[34] Thorndike, op. cit. [note [3]], page 477; Carey P. McCord, “Bloodletting and Bandaging,” Archives Environmental Health, volume 20 (April 1970), pages 551-553.
[35] Leo Zimmerman and Veith Ilza, Great Ideas in the History of Surgery (New York: Dover Books, 1967), page 126.
[36] William Harvey, Works, edited by Robert Willis (London: Sydenham Society, 1847), page 129. Harvey reaffirmed later: “I imagine that I shall perform a task not less new and useful than agreeable to philosophers and medical men, if I here briefly discourse of the causes and uses of the circulation, and expose other obscure matters respecting the blood” (page 381).
[37] Henry Stubbe, The Lord Bacons Relation of the Sweating-Sickness Examined ... Together with a Defense of Phlebotomy ... (London, 1671), page 102.
[38] Fielding H. Garrison, “The History of Bloodletting,” New York Medical Journal, volume 97 (1913), page 499. Magendie was firmly opposed to bloodletting and ordered physicians working under him not to bleed. However, their belief in the practice was so strong that they disobeyed his instructions and carried out the procedure. See Erwin Ackerknecht, Therapeutics from the Primitives to the 20th Century (New York: Hafner, 1973), pages 111-112.
[39] Audrey B. Davis, Circulation Physiology and Medical Chemistry in England, 1650-1680 (Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press, 1973), pages 135, 167, 219. For the history of injecting remedies into the blood, see Horace M. Brown, “The Beginnings of Intravenous Medication,” Annals of Medical History, volume 1 (1917), page 182.
[40] Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, translated from Italian by E. B. Krumbhar, 2nd edition, revised and enlarged (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958), page 444; Niebyl, “Venesection” [note [9]], page 414.
[41] Joan Lillico, “Primitive Bloodletting,” Annals of Medical History, volume II (1940), page 137.
[42] C.J.S. Thompson, Guide to the Surgical Instruments and Objects in the Historical Series with Their History and Development (London: Taylor and Francis, 1929), page 40.
[43] John Stewart Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman Times (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1970), reprint of 1907 edition, pages 32-35. A bronze knife of this type is illustrated in Theodor Meyer-Steineg, Chirurgische Instrumente des Altertum (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1912), page iv, figure 9. The instrument was donated by Dr. Nylin of the Kardinska Institute in Stockholm, who used a lancet until 1940. Replicas of the early bronze medical instruments were sold in 1884 by Professor Francesco Scalzi of Rome. He exhibited 45 of them at the Exposition Universelle de Paris in 1878. He won an honorable mention award, “Collezione di Istrumenti Chirurgici de Roma Antica,” 1884.