[54] For an illustration of incisions, see Heister, (1759), op. cit. [note [47]].
[55] Milne, op. cit. [note [43]], page 36.
[56] Gurlt, op. cit. [note [1]], volume III, page 556.
[57] P. Hamonic describes an eighteenth-century Naples porcelain figure of a woman being bled that illustrates the elegant manner in which the operation was performed. P. Hamonic, La Chirurgie et la medécine d’autrefois d’aprés une première série d’instruments anciens renfermes dans mes collections (Paris: A. Maloine, ed., 1900), pages 91, 93.
[58] Thomas Dickson, A Treatise on Bloodletting with an Introduction Recommending a Review of the Materia Medica (London, 1765), page 1.
[59] Sir D’Arcy Power, editor, British Medical Societies (London: The Medical Press Circular, 1939), page 23.
[60] Wakeley was a heretic wealthy doctor who led the campaign in Britain against the monopoly of surgical training and practice held by the Royal College of Surgeons of London. Alan Arnold Klass, There’s Gold in “Them Thar Pills” (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1975), pages 158-159.
[61] John Harvey Powell, Bring Out Your Dead (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949), page 123.
[62] See, e.g., Richard Shryock, Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860 (New York: New York University Press, 1960), pages 67, 111-112.
[63] James T. Flexner, George Washington: Anguish and Farewell (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972), pages 457-459.