Janiculum, secession of plebs to, [57].
Jerome (Hieronymus), Christian writer, [399].
Jerusalem, siege and destruction of, [239];Roman colony on site of, [248].
siege and destruction of, [239];
Roman colony on site of, [248].
Jews, the, conflict of Caligula with, [230];revolt of, [238];war with Rome, [239];rising of, in 115 A. D., [246];in 152 A. D., [248];status of, in Roman empire, [308]–[309].
conflict of Caligula with, [230];
revolt of, [238];
war with Rome, [239];
rising of, in 115 A. D., [246];
in 152 A. D., [248];
status of, in Roman empire, [308]–[309].
John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, [362], [400].
Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), emperor, [328].
Juba I, king of Numidia, [177], [178].
Juba II, king of Numidia, transferred to Mauretania, [221]–[222].
Judæa, annexed to province of Syria, [161];made Roman province, [221];under imperial legate, [239].
annexed to province of Syria, [161];
made Roman province, [221];
under imperial legate, [239].
Judiciary law, of C. Gracchus, [129];of Drusus, [139];of Sulla, [149];of Pompey and Crassus, [156].
of C. Gracchus, [129];
of Drusus, [139];
of Sulla, [149];
of Pompey and Crassus, [156].
Jugurtha, prince, later king of Numidia, intrigues and war with Rome, [132]–[135].
Jugurthine War, [132]–[135].
Julia, daughter of Julius Cæsar, [167]; death, [172].
death, [172].
Julia, daughter of Augustus, [223], [224].
Julia Mæsa, grandmother of Elagabalus, [256].
Julia Mamæa, mother of Severus Alexander, [257].
Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus), Cæsar, [326];campaigns of, [326]–[328];emperor, [327]–[328];—— and Christianity, [327]–[328].
Cæsar, [326];
campaigns of, [326]–[328];
emperor, [327]–[328];
—— and Christianity, [327]–[328].
Julian, (Salvius Julianus), jurist, [301].
Julian law (lex Julia), the, granting citizenship to the Italians, [141].
Julian laws, of 19 and 18 B. C., [215].
Julian Municipal law (lex Julia Municipalis), the, [181].
C. Julius Cæsar, early life, [162];joins forces with Crassus, [162];pontifex maximus, [163];in First Triumvirate, [165];consul, [165]–[167];command in Gaul, [167]–[172];strife with Pompey, [173]–[176];conquers Italy and Spain, [175];dictator, [175], [177];in Egypt and Syria, [176]–[177];in Africa, [177];dictatorship for life, and other powers and honors, [178]–[179];reforms of, [180]–[181];aims at monarchy, [179]–[180];assassinated, [182]–[183];estimate of career of, [183]–[184];oratory and writings of, [200].
early life, [162];
joins forces with Crassus, [162];
pontifex maximus, [163];
in First Triumvirate, [165];
consul, [165]–[167];
command in Gaul, [167]–[172];
strife with Pompey, [173]–[176];
conquers Italy and Spain, [175];
dictator, [175], [177];
in Egypt and Syria, [176]–[177];
in Africa, [177];
dictatorship for life, and other powers and honors, [178]–[179];
reforms of, [180]–[181];
aims at monarchy, [179]–[180];
assassinated, [182]–[183];
estimate of career of, [183]–[184];
oratory and writings of, [200].
C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus, heir of Julius Cæsar, [185];return to Rome, [186]–[188];in Triumvirate of 43 B. C., [188]–[190];strife with Antony, [190], [192]–[195];invasion of Egypt, and triumph, [195];restores the commonwealth, [205];granted titles of Augustus and Imperator, [206].(For subsequent acts, see [Augustus].)
heir of Julius Cæsar, [185];
return to Rome, [186]–[188];
in Triumvirate of 43 B. C., [188]–[190];
strife with Antony, [190], [192]–[195];
invasion of Egypt, and triumph, [195];
restores the commonwealth, [205];
granted titles of Augustus and Imperator, [206].
(For subsequent acts, see [Augustus].)
Julius Nepos, western emperor, [360].
C. Julius Vindex, legate, rebellion of, [235].
Junian law (lex Junia), [266].
D. Junius Brutus, conspirator against Cæsar, [183], [185], [186];killed, [188].
conspirator against Cæsar, [183], [185], [186];
killed, [188].
M. Junius Brutus, conspirator against Cæsar, [182]–[183], [185];war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190];exactions of, in Cyprus, [196].
conspirator against Cæsar, [182]–[183], [185];
war with Antony and Octavian, [189]–[190];
exactions of, in Cyprus, [196].
Junonia, Roman colony, [130];abandoned, [131].
Roman colony, [130];
abandoned, [131].
Jupiter, Latiaris, [26];Capitolinus, [63].
Latiaris, [26];
Capitolinus, [63].
Jurisprudence, Roman, in third and second centuries B. C., [121]–[122];in last century of Republic, [201];under the Principate, [301].
in third and second centuries B. C., [121]–[122];
in last century of Republic, [201];
under the Principate, [301].
Jurists, the Roman, [301].
Jury courts, for trial of bribery, etc., established by Sulla, [149];composition of, reorganized 70 B. C., [156];tribuni ærarii removed from, [181].See also [court of extortion].
for trial of bribery, etc., established by Sulla, [149];
composition of, reorganized 70 B. C., [156];
tribuni ærarii removed from, [181].
See also [court of extortion].
Justice, administration of, under the Principate, [266]–[267].
Justin I (Justinus), eastern emperor, [374].
Justinian (Justinianus), eastern emperor, character and policy of, [374]–[375];reign of, [375]–[384];Code of, [382].
character and policy of, [374]–[375];
reign of, [375]–[384];
Code of, [382].
Juvenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), satirist, [300].
L. = Lucius.
Lactantius, Christian writer, [399].
Land commission, the Gracchan, [126], [127]–[128].
Land laws, see [agrarian laws].
Lares and Genius Augusti, cult of the, [214].
Latifundia, see [plantation system].
