[134] “Notice sur l’acupuncture et sur une nouvelle espèce de ventouse armée de lancettes, inventée par A.-P. Demours,” Journal universal des sciences médicales, volume 15 (1819), pages 107-113; Bayfield, op. cit. [note [87]], pages 73-81.
[135] Thomas Machell, “Description of an Apparatus for Cupping, Dry Cupping, and Drawing the Breasts of Females; With some Observations Respecting Its Use,” London Medical and Physical Journal, volume 42 (1819), pages 378-380; Bayfield, op. cit. [note [87]], pages 81-89.
[136] Bayfield, op. cit. [note [87]], pages 92-93.
[137] Robert J. Dodd, “Improved Cupping Apparatus,” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, new series, volume 7 (1844), page 510. See also patent specifications, U.S. patent 3537.
[138] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 68985.
[139] Hills, op. cit. [note [101]], page 261.
[140] Gillespie, op. cit. [note [93]], page 29.
[141] Frances Fox, Jr., “A Description of an Improved Cupping Glass, with Which from Five to Eight Ounces of Blood May Be Drawn, with Observations,” The Lancet, volume 12 (1827), pages 238-239. Knox, op. cit. [note [2]], pages 36-37, recommended these glasses especially for use on young ladies who feared scars left by cupping. One of the “glass leeches” fixed below the level of the gown could draw all the blood necessary.
[142] See John Gordon, “Remarks on the Present Practice of Cupping; With an Account of an Improved Cupping Glass,” The London Medical Repository, volume 13 (1820), pages 286-289. J. Welsh, “Description of a Substitute for Leeches,” The Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, volume 11 (1815), pages 193-194; P. Moloney, “A New Cupping Instrument,” Australia Medical Journal, new series, volume 1 (1879), pages 338-340. At least two American patents were given for improved cups, one to C. L. Myers in 1884 (U.S. patent 291388) and one to Jaime Catuela in 1922 (U.S. patent 1463458).
[143] Savigny, op. cit. [note [106]], plate 18, illustrated in 1798 “elastic bottles” that could be attached to glass cups for drawing the breasts; however, not until Charles Goodyear’s discovery of the vulcanization process in 1838 was rubber widely used in cupping. An American surgeon, Samuel Gross, wrote in 1866 that the glass cup with a bulb of vulcanized rubber was the “most elegant and convenient cup, by far.” See Samuel Gross, A System of Surgery, 4th edition, 2 volumes (Philadelphia, 1866), volume 1, page 451.