, [18]–[19];
historical significance of, [19];
wars of, with Rome, [36], [38]–[39];
Roman allies, [39].
Eudocia, empress, [363].
Eudoxia, empress, [362]–[363],
Euganei, the, [13].
Eugenius, revolt of, [331].
Euhemerus, philosopher, [123], [180].
Eumenes II, king of Pergamon, aids Rome against Antiochus, [93];enemy of Perseus, [95];suspected by Romans, [96].
aids Rome against Antiochus, [93];
enemy of Perseus, [95];
suspected by Romans, [96].
Euric, king of the Visigoths, [354], [369].
Eusebius, historical writer, [400].
Eutropius, grand chamberlain, [362].
Extraordinary commands, origin and definition of, [151];created by Assembly, [159]–[160].
origin and definition of, [151];
created by Assembly, [159]–[160].
Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator, strategy of, [81].
Q. Fabius Maximus, consul, defeats Gallic tribes, [132].
Q. Fabius Pictor, historical writer, [121].
Festivals, public, [123];Secular Games, [216];increase of, [294].
public, [123];
Secular Games, [216];
increase of, [294].
Fetiales, [43], [90].
Finances, administration of, under the principate, [271]–[272].
Fire, great, of Nero, [233];of 80 A. D., [241].
of Nero, [233];
of 80 A. D., [241].
Fiscus, establishment of, [271].
Flaccus, see [L. Valerius Flaccus].
T. Flamininus, consul, defeats Philip V, [91];proclaims freedom of the Hellenes, [91].
defeats Philip V, [91];
proclaims freedom of the Hellenes, [91].
C. Flaminius, tribune, censor, killed at Trasimene Lake, [81];defies the Senate, [106];and the reform of the Centuries, [109].
killed at Trasimene Lake, [81];
defies the Senate, [106];
and the reform of the Centuries, [109].
Flaviales, college of, [242].
C. Flavius Fimbria, legatus, in Mithridatic war, [145].
Fleet, see [navy].
Fœderati, of late Empire, [337]–[338].
Fœdus, perpetual treaty, used by Romans in Italy, [45], [90].
Fonde di capanne, [8].
Franks, the, [259]; invade Roman empire, [260];Salian, allowed to settle, [326];kingdom of, in Gaul, [356]–[357];Roman subjects of, [371];religion of, [372];conquests of, [373];incursion of, into Italy, [378].
invade Roman empire, [260];
Salian, allowed to settle, [326];
kingdom of, in Gaul, [356]–[357];
Roman subjects of, [371];
religion of, [372];
conquests of, [373];
incursion of, into Italy, [378].
Freedmen, of Sulla, [147];augment Roman plebs, [197];become Augustales, [215];rights of, restricted by Augustus, [215];influence of, under Claudius, [232], [269];influence of, in civil service, [269], [270], [272];increase of, under principate, [266];laws restricting increase of, [266];occupations of, [266].
of Sulla, [147];
augment Roman plebs, [197];
become Augustales, [215];
rights of, restricted by Augustus, [215];
influence of, under Claudius, [232], [269];
influence of, in civil service, [269], [270], [272];
increase of, under principate, [266];
laws restricting increase of, [266];
occupations of, [266].
Frontier defense, system of, [274]–[276].
Fulvia, wife of Mark Antony, [190].
Cn. Fulvius, consul, killed, [84].
P. Fulvius Plautianus, prætorian prefect, [254].
Gabii, [44].
Gabinian Law (lex Gabinia), the, (1) on use of the ballot, [108];(2) on command against pirates, [159]–[160].
(1) on use of the ballot, [108];
(2) on command against pirates, [159]–[160].
A. Gabinius, tribune, [159].
Gailimer (Gelimer), king of the Vandals, [375], [376].
Gaïnas, master of the soldiers, [362].
Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, [355]–[356].
Gaius, the jurist, [301].
Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, grandsons of Augustus, [224].
Galatia, Celts of, defeated by Romans, [94];independence recognized, [96];made Roman province, [231].
Celts of, defeated by Romans, [94];
independence recognized, [96];
made Roman province, [231].
Galba (Servius Sulpicius ——), [235]; principate of, [236].
principate of, [236].
Galen (Claudius Galenus), student of medicine, [302].
Galerius (Caius Galerius Valerius Maximianus), Cæsar, [318];emperor, [321];death, [322].
Cæsar, [318];
emperor, [321];
death, [322].
Gallia Cisalpina, see [Cisalpine Gaul].
Gallia comata, [168]; divided, [218].
divided, [218].
Gallia Narbonensis, see [Narbonese Gaul].
Gallienus (Publius Licinius Egnatius ——), principate and campaigns of, [259], [261].
Gallus (Flavius Claudius Constantius ——), Cæsar, [326].
Gasatæ, the, invade Italy, [77].