Latin league, the, origin of, [25]–[26];alliance of, with Rome, [33];dissolution of, [36]–[37].
origin of, [25]–[26];
alliance of, with Rome, [33];
dissolution of, [36]–[37].
Latins, the, [13], [25]–[26]; wars with Rome, [36].See also [Latin league] and [Colonies, Latin].
wars with Rome, [36].
See also [Latin league] and [Colonies, Latin].
Latium, the Iron Age in, [11]–[12];location of, [25].
the Iron Age in, [11]–[12];
location of, [25].
Lautulæ, [36].
Law, Roman, codification of, [54];extension through edict of prætor, [122];study of, [122];codification planned by Julius Cæsar, [181];introduction of equity and systematic form into, [249];forms of legislation, [266];writers on, [301];development of, under the Principate, [301];the Theodosian code, [364];Justinian’s codification of, [382].
codification of, [54];
extension through edict of prætor, [122];
study of, [122];
codification planned by Julius Cæsar, [181];
introduction of equity and systematic form into, [249];
forms of legislation, [266];
writers on, [301];
development of, under the Principate, [301];
the Theodosian code, [364];
Justinian’s codification of, [382].
Laws, see [Lex].
Legati, provincial officials, [112], [278];—— Augusti, [278].
provincial officials, [112], [278];
—— Augusti, [278].
Legion, legions, manipular, [59];men of no property admitted to, [136];probable increase in size of, by Marius, [136];of Augustus, [211];number increased, [212];quartering of, under Domitian, [242];Wars of the Legions (q. v.);territorial recruitment of, [273];number of, [274];change in, under late Empire, [336].
manipular, [59];
men of no property admitted to, [136];
probable increase in size of, by Marius, [136];
of Augustus, [211];
number increased, [212];
quartering of, under Domitian, [242];
Wars of the Legions (q. v.);
territorial recruitment of, [273];
number of, [274];
change in, under late Empire, [336].
Legionaries, of Augustus, [211], [212].
Leo I, Pope, [389].
Leo I, eastern emperor, [360], [364].
Leo II, eastern emperor, [364].
Lepidus, see [M. Æmilius Lepidus].
Leucopetra, [103].
Levy, the, for the Roman army, [59], [60];tribunes interfere with, [100].
for the Roman army, [59], [60];
tribunes interfere with, [100].
Lex, Acilia de repetundis, [129];Ælia Sentia, [266];Aurelia, [156];Calpurnia, [114];Canuleia, [55];Cassia tabellaria, [108];Domitia, [138]; abrogated, [148];re-enacted, [163]; Fufia Caninia, [266];Gabinia, [108];Gabinia, conferring command against pirates, [159];Hortensia, [57];Julia, granting citizenship, [141];Julia municipalis, [181];leges Juliæ, of 19 and 18 B. C., [215];Junia, [266];Mænia, [50];Manilia, [160];Ogulnia, [56], [57];Oppia, [119];Papia Poppæa, [215];Plautia Papiria, [141];Pompeia, granting citizenship, [141];Publilia, [50];Titia, [189];Trebonia, [170];Vatinia, [166];Villia annalis, [108].
Acilia de repetundis, [129];
Ælia Sentia, [266];
Aurelia, [156];
Calpurnia, [114];
Canuleia, [55];
Cassia tabellaria, [108];
Domitia, [138]; abrogated, [148];re-enacted, [163];
abrogated, [148];
re-enacted, [163];
Fufia Caninia, [266];
Gabinia, [108];
Gabinia, conferring command against pirates, [159];
Hortensia, [57];
Julia, granting citizenship, [141];
Julia municipalis, [181];
leges Juliæ, of 19 and 18 B. C., [215];
Junia, [266];
Mænia, [50];
Manilia, [160];
Ogulnia, [56], [57];
Oppia, [119];
Papia Poppæa, [215];
Plautia Papiria, [141];
Pompeia, granting citizenship, [141];
Publilia, [50];
Titia, [189];
Trebonia, [170];
Vatinia, [166];
Villia annalis, [108].
Lex Romana Burgundionum, [371].
Lex Romana Visigothorum, [369].
Libyans, the, subjects of Carthage, [70].
Licinianus Licinius, Cæsar, [323], [324].
Licinius (Valerius Licinianus ——), Cæsar, [321];Augustus, [321];co-emperor with Constantine I, [322], [323].
Cæsar, [321];
Augustus, [321];
co-emperor with Constantine I, [322], [323].
M. Licinius Crassus, prætor, command against Spartacus, [155], [156];consul, [156];creditor of Julius Cæsar, [162];in First Triumvirate, [165];campaign against the Parthians, and death, [172].
prætor, command against Spartacus, [155], [156];
consul, [156];
creditor of Julius Cæsar, [162];
in First Triumvirate, [165];
campaign against the Parthians, and death, [172].
L. Licinius Lucullus, quæstor of Sulla, [145];consul, commands against Mithridates, [154], [155].
quæstor of Sulla, [145];
consul, commands against Mithridates, [154], [155].
Ligurians, the, a neolithic people, [9];location of, [13];conquered by Rome, [97].
a neolithic people, [9];
location of, [13];
conquered by Rome, [97].
Lilybæum, [41], [74].
Limes, limites, [274]; fortification of, [274]–[275].
fortification of, [274]–[275].
Limitanei, [276]; organized, [319];of late Empire, [335]–[336].
organized, [319];
of late Empire, [335]–[336].
Literature, rise of Roman, [120]–[121];of last century of the Republic, [199]–[201];of the Principate, [298]–[302];of the late Empire, [396]–[402];Christian, [300]–[301], [396]–[397], [398]–[401].
rise of Roman, [120]–[121];
of last century of the Republic, [199]–[201];
of the Principate, [298]–[302];
of the late Empire, [396]–[402];
Christian, [300]–[301], [396]–[397], [398]–[401].
M. Livius, consul, at Metaurus, [85].
Livius Andronicus, author, [120].
M. Livius Drusus, tribune, opposes C. Gracchus, [130].
M. Livius Drusus, tribune, legislative program of, [139];death, [140].
tribune, legislative program of, [139];
death, [140].
Livy (Titus Livius), historical writer, [299].
Lombards, the, invade Italy, [403].
Lower Germany, administrative district, [227].
Luca, conference at, [169].
Lucan (M. Annæus Lucanus), poet, [299].
Lucanians, the, [38]–[39].
Lucian (Lucianus), Greek writer, [302], [308].
C. Lucilius, satirist, [121].
T. Lucretius Carus, poet, [199]–[200].
Lucullus, see [L. Licinius Lucullus].
Lugdunensis (Gallia ——), administrative district of Gaul, [218];Roman province, [227].
administrative district of Gaul, [218];
Roman province, [227].
Lugdunum, [218]; victory of Sept. Severus at, [253].
victory of Sept. Severus at, [253].
Lusitanians, the, Roman war with, [99]–[100].
Q. Lutatius Catulus, consul, campaigns against the Cimbri, [136].
Luxury, in Rome, [118];legislation against, [119].
in Rome, [118];
legislation against, [119].

M. = Marcus.
M’. = Manius.
Macedonia (Macedon), Antigonid kingdom, [69];hostile to Roman influence in Greece, [76];divided into four republics, [96];Roman province, [102].
Antigonid kingdom, [69];
hostile to Roman influence in Greece, [76];
divided into four republics, [96];
Roman province, [102].
Macedonian Wars, first, [83]–[85];second, [90]–[91];third, [95]–[96];fourth, [102]–[103].See also [Philip V] and [Perseus].
first, [83]–[85];
second, [90]–[91];
third, [95]–[96];
fourth, [102]–[103].
See also [Philip V] and [Perseus].
Macrinus (Marcus Opellius ——), principate of, [256].
Magister, see [master].
Magistracy, the, expansion of Roman, [50], [51];characteristics of, [51], [52];controlled by Senate, [105];enhanced value of higher magistracies, [107];order regulated, [108];age limit set for each, [148];interval between tenures, [148];in senatorial career, [209];under the principate, [266], [267];changed character of, in municipalities, [286], [287].
expansion of Roman, [50], [51];
characteristics of, [51], [52];
controlled by Senate, [105];
enhanced value of higher magistracies, [107];
order regulated, [108];
age limit set for each, [148];
interval between tenures, [148];
in senatorial career, [209];
under the principate, [266], [267];
changed character of, in municipalities, [286], [287].
Magistrates, of early republic, [47];order of rank, [52];veto of, [52];tribunes gain practical status of, [58];committees of senators, [105].
of early republic, [47];
order of rank, [52];
veto of, [52];
tribunes gain practical status of, [58];
committees of senators, [105].
Magnentius (Magnus ——), proclaimed Augustus, [325];killed, [326].
proclaimed Augustus, [325];
killed, [326].
Magnesia, [93].
Mago, Carthaginian writer, [121].
Maior potestas, [52].
Majorian (Flavius Julianus Majorianus), western emperor, [360].
Malaria, in Italy, [4].
Mamertini, the, [41]; defeated by Syracuse, [72];appeal to Rome, [72].
defeated by Syracuse, [72];
appeal to Rome, [72].
Mancinus, consul, surrender to Numantines, [100].
Manilian law (lex Manilia), [160].
C. Manilius, tribune, [160].
Maniple, unit of Roman army, [59].
Manufactures, [297].
M. Marcellus, consul, takes Syracuse, [82];killed, [84].
consul, takes Syracuse, [82];
killed, [84].
M. Marcellus, ex-consul, [181].
M. Marcellus, nephew of Augustus, [223].
Marcian (Marcianus), eastern emperor, [364].
Marcomanni, the, [219], [228]; defeat Domitian, [243];defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
defeat Domitian, [243];
defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
Marcus Aurelius (M. Aurelius Antoninus = M. Annius Verus), adopted by Antoninus, [249];principate of, [249]–[251].
adopted by Antoninus, [249];
principate of, [249]–[251].
C. Marius, consul, commands against Jugurtha, [134];re-elected consul, [134], [136];reforms army, [136];annihilates Cimbri and Teutons, [136], [137];sixth consulship of, [138], [139];legatus, in Marsic war, [141];struggle with Sulla, [144];death, [146].
consul, commands against Jugurtha, [134];
re-elected consul, [134], [136];
reforms army, [136];
annihilates Cimbri and Teutons, [136], [137];
sixth consulship of, [138], [139];
legatus, in Marsic war, [141];
struggle with Sulla, [144];
death, [146].
C. Marius, the younger, consul, [147];suicide, [147].
consul, [147];
suicide, [147].
Marsi, the, [15], [39]; in Italian War, [140].
in Italian War, [140].
Marsic War, the, [140]–[142].
Martial (Marcus Valerius Martialis), satirist, [299]–[300].
Massinissa, Numidian chief, Roman ally, [85];made king of Numidia, [86];attacks of, on Carthage, [100], [101].
Roman ally, [85];
made king of Numidia, [86];
attacks of, on Carthage, [100], [101].
Massalia, Greek colony, ally of Rome, [79];appeals for aid, [132];siege of, by Cæsar, [175].
ally of Rome, [79];
appeals for aid, [132];
siege of, by Cæsar, [175].
Master (magister), title of, [270]. —— of the foot (peditum), [338].—— of the horse (equitum), (1) of the Republic, [47];—— (2) of the late Empire, [338]. —— of the offices (officiorum), [338]–[339], [340].—— of the privy purse (rei privatæ), [272].—— of the soldiers (militum), [338], [352].
—— of the foot (peditum), [338].
—— of the horse (equitum), (1) of the Republic, [47];—— (2) of the late Empire, [338].
(1) of the Republic, [47];
—— (2) of the late Empire, [338].
—— of the offices (officiorum), [338]–[339], [340].
—— of the privy purse (rei privatæ), [272].
—— of the soldiers (militum), [338], [352].
Mauretania, made Roman province, [230].
Maxentius (Marcus Aurelius ——), Cæsar, Augustus, [321];death, [322].
Cæsar, Augustus, [321];
death, [322].