Gaul, peoples of [168];Cæsar’s campaigns in, [168]–[172];an imperial province, [206];administration of, under Augustus, [218];empire of Postumus in, [260];reconquered by Aurelian, [262];late municipalization of, [281];kingdom of Visigoths in, [354];Burgundian invasion of, [356];kingdom of Salian Franks in, [357];invaded by Attila and the Huns, [359].
peoples of [168];
Cæsar’s campaigns in, [168]–[172];
an imperial province, [206];
administration of, under Augustus, [218];
empire of Postumus in, [260];
reconquered by Aurelian, [262];
late municipalization of, [281];
kingdom of Visigoths in, [354];
Burgundian invasion of, [356];
kingdom of Salian Franks in, [357];
invaded by Attila and the Huns, [359].
Gauls, the, invade Italy, [34];character of, [34]–[35];sack Rome, [35];wars with Rome, [35], [39];renew invasions of peninsula, [76]–[77];empire of the, [237], [260].
invade Italy, [34];
character of, [34]–[35];
sack Rome, [35];
wars with Rome, [35], [39];
renew invasions of peninsula, [76]–[77];
empire of the, [237], [260].
Gelasius, Pope, [389].
Gentes, [29]–[30].
Germanicus, see [Drusus, Nero Claudius].
Germanicus Cæsar, son of Drusus, [224];campaigns of, [227]–[228];death, [228].
son of Drusus, [224];
campaigns of, [227]–[228];
death, [228].
Germany, Roman invasion of, 12 B. C., [218];revolt of, [220];administrative districts created in, [227];campaigns of Germanicus in, [227];Domitian in, [242];lost to Rome, [260].
Roman invasion of, 12 B. C., [218];
revolt of, [220];
administrative districts created in, [227];
campaigns of Germanicus in, [227];
Domitian in, [242];
lost to Rome, [260].
Geta (Publius Septimius ——), co-ruler, [255].
Getæ, the, [219]; invade eastern empire, [366].
invade eastern empire, [366].
Gladiatorial combats, preferred by Roman public, [121], [123].
Gladiators, revolt of the, [155]–[156].
Glycerius, proclaimed emperor, [360].
Gods, primitive Roman, [61];identified with Greek divinities, [122].
primitive Roman, [61];
identified with Greek divinities, [122].
Goths, the, [259]; invade Roman empire, [259], [260], [261];invasion of, in 376 A. D., [329]–[330];relations between Romans and, [369], [370].See also [Visigoths], [Ostrogoths].
invade Roman empire, [259], [260], [261];
invasion of, in 376 A. D., [329]–[330];
relations between Romans and, [369], [370].
See also [Visigoths], [Ostrogoths].
Gracchi, the, see [Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, tribune], and [C. Sempronius Gracchus].
Gratian (Gratianus), co-emperor, [329], [330];attitude toward paganism, [386].
co-emperor, [329], [330];
attitude toward paganism, [386].
Great Mother, cult of the, introduced in Rome, [123].
Greece, devastated by Mithridatic war, [145];Southern, becomes province of Achæa, [216].
devastated by Mithridatic war, [145];
Southern, becomes province of Achæa, [216].
Greeks, the, location of, in the West, [15];colonization of, [19];lack of unity among, [20];decline of power of, [20]–[21];rôle of, [21];southern —— join Mithridates, [143];status of, in Rome and the empire, [301].See also the individual states.
location of, in the West, [15];
colonization of, [19];
lack of unity among, [20];
decline of power of, [20]–[21];
rôle of, [21];
southern —— join Mithridates, [143];
status of, in Rome and the empire, [301].
See also the individual states.
Gregory of Nazianzus, Christian writer, [400], [401].
Guilds, see [colleges].
Gundobad, king of the Burgundians, [356], [371].
Hadrian (Publius Ælius Hadrianus), principate of, [247]–[249];Hellenism of, [247];reforms of civil service, [270];reforms army, [273], [274];improvement of limes and frontier defense, [275].
principate of, [247]–[249];
Hellenism of, [247];
reforms of civil service, [270];
reforms army, [273], [274];
improvement of limes and frontier defense, [275].
Hamilcar Barca, in Sicily, [74];conquers mercenaries, [75];in Spain, [78].
in Sicily, [74];
conquers mercenaries, [75];
in Spain, [78].
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian commander in Spain, [79];takes Saguntum, [79];invades Italy, [80]–[81];withdraws from Italy, [86];defeated at Zama, [86];at court of Antiochus, [92], [93];exiled from Carthage, [101].
Carthaginian commander in Spain, [79];
takes Saguntum, [79];
invades Italy, [80]–[81];
withdraws from Italy, [86];
defeated at Zama, [86];
at court of Antiochus, [92], [93];
exiled from Carthage, [101].
Hasdrubal, son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, in Spain, [78];treaty with Rome, [79].
in Spain, [78];
treaty with Rome, [79].
Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, commander in Spain, [80], [83]–[84];marches to Italy, [84];killed at Metaurus, [85].
commander in Spain, [80], [83]–[84];
marches to Italy, [84];
killed at Metaurus, [85].
Helvetii, the, defeated by Cæsar, [168].
Helvidius Priscus, senator, [240]–[241].
Heraclea, [40].
Hernici, the, [15], [33].
Heruli, the, [259].
Hiempsal, joint ruler of Numidia, [132]–[133].
Hiero, king of Syracuse, [72]–[73].
Honestiores, [344].
Honorius (Flavius ——), co-emperor, [331];rules in West, [351]–[356], [357].
co-emperor, [331];
rules in West, [351]–[356], [357].
Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), poet, [215], [216], [299].
Q. Hortensius, dictator, [57].
Q. Hortensius Hortalus, consul, [157];orator, [200].
consul, [157];
orator, [200].
Household, the Roman, [64].
Humiliores, [344].
Huns, the, invade Gaul and Italy, [359]–[360];relations of Theodosius II with, [363]–[364].
invade Gaul and Italy, [359]–[360];
relations of Theodosius II with, [363]–[364].
Iapygians, the, [13].
Iazyges, the, [242]; defeat Domitian, [243];defeated by M. Aurelius, [251].
defeat Domitian, [243];
defeated by M. Aurelius, [251].
Iberians, the, [15].
Idia, of Egyptian peasants, [288].
Illus, master of the soldiers, revolt of, [365].
Illyrians, the, allies of Macedonia, [75];pirates, [75];first war with Rome, [75], [76];second war with Rome, [76].
allies of Macedonia, [75];
pirates, [75];
first war with Rome, [75], [76];
second war with Rome, [76].
Illyricum, an imperial province, [216];revolt of, [219]–[220].
an imperial province, [216];
revolt of, [219]–[220].
Imperator, Julius Cæsar assumes title of, [179];title of Augustus, [206];change in use of title, [206];revived by Vespasian, [240];title of late emperors, [333].
Julius Cæsar assumes title of, [179];
title of Augustus, [206];
change in use of title, [206];
revived by Vespasian, [240];
title of late emperors, [333].
Imperium, of consuls, [47], [60], [149];conferred by Assembly of the Curiæ, [49];proconsular, given to private citizen, [84];unlimited, [154];proconsular within and without Italy, [169];of Octavian, in 27 B. C., [206];valid within pomerium, [207];renewed successively, [208];conferred for life, [226];how bestowed, [264];of late Empire, [333].
of consuls, [47], [60], [149];
conferred by Assembly of the Curiæ, [49];
proconsular, given to private citizen, [84];
unlimited, [154];
proconsular within and without Italy, [169];
of Octavian, in 27 B. C., [206];
valid within pomerium, [207];
renewed successively, [208];
conferred for life, [226];
how bestowed, [264];
of late Empire, [333].
Indiction (indictio), [345].
Industry, under the Principate, [297].
Infra classem, [59].
Insubres, the, [77], [81].
Iron Age, the, [11], [12].
Isaurians, the, [364]; rebellion of, [366].
rebellion of, [366].
Isis and Serapis, cult of, in Rome, [306].
Itali, [6], [15], [20].
Italia, see [Italy].
Italian allies, status of, [45], [46];loyal to Rome after Cannæ, [82];grievances of, [110];championed by C. Gracchus, [130];by Drusus, [139];revolt, war, and enfranchisement of, [140]–[142].
status of, [45], [46];
loyal to Rome after Cannæ, [82];
grievances of, [110];
championed by C. Gracchus, [130];
by Drusus, [139];
revolt, war, and enfranchisement of, [140]–[142].
Italian war, see [Marsic War].
Italians, the, relations with palafitte and terramare peoples, [11];location and peoples, [13].
relations with palafitte and terramare peoples, [11];
location and peoples, [13].
Italici, name of Italians, [46].
Italy, location of, [3];continental, [3];peninsula, [3]–[4];coastline of, [4];climate of, [4];forests of, [4];minerals of, [5];effect of physical features, [5];name of, [5], [15], [46];external influences upon, [7];peoples of, [13]–[21];effect of Second Punic War on, [86]–[88];reduced to level of a province, [253];conquered by Ostrogoths, [361]–[362];reconquered, [377]–[379];Lombard invasion of, [403].
location of, [3];
continental, [3];
peninsula, [3]–[4];
coastline of, [4];
climate of, [4];
forests of, [4];
minerals of, [5];
effect of physical features, [5];
name of, [5], [15], [46];
external influences upon, [7];
peoples of, [13]–[21];
effect of Second Punic War on, [86]–[88];
reduced to level of a province, [253];
conquered by Ostrogoths, [361]–[362];
reconquered, [377]–[379];
Lombard invasion of, [403].
Iugum, unit of taxation, [345].
Iuridici, see [consulares iuridici].