Maximian (M. Aurelius Valerius Maximianus), co-emperor, [317];campaigns of, [319];abdication, [321].
co-emperor, [317];
campaigns of, [319];
abdication, [321].
Maximinus (C. Julius Verus ——), proclaimed Augustus, [258].
Maximinus Daia (Galerius Valerius ——), Cæsar, [321];filius Augusti, [321];emperor, [322].
Cæsar, [321];
filius Augusti, [321];
emperor, [322].
Maximus (Magnus Clemens ——), revolt of, [330];co-emperor, [330].
revolt of, [330];
co-emperor, [330].
Maximus (Petronius ——), western emperor, [360].
Mesopotamia, Trajan’s conquest of, [246];abandoned, [247];Romans regain upper, [250];made Roman province, [253];Persian invasion of, [257];Diocletian regains, [319].
Trajan’s conquest of, [246];
abandoned, [247];
Romans regain upper, [250];
made Roman province, [253];
Persian invasion of, [257];
Diocletian regains, [319].
Messalina, wife of Claudius, plot of, [232].
Messapians, the, [40].
Metaurus, battle of the, [85].
Metellus, see [Q. Cæcilius Metellus].
Micipsa, king of Numidia, [132].
Milan, becomes seat of government for West, [319].
Military service, universal, [58];lower limit of, [60];length of, [60];under Augustus, [212];changes of Sept. Severus in, [254];under late Empire, [336]–[337].
universal, [58];
lower limit of, [60];
length of, [60];
under Augustus, [212];
changes of Sept. Severus in, [254];
under late Empire, [336]–[337].
Military system, see [Army, Roman].
Militia, Roman, see [levy].
M. Minucius, master of the horse, [81].
Minucius Felix, Christian writer, [301].
Misenum, treaty of, [191];naval station, [212].
treaty of, [191];
naval station, [212].
Mithridates VI, Eupator, King of Pontus, war with Rome, [143];comes to terms, [145];alliance with Sartorius, [153];renews war with Rome, [153]–[155];attacked by Pompey, [161];death, [161].
war with Rome, [143];
comes to terms, [145];
alliance with Sartorius, [153];
renews war with Rome, [153]–[155];
attacked by Pompey, [161];
death, [161].
Mithraism, nature of, [306]–[307];in Rome, [307].
nature of, [306]–[307];
in Rome, [307].
Modestine, jurist, [301].
Mœsi, the, [219].
Mœsia, provinces of, [243].
Mogontiacum, [218].
Monasticism, rise and growth of, [394]–[396].
Monophysite controversy, [393]–[394].
Monophysites, Justinian’s treatment of, [383].
Moors, the, revolts of, [376].
Mos maiorum, influence of, [65]–[66].
Q. Mucius Scævola, proconsul of Asia, [139];legal writings of, [201].
proconsul of Asia, [139];
legal writings of, [201].
L. Mummius, consul, defeats Achæans, [103].
Munda, battle of, [182].
Munera, of late Empire, [345].
Municipalities (municipia), Roman, [44];Italian towns organized into, after Marsic war, [142];Julian law regulating, [181];under the Principate, [280], [288];of Gaul and Egypt, [281]–[283];Hellenic type, [283], [284];Latin type, [284], [285];decline of, [286]–[288];burden of curiales in, [346].
Roman, [44];
Italian towns organized into, after Marsic war, [142];
Julian law regulating, [181];
under the Principate, [280], [288];
of Gaul and Egypt, [281]–[283];
Hellenic type, [283], [284];
Latin type, [284], [285];
decline of, [286]–[288];
burden of curiales in, [346].
Mutina, Roman colony, [97];battle at, [187].
Roman colony, [97];
battle at, [187].
Mutiny, of army in Illyricum and on Rhine, [227].
Mylæ, naval battle at, [73].
Cn. Nævius, author, [120].
Naples, [20], [51].
Narbo, established, [132].
Narbonese Gaul, made a province, [132];extent of, [167];a senatorial province, [216].
made a province, [132];
extent of, [167];
a senatorial province, [216].
Narcissus, freedman of Claudius, [232].
Narses, general, campaigns of, [377]–[378].
Naucratis, [281].
Navy, Roman, in first Punic War, [73], [74];of Augustus, [212]–[213].
in first Punic War, [73], [74];
of Augustus, [212]–[213].
Neoplatonism, [307], [385].
Neopythagoreanism, [307].
Nepete, founded, [36].
Nero (Nero Claudius Cæsar), parentage of, [232];principate of, [232]–[235].
parentage of, [232];
principate of, [232]–[235].
Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva), principate of, [244], [245].
Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, [393].
New Carthage (Carthagena), founded, [78];taken by Romans, [84].
founded, [78];
taken by Romans, [84].
Nicomedes III, king of Bithynia, wills kingdom to Rome, [153].
Niger (C. Pescinnius ——), saluted Imperator, [252];death, [252].
saluted Imperator, [252];
death, [252].
“Nika” riot, the, [381].
Nisibis, Roman colony and fortress, [253].
Nobilitas, Senatorial aristocracy, [56], [196].
Nola, [18].
Nomen Latinum, [45].
Nomes (nomoi), in Egypt, [282].
Norba, [35].
Noricum, Roman province of, [218];abandoned, [361].
Roman province of, [218];
abandoned, [361].
Numantia, siege of, [100].
Numeri, the, [273], [274].
Numidia, added to province of Africa, [221].
Oath of allegiance, exacted by Octavian, [194].
Octavia, wife of Antony, [191], [192], [193];divorced, [194].
wife of Antony, [191], [192], [193];
divorced, [194].
Octavia, daughter of Claudius, [232], [233].
Octavianus, see [C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus].
C. Octavius, see [C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus].
M. Octavius, tribune, deposed by Assembly of Tribes, [127].
Odænathus, king of Palmyra, relations with Rome, [260].
Odovacar, patrician and imperial regent, [361].
Œnotrians, the, [13], [20].
Officiales, of the Principate, [272];of the late Empire, [341].
of the Principate, [272];
of the late Empire, [341].
Officials, equestrian, [270], [271];provincial, [278]–[280];of imperial household, [294];of late Empire, [340]–[342].
equestrian, [270], [271];
provincial, [278]–[280];
of imperial household, [294];
of late Empire, [340]–[342].
L. Opimius, consul, leads attack on C. Gracchus, [130].
Oppian Law (lex Oppia), the, [119].
Oppida, [25], [26].
Optimates, the, struggle with the Populares, chap. XII, [125]f;under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136], [139], [146];under Sullan ascendancy, [147], [150];strengthened by overthrow of Cataline, [164];led by Cato the younger, [169], [170];side with Pompey against Cæsar, [173].
struggle with the Populares, chap. XII, [125]f;
under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];
under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136], [139], [146];
under Sullan ascendancy, [147], [150];
strengthened by overthrow of Cataline, [164];
led by Cato the younger, [169], [170];
side with Pompey against Cæsar, [173].
Orationes principis, [266].
Oratory, in Rome, [121], [200].
Orchomenus, victory of Sulla, at, [144].
Orestes, master of the soldiers, [360]–[361].
Oriental cults, rise and progress of, [305]–[307].
Oscans (Opici), the, [13], [20].
Ostia, founded, [29].
Ostrogoths, the, conquer Italy, [361]–[362];Romans under régime of, [371];reconquest of Italy from, [377]–[379].
conquer Italy, [361]–[362];
Romans under régime of, [371];
reconquest of Italy from, [377]–[379].
Otho (Marcus Salvius ——), principate of, [236].
Ovid (P. Ovidius Naso), poet, [299].
P. = Publius.
Pachomius, founds first monastery, [395].
Pagan, origin of term, [387].
Pagan cults, see [oriental cults].
Paganism, in the late Empire, [385]–[386];persecution of, [386]–[387].
in the late Empire, [385]–[386];
persecution of, [386]–[387].
Pagus, [25].
Palafitta, [9]–[10].
Palatini, [336].
Pallas, freedman of Claudius, [232].
Palmyra, kingdom of, [260];overthrown, [261]–[262].
kingdom of, [260];
overthrown, [261]–[262].
Panætius of Rhodes, philosopher, in Rome, [123].
Pannonia, a Roman province, [220].
Pannonians, the, [219].
Panormus, captured by the Romans, [74].
Papacy, growth of the, [389], [403].
Papinian, see [Æmilius Papinianus].
Cn. Papirius Carbo, consul, opposes Sulla, [146];executed, [149].
consul, opposes Sulla, [146];
executed, [149].
Parma, Roman colony, [97].
Parthians, the, campaign of Crassus against, [172];Antony’s campaign against, [192], [193];Augustus and, [221];struggle with Rome over Armenia, [234];Trajan’s campaign against, [246];war with, 161–165 A. D., [250];campaign of Sept. Severus against, [253];Caracalla and, [256].
campaign of Crassus against, [172];
Antony’s campaign against, [192], [193];
Augustus and, [221];
struggle with Rome over Armenia, [234];
Trajan’s campaign against, [246];
war with, 161–165 A. D., [250];
campaign of Sept. Severus against, [253];
Caracalla and, [256].
Pater patriæ, title of Julius Cæsar, [179];title of Augustus, [208].
title of Julius Cæsar, [179];
title of Augustus, [208].
Patres, see [Patricians].
Patria potestas, [64].
Patriarchate of Constantinople, the, growth of, [390].
Patricians, the, definition of, [29];in regal period, [29]–[30];new families of, created, [181], [213];title under late Empire, [343].
definition of, [29];
in regal period, [29]–[30];
new families of, created, [181], [213];
title under late Empire, [343].
Patricii, see [Patricians].
Patrimonium, evolution of the, [271]–[272].
Patrons, in early Rome, [30].
Patrum auctoritas, exercised by patrician senators, [49];restricted for the Assembly of the Centuries, [49]–[50].
exercised by patrician senators, [49];
restricted for the Assembly of the Centuries, [49]–[50].
Paul (Julius Paulus), jurist, [301].
Peasantry, the, decline of, in Italy, [116];increase of, due to Gracchan laws, [131];reduced to serfdom, [288]–[292].
decline of, in Italy, [116];
increase of, due to Gracchan laws, [131];
reduced to serfdom, [288]–[292].
Perfectissimate, the, [343].
Pergamon, kingdom of, [70];enlarged by Romans, [94];willed to Rome, [103].
kingdom of, [70];
enlarged by Romans, [94];
willed to Rome, [103].
M. Perperna, leader of Marian faction, [152], [153].
Perseus, son of Philip V, and king of Macedonia, war with Rome, [95], [96].
Persians, the, campaign of Severus Alexander against, [257];of Valerian, [259];of Carus, [263];of Diocletian, [319];of Constantius II and Julian, [326]–[328];of Valens, [329];wars with Eastern Empire, [363], [366];Justinian’s war with, [379], [381].
campaign of Severus Alexander against, [257];
of Valerian, [259];
of Carus, [263];
of Diocletian, [319];
of Constantius II and Julian, [326]–[328];
of Valens, [329];
wars with Eastern Empire, [363], [366];
Justinian’s war with, [379], [381].
Pertinax (Publius Helvius ——), principate of, [252].
Perusia, [191].
C. Petronius, writer, [299].
Phalanx, the, in Roman army, [58]–[59].
Pharisees, the, [238].
Pharnaces, son of Mithridates, makes peace with Pompey, [161];defeated by Cæsar, [177].
makes peace with Pompey, [161];
defeated by Cæsar, [177].
Pharsalus, battle of, [176].
Philip V, king of Macedonia, at war with Ætolians, [76];becomes an ally of Carthage, [82];at war with Rome, Ætolians, and Pergamon, [83];concludes peace, [85];alliance with Antiochus III against Egypt, [89];second war with Rome, [90], [91];cedes Greek possession to Rome, [91];supports Rome against Antiochus, [93];later hostility to Rome, [95].
at war with Ætolians, [76];
becomes an ally of Carthage, [82];
at war with Rome, Ætolians, and Pergamon, [83];
concludes peace, [85];
alliance with Antiochus III against Egypt, [89];
second war with Rome, [90], [91];
cedes Greek possession to Rome, [91];
supports Rome against Antiochus, [93];
later hostility to Rome, [95].
Philippi, battle of, [190].
Philosophy, under the Principate, [302], [307].
Phœnicians, the, see [Carthaginians].
Phraates IV, king of the Parthians, [221].
Picentes, the, [15], [39], [44].
Pietas, Roman conception of, [65].
Pilum, javelin, adopted in Roman army, [59].
Piræus, Athens and, besieged by Sulla, [144].
Pirates, depredations of, [137];Roman, [137];command of Marcus Antonius against, in 74 B. C., [154];command of Pompey against, [159], [160].
depredations of, [137];
Roman, [137];
command of Marcus Antonius against, in 74 B. C., [154];
command of Pompey against, [159], [160].
Piso, see [C. Calpurnius Piso].
Placidia, Roman princess, [354], [358].
Placentia, [78].
Plague, the, of 166 A. D., [250];of 252 A. D., [259].
of 166 A. D., [250];
of 252 A. D., [259].
Plantation system, the, [115], [197]; transformation of, under Principate, [291];growth of, under late Empire, [348].
transformation of, under Principate, [291];
growth of, under late Empire, [348].
Plautus (Titus Maccius ——), dramatist, [120].
Plebeians, the, definition of, and status in early Rome, [30];struggle for equality with patricians, [52]–[58];admitted to consulship, [55], [56];in Senate, [56];secession to Janiculum, [57].
definition of, and status in early Rome, [30];
struggle for equality with patricians, [52]–[58];
admitted to consulship, [55], [56];
in Senate, [56];
secession to Janiculum, [57].
Plebiscites (plebi scita), [55]; binding without Senate’s previous sanction, [57].
binding without Senate’s previous sanction, [57].
Plebs, the, (1) see [Plebeians];(2) of later Republic, [197];under Augustus, [211], [222];colleges of, [285], [286].
(1) see [Plebeians];
(2) of later Republic, [197];
under Augustus, [211], [222];
colleges of, [285], [286].
Pliny, (1) the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), writer, [299];(2) the [pg 438]younger (C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), letters of, [300].
(1) the elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), writer, [299];
(2) the [pg 438]younger (C. Plinius Cæcilius Secundus), letters of, [300].
Plotinus, philosopher, [302].
Plutarch, Greek writer, [302].
Poetry, (1) Roman, or Latin,of third and second centuries, B. C., [120]–[121];of last century of the Republic, [199]–[200];of the Principate, [298]–[300];of late Empire, [397]–[398]. —— (2) Greek, of late Empire, [401].—— (3) Christian, [396]–[397]; [399]–[401].
(1) Roman, or Latin,of third and second centuries, B. C., [120]–[121];of last century of the Republic, [199]–[200];of the Principate, [298]–[300];of late Empire, [397]–[398].
of third and second centuries, B. C., [120]–[121];
of last century of the Republic, [199]–[200];
of the Principate, [298]–[300];
of late Empire, [397]–[398].
—— (2) Greek, of late Empire, [401].
—— (3) Christian, [396]–[397]; [399]–[401].
Police, of Rome, the, under Augustus, [222].
Polybius, Greek historian, view of Roman constitution, [106].
Pomerium, the, of Rome, [27].
Pompeian law (lex Pompeia), granting citizenship and Latin rights, [141].
Pompeii, [241].
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), raises army for Sulla, [146];receives honors from Sulla, and triumph, [149];command against Sertorius, [152], [153];consul, 70 B. C., [156];command against pirates, [159], [160];command against Mithridates, [160], [161];in First Triumvirate, [165];curator annonæ, [169];sole consul, and height of power, [173];strife with Cæsar, [173]–[176];defeat and death, [176].
raises army for Sulla, [146];
receives honors from Sulla, and triumph, [149];
command against Sertorius, [152], [153];
consul, 70 B. C., [156];
command against pirates, [159], [160];
command against Mithridates, [160], [161];
in First Triumvirate, [165];
curator annonæ, [169];
sole consul, and height of power, [173];
strife with Cæsar, [173]–[176];
defeat and death, [176].
Cn. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, [181]–[182].
S. Pompeius (Pompey), son of Pompey the Great, [181]–[182];opposition to Antony and Octavian, [187]–[190];makes terms, [191];defeated, [192].
son of Pompey the Great, [181]–[182];
opposition to Antony and Octavian, [187]–[190];
makes terms, [191];
defeated, [192].
Pontifex Maximus, office of, [48].
Pontiffs, the, number increased, [57];new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
number increased, [57];
new members chosen by Tribes, [138].
Pontus, kingdom of Mithridates VI, [142];subjugated and made a Roman province, [161].
kingdom of Mithridates VI, [142];
subjugated and made a Roman province, [161].
Popilius (Lænas), Roman ambassador, [96].
Populares, the, struggle with the Optimates, chap. XII, [125]f;under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136]–[139], [146];led by Saturninus and Glaucia, [138]–[139];led by Sulpicius Rufus, [144];support Pompey and Crassus, [156].
struggle with the Optimates, chap. XII, [125]f;
under Gracchan ascendancy, [126]–[130];
under Marian ascendancy, [134], [136]–[139], [146];
led by Saturninus and Glaucia, [138]–[139];
led by Sulpicius Rufus, [144];
support Pompey and Crassus, [156].
Populus, [25].
Populus Romanus, [29].
M. Porcius Cato, the Elder, hostility to Carthage, [101];opposes luxury, [119];writer of Latin prose, [121].
hostility to Carthage, [101];
opposes luxury, [119];
writer of Latin prose, [121].
M. Porcius Cato, the younger, [164], [165], [169]; death, [177]–[179].
death, [177]–[179].
Portoria, customs dues, [113], [279].
Posidonius, [198].
Postumus, M. Cassius Latinius, general, forms empire in Gaul, [260], [262].
Potestas, (1) maior, [52];(2) tribunicia, see [tribunicia potestas].
(1) maior, [52];
(2) tribunicia, see [tribunicia potestas].
Præfectus annonæ, see [prefect of the grain supply].
Præfectus morum, Julius Cæsar appointed, [179].
Præfectus urbi, see [city prefect].
Præfectus vigilum, see [prefect of the watch].
Præneste, [37].
Præses, præsides, title of, [278].
Prætor peregrinus, see [Prætorship].
Prætorian prefect, [211], [212]; increase in power of, [254], [255], [257];of senatorial rank, [257];court of, [267];title, [271];deprived of military authority, [323];under late Empire, [339], [340].
increase in power of, [254], [255], [257];
of senatorial rank, [257];
court of, [267];
title, [271];
deprived of military authority, [323];
under late Empire, [339], [340].
Prætorians, prætorian guard, under Augustus, [212];concentrated at Rome, [228];nominate Claudius princeps, [23];reconstituted, [240];disbanded and reconstituted by Sept. Severus, [254].
under Augustus, [212];
concentrated at Rome, [228];
nominate Claudius princeps, [23];
reconstituted, [240];
disbanded and reconstituted by Sept. Severus, [254].
Prætorship, the, city, [51];plebeians eligible to, [56];prætor peregrinus, [109];increased in number, for provinces, [109];effect of prætorian edict on Roman law, [122];increased in number by Sulla, [148];by Julius Cæsar, [181];decline of, [267], [294];of late Empire, [341].
city, [51];
plebeians eligible to, [56];
prætor peregrinus, [109];
increased in number, for provinces, [109];
effect of prætorian edict on Roman law, [122];
increased in number by Sulla, [148];
by Julius Cæsar, [181];
decline of, [267], [294];
of late Empire, [341].
Prefect of Egypt, the, [278], [282].
Prefect of the grain supply, the, [222]; functions limited, [255].
functions limited, [255].
Prefect of the watch, the, [222].
Prefectures, (1) of auxiliary corps, [210], [278];(2) the great, [222];titles of occupants of, [271];see also [Prefects].
(1) of auxiliary corps, [210], [278];
(2) the great, [222];
titles of occupants of, [271];
see also [Prefects].
Priesthoods, the, general characteristics of, [48];opened to plebeians, [56];enlarged by Julius Cæsar, [181];decline of, [198];reëstablishment of, [213].
general characteristics of, [48];
opened to plebeians, [56];
enlarged by Julius Cæsar, [181];
decline of, [198];
reëstablishment of, [213].
Princeps, Pompey considered as, [173];definition of, [208];powers of, increase at expense of Senate, [264]–[267];friction with Senate, [267]–[268];title of, in Egypt, [281].
Pompey considered as, [173];
definition of, [208];
powers of, increase at expense of Senate, [264]–[267];
friction with Senate, [267]–[268];
title of, in Egypt, [281].
Principate, the, foreshadowed by Pompey’s position, [173];establishment of, chap. XVI, [205]f;defined and explained, [208];weakness of, [225], [226];constitutional development of, chap. XIX, [264].
foreshadowed by Pompey’s position, [173];
establishment of, chap. XVI, [205]f;
defined and explained, [208];
weakness of, [225], [226];
constitutional development of, chap. XIX, [264].
Principes, officials of late Empire, [338], [342].
Probus (Marcus Aurelius ——), principate and campaigns of, [262]–[263].
Proconsulship, the, instituted, [51];frequent in Second Punic War, [87];evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
instituted, [51];
frequent in Second Punic War, [87];
evolution of, under the Principate, [265].
Procopius, historical writer, [401].
Procuratorships, equestrians eligible to, [210], [265];freedmen admitted to, [270];increased, [270];classification, [270], [271];replace publicani, [279], [280].
equestrians eligible to, [210], [265];
freedmen admitted to, [270];
increased, [270];
classification, [270], [271];
replace publicani, [279], [280].
Proletariat, the urban, [117].
Promagistracy, the, instituted, [51];reorganized by Sulla, [148];law of Pompey regulating, [174];in senatorial career, [209].
instituted, [51];
reorganized by Sulla, [148];
law of Pompey regulating, [174];
in senatorial career, [209].
Propertius, poet, [299].
Propraetorship, the, use of, in second Punic War, [87];given to Pompey, [149];see also [Promagistracy].
use of, in second Punic War, [87];
given to Pompey, [149];
see also [Promagistracy].
Proscriptions, the, of Sulla, [147];of Second Triumvirate, [189].
of Sulla, [147];
of Second Triumvirate, [189].
Prose, (1) Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., [121];of last century of Republic, [200], [201];of the Principate, [299]–[301];of late Empire, [397], [398]; (2) Greek, of the Principate, [302];of late Empire, [401]; (3) Christian, of late Empire, [396]–[398], [400].
(1) Roman or Latin, of third and second centuries B. C., [121];of last century of Republic, [200], [201];of the Principate, [299]–[301];of late Empire, [397], [398];
of third and second centuries B. C., [121];
of last century of Republic, [200], [201];
of the Principate, [299]–[301];
of late Empire, [397], [398];
(2) Greek, of the Principate, [302];of late Empire, [401];
of the Principate, [302];
of late Empire, [401];
(3) Christian, of late Empire, [396]–[398], [400].
Provinces, the, organization and government of, [110]–[114];governors of, appointed on new basis, [148];imperial and senatorial, [216], [278];condition of, under the Principate, [277]–[285];officials of, [278]–[280];subdivision of, by Diocletian, [319];government of, under late Empire, [340].
organization and government of, [110]–[114];
governors of, appointed on new basis, [148];
imperial and senatorial, [216], [278];
condition of, under the Principate, [277]–[285];
officials of, [278]–[280];
subdivision of, by Diocletian, [319];
government of, under late Empire, [340].
Provincial governors, under the Republic, [112];under the Principate, [278]–[279];under late Empire, [340].
under the Republic, [112];
under the Principate, [278]–[279];
under late Empire, [340].
Ptolemais, [281].
Ptolemy IV, Philopater, king of Egypt, supplies Rome with grain, [88];death of, [89].
supplies Rome with grain, [88];
death of, [89].
Ptolemy XIV, [176], [177].
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus), astronomer, [302].
Publicani, tax-farmers, [113];equestrians, [117], [118];under the Principate, [279], [280].
tax-farmers, [113];
equestrians, [117], [118];
under the Principate, [279], [280].
Pulcheria, regent for Theodosius II, [363], [364].
Punic Wars, the, first, [72]–[73];second, [78]–[88];effect of, on Italy, [86]–[88];third, [100]–[102].
first, [72]–[73];
second, [78]–[88];
effect of, on Italy, [86]–[88];
third, [100]–[102].
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, [40]–[42].
Q. = Quintus.
Quadi, the, [242]; defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
defeated by M. Aurelius, [250], [251].
Quæstio rerum repetundarum, see [Court of Extortion].
Quæstorship, the, (1) Roman magistracy, [50]; plebeians eligible to, [55];in provinces, [112];number increased by Sulla, [148];by Julius Cæsar, [181];in senatorial career, [209];of late Empire, [341]; (2) in the provinces, [278];(3) in municipalities, [284];(4) at court of later Emperors, [340].
(1) Roman magistracy, [50]; plebeians eligible to, [55];in provinces, [112];number increased by Sulla, [148];by Julius Cæsar, [181];in senatorial career, [209];of late Empire, [341];
plebeians eligible to, [55];
in provinces, [112];
number increased by Sulla, [148];
by Julius Cæsar, [181];
in senatorial career, [209];
of late Empire, [341];
(2) in the provinces, [278];
(3) in municipalities, [284];
(4) at court of later Emperors, [340].
P. Quinctilius Varus, defeat of, [220].
Quinquennales, [284].
Quinquennium Neronis, the, [232].
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintillianus), writer, [299].
Quirites, [29].
Ræti, the, [217].
Rætia, Roman province of, [218];abandoned, [361].
Roman province of, [218];
abandoned, [361].
Rationalis, secretary of the treasury, [272];superseded by count of the sacred largesses, [340].
secretary of the treasury, [272];
superseded by count of the sacred largesses, [340].
Ravenna, naval station, [212];Ostrogothic capital, [371];capture of, by Belisarius, [377].
naval station, [212];
Ostrogothic capital, [371];
capture of, by Belisarius, [377].
Recruitment, of legions, territorial, [272], [273];of army under late Empire, [336], [337].
territorial, [272], [273];
of army under late Empire, [336], [337].
Religion, of early Rome, chap. VII, [61]f;importance of ritual in, [61];foreign influences in, [63], [64];and morality, [64];adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, [122];increasing skepticism in, [123];in last century of Republic, [197], [198];revival under Augustus, [213]–[215];under the Principate, [304]–[313];oriental cults, [305]–[307];Judaism and Christianity, [303], [313];of the Germanic tribes, [371], [372].
of early Rome, chap. VII, [61]f;
importance of ritual in, [61];
foreign influences in, [63], [64];
and morality, [64];
adoption of Greek mythology by Rome, [122];
increasing skepticism in, [123];
in last century of Republic, [197], [198];
revival under Augustus, [213]–[215];
under the Principate, [304]–[313];
oriental cults, [305]–[307];
Judaism and Christianity, [303], [313];
of the Germanic tribes, [371], [372].
Res privata, [272]; of late Empire, [341].
of late Empire, [341].
Rhegium, [20].
Rhodes, island republic, [70];appeals to Rome against Philip V, [90];joins Rome against Antiochus, [93];territory enlarged, [94];punished by Rome, [96].
island republic, [70];
appeals to Rome against Philip V, [90];
joins Rome against Antiochus, [93];
territory enlarged, [94];
punished by Rome, [96].
Ricimer, master of the soldiers, career of, [360].
Road system, of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, [128].See also [Via Appia], etc.
of Italy, improved under C. Gracchus, [128].
See also [Via Appia], etc.
Roma, worship of, [214].
Roman confederacy in Italy, the, [42]–[46]; military strength of, [77].
military strength of, [77].
Roman foreign policy, [42], [43]; new field for, [67];towards the Greek states, [94];toward Macedonia, [95];in east[pg 440]ern Mediterranean, [96], [97];from 167–133 B. C., [99].
new field for, [67];
towards the Greek states, [94];
toward Macedonia, [95];
in east[pg 440]ern Mediterranean, [96], [97];
from 167–133 B. C., [99].
Romans, the, a Latin people, [27], [29];name of, [29];under the Visigoths, [369];under the Vandals, [370];under the Ostrogoths, [370], [371];under the Burgundians and the Franks, [371].
a Latin people, [27], [29];
name of, [29];
under the Visigoths, [369];
under the Vandals, [370];
under the Ostrogoths, [370], [371];
under the Burgundians and the Franks, [371].
Romanus, poet, [401].
Rome, the city of, site, [26];growth of, [26], [27];Etruscan influences, [28], [29];of the Four Regions, [26];sacked by Gauls, [35];Servian wall of, [35];change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C., [123], [124];administration of, under Augustus, [232];devastated by fire, [233];receives title of sacra, [253];similarity to provincial city, [283];under the Principate, [293];ceases to be capital, [319];plundered by Alaric, [353];by Vandals, [356];Belisarius besieged in, [377].
site, [26];
growth of, [26], [27];
Etruscan influences, [28], [29];
of the Four Regions, [26];
sacked by Gauls, [35];
Servian wall of, [35];
change in appearance of, in third and second centuries B. C., [123], [124];
administration of, under Augustus, [232];
devastated by fire, [233];
receives title of sacra, [253];
similarity to provincial city, [283];
under the Principate, [293];
ceases to be capital, [319];
plundered by Alaric, [353];
by Vandals, [356];
Belisarius besieged in, [377].
Romulus Augustulus, western emperor, [361].
Rorarii, light troops, [59].
Rufinus, master of the soldiers, [362].
Rutilius Namatianus, poet, [398].
P. Rutilius Rufus, ex-quæstor, trial of, [139].